Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Principal Mycotoxins in Food and Feed in Serbia
2.1. Aflatoxins
2.2. Fusarium Mycotoxins
2.2.1. Trichothecenes
2.2.2. Fumonisins
2.2.3. Zearalenone
2.3. Ochratoxins
2.4. Mycotoxins Co-Occurrence
2.5. RASFF Notifications
3. Adverse Effects and Exposure Assessment
3.1. Aflatoxins
3.2. Fusarium Mycotoxins
3.3. Ochratoxins
4. Control Strategies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Commodity | Np/N (%) | Mean ± SD b (μg kg−1) | Range (μg kg−1) | Above EU MRL N (%) | Production Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw milk | 558/647 (86.2) | 0.308 ± 0.356 a | 0.005–1.440 | 409 | 2013 | [45,46,47] |
Heat treated milk | 343/389 (88.2) | 0.144 ± 0.114 a | 0.005–1.200 | 221 | 2013 | [45,46,47,48] |
Total milk 2013 | 901/1036 (87.0) | 630 (60.8) | ||||
Organic milk | 6/6 (100) | 0.026 ± 0.018 | 0.010–0.080 | 1 | 2013 | [46] |
Goat milk | 10/10 (100) | 0.080 ± 0.090 | 0.008–0.240 | 4 | 2013 | [46] |
Donkey milk | 5/5 (100) | 0.020 ± 0.020 | 0.005–0.035 | 0 | 2013 | [46] |
Breast milk | 10/10 (100) | 0.010 ± 0.006 | 0.001–0.022 | 0 | 2013 | [46] |
Infant formula | 1/22 (4.5) | 0.020 a | 0.02 | 0 | 2013 | [46,48] |
Commercial white cheese | 10/23 (43.5) | 0.110 | 0.130–0.550 | 3 | 2013 | [49] |
Homemade white cheese | 9/21 (42.9) | 0.080 | 0.130–0.220 | 0 | 2013 | [49] |
Hard cheese | 10/10 (100) | 0.640 | 0.080–2.230 | 4 | 2013 | [49] |
Total products 2013 | 61/107 (57.0) | 12 (11.2) | ||||
Raw milk | 30/79 (38.0) | 0.035 ± 0.013 | 0.005 -> 1.000 | 9 | 2014 | [47] |
Heat treated milk | 71/165 (43.0) | 0.024 ± 0.012 a | 0.005 -> 1.000 | 6 | 2014 | [47,48] |
Total milk 2014 | 101/244 (41.4) | 15 (6.1) | ||||
Milk powder | 22/67 (32.8) | 0.847 ± 1.948 | 0.005 -> 1.000 | 17 | 2013/14 | [47] |
Yogurt | 42/56 (75.0) | 0.081 ± 0.092 | 0.005 -> 1.000 | 22 | 2013/14 | [47] |
Ice cream | 14/21 (66.7) | 0.071 ± 0.061 | 0.005 -> 1.000 | 11 | 2013/14 | [47] |
Infant formula | 2/33 (66.7) | 0.021 ± 0.002 | 0.005 -> 1.000 | 2 | 2013/14 | [47] |
White cheese | 39/47 (83.0) | 0.146 ± 0.170 | 0.005 -> 1.000 | 28 | 2013/14 | [47] |
Hard cheese | 21/27 (77.8) | 0.379 ± 0.509 | 0.005 -> 1.000 | 16 | 2013/14 | [47] |
Other | 44/71 (62.0) | 0.082 ± 0.121 | 0.005 -> 1.000 | 28 | 2013/14 | [47] |
Total products 2013/14 | 184/322 (57.1) | 124 (38.5) | ||||
Raw milk | 1555/2695 (57.7) | 0.060 ± 0.95 a | 0.004–0.263 | 801 | 2015 | [50,51,52] |
Heat treated milk | 364/468 (77.8) | 0.027 ± 0.030 | <0.005–0.278 | 43 | 2015 | [51] |
Total milk 2015 | 1919/3163 (60.6) | 844 (28.0) | ||||
Dairy products | 236/997 (23.7) | 0.019 ± 0.024 | 0.005 0.320 | 42 | 2015 | [52] |
