Relationship between Handgrip Strength and Muscle Mass in Female Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Mediation Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Ethics Statement
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Characteristics
3.2. Body Composition and Sarcopenia Stages from the EWGSOP
3.3. Body Composition and Mediation Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
BIA | Bioelectrical impedance analysis |
BMI | Body mass index |
EWGSOP | European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People |
GLOBOCAN project | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
IL-1 | Interleukin (IL)-1 |
SD | Standard deviation |
SIMMON | Integrated Synergies to Improve Oncological Management in Colombia |
SO | Sarcopenic obesity |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor alpha |
WC | Waist circumference |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Stage | Muscle Mass | Muscle Strength | Physical Performance | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-sarcopenia | + | and/or | ||
Sarcopenia | + | + | + | |
Severe sarcopenia | + | + | + |
Characteristics | n = 98 |
---|---|
Age (Years) | 65.53 ± 5.91 |
Level of schooling * | |
Primary | 48 (48.9) |
High school | 43 (43.8) |
Professional | 7 (7.1) |
Socioeconomic level * | |
1 | 9 (9.2) |
2 | 37 (37.8) |
3 | 39 (39.8) |
>4 | 13 (13.2) |
Body composition and anthropometry | |
Weight (kg) | 63.95 ± 11.3 |
Height (m) | 1.51 ± 0.06 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 90.87 ± 12.94 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.88 ± 4.71 |
Nutritional classification * | |
Normal weight | 26 (26.5) |
Overweight | 38 (38.8) |
Obesity | 34 (43.7) |
Muscle mass (kg) | 36.34 ± 5.77 |
Lean mass (kg) | 16.79 ± 2.88 |
Fat mass (kg) | 27.27 ± 7.85 |
Fat mass (%) | 41.51 ± 6.14 |
Skeletal muscle mass index (absolute muscle mass/size2) | 7.31 ± 1.07 |
EWGSOP indicators | |
Muscle strength (kg) | 16.79 ± 4.98 |
Gait speed (m/s) | 1.22 ± 0.40 |
Chair stand (rep) | 15.6 ± 5.83 |
Equilibrium (s) | 9.15 ± 3.08 |
Sarcopenia prevalence * | 22 (22.4) |
Sarcopenic obesity prevalence * | 16 (16.3) |
n = 98 | Healthy n = 22 | Risk of Sarcopenia † n = 41 | Presarcopenia n = 6 | Sarcopenia n = 22 | Severe Sarcopenia n = 7 | p for Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 64.27 ± 5.45 | 65.96 ± 5.94 | 64.17 ± 5.19 | 67.27 ± 6.43 | 66.29 ± 6.10 | 0.502 |
Body composition and anthropometry | ||||||
Weight (kg) | 70.37 ± 14.31 | 66.41 ± 8.5 | 59.35 ± 8.46 * | 56.21 ± 14.21 * | 56.51 ± 6.20 * | <0.001 |
Height (m) | 1.52 ± 0.04 | 1.49 ± 0.04 | 1.56 ± 0.05 | 1.53 ± 0.06 | 1.48 ± 0.06 | 0.024 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 96.05 ± 12.14 | 93.22 ± 10.01 | 81.67 ± 10.72 * | 84.08 ± 10.75 * | 89.94 ± 25.45 | 0.005 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.10 ± 5.63 | 29.59 ± 3.72 | 24.30 ± 3.06 * | 24.19 ± 2.81 * | 25.46 ± 2.90 * | <0.001 |
Normal weight, (%) ** | 4 (18.2) | 2 (4.9) | 3 (50.0) | 14 (63.6) | 3 (42.9) | 0.149 |
Overweight n, (%) ** | 7 (31.8) | 20 (48.8) | 3 (50.0) | 6 (27.3) | 1 (14.3) | |
Obesity n, (%) ** | 11 (50.0) | 19 (46.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.1) | 3 (42.9) | |
Muscle mass (kg) | 36.45 ± 10.59 | 37.62 ± 3.95 | 33.71 ± 10.35 | 32.84 ± 4.28 | 32.21 ± 2.82 | 0.052 |
Lean mass (kg) | 18.29 ± 3.43 | 17.59 ± 2.68 | 16.19 ± 1.89 | 14.79 ± 1.56 * | 13.88 ± 1.64 * | <0.001 |
Fat mass (kg) | 30.30 ± 9.37 | 28.34 ± 7.29 | 23.20 ± 3.88 * | 22.27 ± 6.17 | 24.29 ± 4.55 | 0.002 |
Fat mass (%) | 42.94 ± 5.60 | 42.13 ± 11.48 | 37.80 ± 2.86 | 38.63 ± 5.73 | 42.71 ± 4.23 | 0.100 |
Skeletal muscle mass index (absolute muscle mass/size2) | 7.86 ± 1.39 | 7.79 ± 2.07 | 6.58 ± 0.73 * | 6.27 ± 0.32 * | 6.33 ± 0.49 * | <0.001 |
EWGSOP indicators | ||||||
Muscle strength (kg) | 23.43 ± 2.67 | 15.18 ± 3.43 * | 21.12 ± 1.79 | 13.99 ± 3.91 * | 13.21 ± 5.16 * | <0.001 |
Gait speed (m/s) | 1.19 ± 0.35 | 1.29 ± 1.64 | 1.37 ± 0.24 | 1.24 ± 0.33 | 0.79 ± 0.07 * | 0.027 |
Chair stand (rep) | 16.0 ± 3.67 | 16.4 ± 5.79 | 15.8 ± 2.29 | 13.5 ± 2.53 * | 13.4 ± 2.72 * | <0.001 |
Equilibrium (s) | 9.40 ± 1.5 | 9.20 ± 2.0 | 9.15 ± 1.18 | 9.13 ± 1.35 | 9.08 ± 1.14 | 0.462 |
Sarcopenic obesity n, (%) ** | 0 (0.0) | 4 (18.2) | 1 (16.7) | 9 (40.9) * | 2 (28.5) | 0.023 |
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Share and Cite
Benavides-Rodríguez, L.; García-Hermoso, A.; Rodrigues-Bezerra, D.; Izquierdo, M.; Correa-Bautista, J.E.; Ramírez-Vélez, R. Relationship between Handgrip Strength and Muscle Mass in Female Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Mediation Analysis. Nutrients 2017, 9, 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070695
Benavides-Rodríguez L, García-Hermoso A, Rodrigues-Bezerra D, Izquierdo M, Correa-Bautista JE, Ramírez-Vélez R. Relationship between Handgrip Strength and Muscle Mass in Female Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Mediation Analysis. Nutrients. 2017; 9(7):695. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070695
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenavides-Rodríguez, Lorena, Antonio García-Hermoso, Diogo Rodrigues-Bezerra, Mikel Izquierdo, Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista, and Robinson Ramírez-Vélez. 2017. "Relationship between Handgrip Strength and Muscle Mass in Female Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Mediation Analysis" Nutrients 9, no. 7: 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070695