Deviation of Chinese Adults’ Diet from the Chinese Food Pagoda 2016 and Its Association with Adiposity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Assessment of Food Consumption
2.3. Measurement of Adiposity
2.4. Measurement of Other Covariates
2.5. China Food Pagoda 2016
2.6. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Summary of Food Consumption and Covariate by BMI Group
3.2. Overall Evaluation of Dietary Status for Chinese Adults
3.3. Dietary Status of Different Subpopulation
3.3.1. Urban and Rural
3.3.2. Age Group
3.3.3. Male and Female
3.4. Trend of Adiposity
3.5. Association between Adiposity and Dietary Deviation from CFP 2016
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Funding
References
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Variable | Total (n = 14,452) | Underweight (n = 646) | Normal (n = 7933) | Overweight (n = 4477) | Obesity (n = 1396) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food category (g/day) | |||||
Cereal potato and beans | 432.7 ± 198.1 a | 418.3 ± 193.5 | 431.0 ± 200.3 | 434.5 ± 191.1 | 443.4 ± 208.7 |
Fruits | 53.3 ± 117.7 | 52.8 ± 114.2 | 49.9 ± 113.9 | 58.9 ± 126.7 | 55.7 ± 109.6 |
Vegetables | 307.9 ± 172.1 | 311.0 ± 163.4 | 310.6 ± 173.8 | 305.6 ± 170.0 | 298.3 ± 172.4 |
Eggs | 27.8 ± 36.0 | 23.1 ± 29.5 | 26.2 ± 36.5 | 30.4 ± 36.1 | 30.5 ± 34.4 |
Aquatic products | 31.6 ± 55.9 | 32.8 ± 56.8 | 31.4 ± 57.2 | 32.4 ± 53.5 | 29.9 ± 55.5 |
Meat and poultry | 88.8 ± 84.3 | 96.3 ± 92.0 | 87.8 ± 82.5 | 91.0 ± 86.8 | 83.4 ± 82.6 |
Legumes and nuts | 51.9 ± 71.0 | 50.6 ± 61..0 | 49.3 ± 68.9 | 54.9 ± 73.3 | 57.7 ± 78.6 |
Milk and its products | 13.7 ± 52.8 | 16.1 ± 58.8 | 13.3 ± 52.8 | 14.8 ± 53.4 | 11.5 ± 47.1 |
Oil | 45.8 ± 102.6 | 43.0 ± 41.4 | 46.5 ± 128.4 | 44.3 ± 52.8 | 47.9 ± 74.2 |
Salt | 9.9 ± 17.8 | 9.1 ± 11.7 | 9.7 ± 18.6 | 10.3 ± 15.0 | 10.6 ± 23.2 |
Socio-economic variables | |||||
Income (Yuan/year/capita) | 18,740.4 ± 25,233.7 | 17,982.5 ± 23,580.7 | 18,084.0 ± 24,046.0 | 19,551.8 ± 26,710.1 | 20,218.8 ± 27,480.0 |
Household size | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.8 |
Energy(Kcal) | 2156.5 ± 680.7 | 2109.6 ± 633.9 | 2150.8 ± 678.4 | 2174.0 ± 677.5 | 2154.6 ± 710.1 |
Physical activity level b | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 3.6 ± 1.2 |
Age(year) | 42.8 ± 10.3 | 37.8 ± 11.9 | 41.8 ± 10.5 | 44.8 ± 9.4 | 44.4 ± 9.4 |
Male (%) c | 48% | 42% | 47% | 50% | 49% |
Smoking (%) | 29% | 26% | 30% | 29% | 27% |
Ever drink (%) | 36% | 30% | 34% | 38% | 39% |
Urbanization Index | 66.6 ± 20.0 | 66.1 ± 19.9 | 65.5 ± 20.2 | 68.0 ± 19.9 | 68.0 ± 19.1 |
Food Group | Region | Age | Gender | Dietary | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Rural | 20–39 years | 40–59 years | Male | Female | Guidelines | |