Crop maize (AFs/AFB1) | 103/180 (57.2) 103/180 (57.2) | 12.700 ± 17.300 | 1.300–91.400 | 38 58 | 2015 | [53] |
11.400 ± 14.500 | 1.300–88.800 | |||||
Various breakfast cereals | 6/54 (11.1) | 0.100 ± 0.0400 | 0.060–0.150 | 0 | 2015 | [54] |
Total cereals 2015 | 109/234 (46.6) | 58 (24.8) | ||||
Raw Milk | 3094/3646 (84.9) | 0.069 ± 0.120 | <0.005–1.100 | 1133 | 2016 | [51] |
Heat treated milk | 753/765 (98.4) | 0.039 ± 0.020 | <0.005–0.280 | 171 | 2016 | [51] |
Total milk 2016 | 3847/4411 (87.2) | 1304 (29.6) | ||||
Infant formula | 23/349 (6.6) | 0.011 ± 0.003 | <0.005–0.017 | 1 | 2015/16 | [40] |
Milk powder | 25/94 (26.6) | 0.018 ± 0.010 | <0.005–0.035 | 0 | 2015/16 | [40] |
Dairy drinks | 13/58 (22.4) | 0.034 ± 0.040 | <0.005–0.147 | 3 | 2015/16 | [40] |
Total products 2015/16 | 61/501 (12.2) | 4 (0.8) | ||||
Total milk and products | 7310/10,781 (67.8) | 2975 (27.6) | ||||
Total | 7419/11,015 (67.4) | 3033 (27.5) |
Type of Commodity | Toxin | Np/N (%) | Mean ± SD b (μg kg−1) | Range (μg kg−1) | Above EU MRN (%) | Production Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop wheat | T-2 | 12/31 (28.7) | 45.7 | 31.0–125.0 | 1 | 2005 | [59] |
Stored wheat | T-2 | 21/28 (75.0) | 171.5 | 60.0–495.0 | 12 | 2005 | [71] |
Stored wheat | T-2 | 45/75 (60.0) | 86.8 | 86.0–200.0 | 30 | 2007 | [71] |
Crop wheat | HT-2 | 3/54 (5.6) | 9.0 c | 128.0–129.0 | 3 | 2007 | [72] |
Crop wheat | T-2 | 0/54 (0.0) | - | - | 0 | 2007 | [72] |
Crop wheat | T-2 | 37/41 (90.2) | 24.2 | 25.0–135.6 | 3 | 2010 | [73] |
Wheat flour | T-2 | 4/15 (26.7) | 4.1 c | 9.8–26.9 | 0 | 2011 | [35] |
Wheat flour | HT-2 | 0/15 (0.0) | - | - | 0 | 2011 | [35] |
Crop maize | T-2/HT2 | 48/90 (53.3) | 50.9 ± 42.9 | 25.0–209.0 | 5 | 2012 | [74] |
Stored maize a | T-2 | 11/29 (37.9) | 113.4 ± 92.7 | 54.7–374.0 | 0 | 2012 | [43] |
Crop maize | T-2/HT2 | 26/50 (52.0) | 25.3 | 25.3–185.2 | 3 | 2012 | [75] |
Poultry feed | T-2 | 31/41 (75.6) | 55.3 | 25.1–426.1 | 0 | 2014 | [76] |
Total | 238/523 (45.5) | 57 (10.9) |
Type of Commodity | Np/N (%) | Mean ± SD c (μg kg−1) | Range (μg kg−1) | Above EU MRL N (%) | Production Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stored wheat | 2/4 (50.0) | 1235.0 ± 856.0 | 630.0–1840.0 | 1 | 2004 | [65] |
Stored maize a | 5/10 (50.0) | 536.0 ± 1076.0 | 40.0–2460.0 | 1 | 2004 | [65] |
Soybean meal | 1/13 (7.7) | 110.0 | 110.0 | 0 | 2004 | [65] |
Sunflower meal | 4/9 (44.4) | 155.0 ± 126.0 | 40.0–304.0 | 0 | 2004 | [65] |
Crop wheat | 4/12 (33.3) | 182.0 ± 171.0 | 57.0–423.0 | 0 | 2005 | [65] |
Crop maize | 29/66 (43.9) | 363.0 ± 436.0 | 40.0–2210.0 | 1 | 2005 | [65] |
Soybean meal | 1/11 (9.1) | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0 | 2005 | [65] |
Sunflower meal | 5/10 (50.0) | 447.0 ± 244.0 | 114.0–788.0 | 0 | 2005 | [65] |
Barley | 1/4 (25.0) | 140.0 | 140.0 | 0 | 2005 | [65] |
Stored wheat | 24/28 (85.7) | 605.5 | 52.0–3306.0 | Nr | 2005 | [71] |
Crop wheat | 12/34 (35.3) | 223.0 ± 75.0 | 90.0–410.0 | 0 | 2006 | [66] |
Crop maize | 8/21 (38.1) | 426.0 ± 396.0 | 140.0–1340.0 | 0 | 2006 | [66] |
Stored wheat | 70/75 (93.3) | 282.8 | 50.0–1090.0 | 0 | 2007 | [71] |
Crop wheat | 15/54 (27.8) | 33 d | 41–309 | 0 | 2007 | [72] |
Crop wheat | 3/9 (33.3) | 177.0 ± 33.0 | 142–208 | 0 | 2007 | [66] |
Crop maize | 30/119 (25.2) | 58.0 ± 39.0 | 27.0–172.0 | 0 | 2007 | [66] |
Grain food | 3/76 (3.9) | 923.3 ± 932.4 | 380.0–2000-0 | 1 | 2009 | [32] |
Crop wheat | 20/20 (100) | 490.0 | 110.0–1200.0 | 0 | 2009 | [83] |
Pig feed | 10/18 (55.6) | 780.0 ± 850.0 | 250.0–2500.0 | Nr | 2009 | [84] |
Total 2004–2009 | 247/593 (41.7) | 4 (0.7) | ||||
Crop wheat | 203/271 (74.9) | 806.3 b | 50.0–5000.0 | 18 | 2010 | [61,73,81,82,85] |
Crop barley | 3/15 (20.0) | 190.7 b | 118.0–355.0 | 0 | 2010 | [81,82] |
Crop maize | 22/24 (91.7) | 1263.0 | 154.0–16,528.0 | 3 | 2010 | [61] |
Total 2010 | 228/310 (73.5) | 21 (6.8) | ||||
Wheat flour | 13/15 (86.7) | 325.0 d | 17.5–976.0 | 1 | 2011 | [35] |
Stored maize a | 12/12 (100) | 128.2 | 41.0–226.0 | 1 | 2011 | [30] |
Crop maize | 2/90 (2.2) | 650.0 ± 70.7 | 600.0–700.0 | 0 | 2012 | [74] |
Stored maize a | 7/28 (25.0) | 239.0 ± 250.1 | 82.0–792.0 | 0 | 2012 | [43] |
Crop wheat | 13/19 (68.4) | 478.0 | 69.0–918.0 | 2013 | [86] | |
Crop maize | 15/600 (2.5) | 642.3 ± 364.7 | 261.0–1388.0 | 0 | 2013 | [80] |
Total 2011–2013 | 62/764 (8.1) | 2 (0.3) | ||||
Crop maize | 576/600 (96.0) | 3063.3 ± 1264.4 | 264.4–9050.0 | 292 | 2014 | [80] |
Crop wheat | 40/40 (100) | 762.5 | 175.0–1440.0 | 0 | 2014 | [87] |
Total 2014 | 616/640 (96.2) | 292 (45.6) | ||||
Crop maize | 93/600 (15.5) | 921.1 ± 952.7 | 252.3–6280.0 | 10 | 2015 | [80] |
Total of all samples | 1246/2907 (42.9) | 329 (11.3) |
Type of Commodity | Toxin | Np/N (%) | Mean ± SD b (μg kg−1) | Range (μg kg−1) | Above EU MRL N (%) | Production Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stored wheat | FB1 | 23/28 (82.1) | 2079.5 | 750.0–5400.0 | Na | 2005 | [71] |
Stored wheat | FB1 | 69/75 (92.0) | 918.8 | 750.0–4900.0 | Na | 2007 | [71] |
Stored maize a | FB1 | 144/203 (70.9) | 1225.7 | 750.0–4300.0 | Nr | 2006–2009 | [91] |
Stored wheat | FB1 | 109/180 (60.6) | 852.7 | 750.0–4900.0 | Na | 2008–2009 | [91] |