Cereal potato and beans | 378.8 ± 178.0 a | 459.8 ± 202.1 * | 434.4 ± 202.5 | 431.7 ± 195.5 | 470.8 ± 205.2 | 397.4 ± 184.3 * | 250–400 |
Fruits | 72.3 ± 130.9 | 43.8 ± 109.2 * | 53.9 ± 116.5 | 53 ± 118.4 | 48.0 ± 114.7 | 58.3 ± 120.1 * | 200–350 |
Vegetables | 296.7 ± 161.8 | 313.5 ± 176.7 * | 297.1 ± 163.4 | 314.2 ± 176.6 * | 321.6 ± 181.5 | 295.2 ± 161.8 * | 300–500 |
Eggs | 31.3 ± 37.7 | 26.0 ± 34.9 * | 27.1 ± 36.6 | 28.1 ± 35.6 | 28.5 ± 36.1 | 27.1 ± 35.9 * | 40–50 |
Aquatic products | 40.8 ± 63.0 | 27.0 ± 51.3 * | 30.5 ± 53.0 | 32.5 ± 57.4 * | 34.1 ± 59.7 | 29.3 ± 52.0 * | 40–75 |
Meat and poultry | 111.1 ± 88.8 | 77.5 ± 79.6 * | 91.7 ± 87.4 | 87.1 ± 82.4 * | 99.2 ± 90.3 | 79.1 ± 77.1 * | 40–75 |
Legumes and nuts | 58.7 ± 73.4 | 48.5 ± 69.6 * | 50.7 ± 69.7 | 52.6 ± 71.8 | 55.1 ± 74.3 | 49.0 ± 67.7 * | 25–35 |
Milk and its products | 30.9 ± 72.1 | 5.1 ± 36.7 * | 13.0 ± 47.1 | 14.2 ± 55.8 | 11.8 ± 45.8 | 15.5 ± 58.4 * | >300 |
Oil | 45.9 ± 60.5 | 45.7 ± 118.2 | 43.6 ± 107.2 | 47.0 ± 99.8 | 46.2 ± 82.8 | 45.4 ± 118.0 | 25–30 |
Salt | 9.6 ± 15.7 | 10.1 ± 18.8 | 9.1 ± 13.4 | 10.4 ± 19.9 * | 10.0 ± 18.2 | 9.9 ± 17.5 | <6 |
Deviation | Weight Category b |
---|---|
Low cereal | 0.813 (0.728, 0.908) *,c |
Higher cereal | 1.132 (1.045, 1.226) * |
Low fruit | 0.945 (0.824, 1.083) |
Higher fruit | 1.066 (0.851, 1.337) |
Low vegetable | 1.070 (0.993, 1.153) |
Higher vegetable | 0.883 (0.783, 0.996) * |
Low egg | 0.859 (0.772, 0.956) * |
Higher egg | 1.083 (0.958, 1.224) |
Low fish | 1.054 (0.955, 1.164) |
Higher fish | 1.013 (0.899, 1.140) |
Low meat | 1.141 (1.033, 1.261) * |
Higher meat | 0.971 (0.885, 1.066) |
Low nut | 0.974 (0.873, 1.087) |
Higher nut | 1.045 (0.934, 1.169) |
Low milk | 0.960 (0.555, 1.661) |
Low oil | 1.002 (0.889, 1.129) |
Higher oil | 0.995 (0.885, 1.119) |
Higher salt | 1.081 (1.007, 1.162) * |
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Tian, X.; Huang, Y.; Wang, H. Deviation of Chinese Adults’ Diet from the Chinese Food Pagoda 2016 and Its Association with Adiposity. Nutrients 2017, 9, 995. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090995
Tian X, Huang Y, Wang H. Deviation of Chinese Adults’ Diet from the Chinese Food Pagoda 2016 and Its Association with Adiposity. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):995. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090995
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Xu, Yingying Huang, and Hui Wang. 2017. "Deviation of Chinese Adults’ Diet from the Chinese Food Pagoda 2016 and Its Association with Adiposity" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 995. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090995