Stored barley | FB1 | 41/120 (34.2) | 768.2 | 750.0–1225.0 | Nr | 2008–2009 | [91] |
Crop maize | FUMs | 17/34 (50.0) | 352.0 ± 460.0 | 30.0–1520.0 | 0 | 2009 | [29] |
Grain food | FUMs | 11/76 (14.5) | 282 ± 246.0 | 56.4–600.0 | 0 | 2009 | [32] |
Crop wheat | FB1 | 35/41 (85.4) | 882.7 | 750.0–2465.0 | Na | 2010 | [73] |
Crop wheat | FUMs | 38/75 (50.7) | 241.0 | 27.0–614.0 | Na | 2010 | [61] |
Crop maize | FUMs | 24/24 (100) | 1084.0 | 60.0–12,880.0 | 1 | 2010 | [61] |
Crop wheat | FB1 | 10/10 (100) | 6286.0 | 2715.0–16,488.0 | Na | 2010 | [85] |
Cornflakes and grits | FUMs | 9/15 (60.0) | Nr | 25-0–131.0 | 0 | 2010 | [38] |
Wheat flour | FB1/FB2 | 0/15 (0.0) | - | - | 0 | 2011 | [35] |
Stored maize a | FB1 | 12/12 (100) | 1610.8 | 880.0–2950.0 | 0 | 2011 | [30] |
Crop maize | FUMs | 90/90 (100) | 1730.0 ± 870.0 | 520.0–5800.0 | 1 | 2012 | [74] |
Total | 632/998 (63.3) | 2 (0.2) |
Type of Commodity | Np/N (%) | Mean ± SD b (μg kg−1) | Range (μg kg−1) | Above EU MRL N (%) | Production Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop wheat | 20/31 (64.5) | 133.4 | 37.0–331.0 | 13 | 2005 | [59] |
Stored wheat | 22/28 (78.6) | 19.7 | 10.0–143.0 | 1 | 2005 | [71] |
Stored wheat | 71/75 (94.6) | 29.0 | 16.0–201.0 | 6 | 2007 | [71] |
Crop wheat | 0/54 (0.0) | - | - | 0 | 2007 | [72] |
Maize products | 25/64 (39.0) | Nr | 25.0 -> 200.0 | 9 | 2008 | [31] |
Wheat flour | 5/13 (38.5) | Nr | 25.0 -> 75.0 | 2 | 2008 | [31] |
Crop maize | 9/34 (26.5) | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 1.8–3.4 | 0 | 2009 | [29] |
Grain food | 8/76 (10.5) | 38.4 ± 13.2 | 10.6–60.1 | 0 | 2009 | [32] |
Pig feed | 8/18 (44.4) | 850.0 ± 1416.0 | 200.0–5000.0 | 8 | 2009 | [84] |
Crop Wheat | 2/20 (10.0) | 70.0 | 60.0–80.0 | 0 | 2009 | [83] |
Crop Wheat | 37/41 (90.2) | 442.6 | 10.0–1000.0 | 11 | 2010 | [73] |
Complete cow feed | 3/16 (18.8) | 226.7 | 220.0–240.0 | 0 | 2010 | [36] |
Other cow feed | 0/19 (0.0) | - | - | 0 | 2010 | [36] |
Crop wheat | 24/45 (53.3) | 330.0 ± 283.0 | 68.0–1079.0 | 17 | 2010 | [94] |
Crop wheat | 10/10 (100.0) | 299.9 | 157.1–471.1 | Nr | 2010 | [85] |
Wheat flour | 5/15 (33.3) | 4.6 c | 1.9–21.1 | 0 | 2011 | [35] |
Stored maize a | 12/12 (100) | 71.8 | 15.4–188.1 | 0 | 2011 | [30] |
Crop maize | 0/90 (0.0) | - | - | 0 | 2012 | [74] |
Stored maize a | 10/28 (35.7) | 73.3 ± 35.3 | 25.8–130.0 | 0 | 2012 | [43] |
Total | 271/689 (39.3) | 67 (9.7) |
Type of Commodity | Np/N (%) | Mean ± SD b (μg kg−1) | Range (μg kg−1) | Above EU MRL N (%) | Production Year | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ground paprika | 9/18 (50.0) | Nr | 2.00 -> 4.00 | 0 | 2008 | [31] |
Condiments | 16/23 (69.6) | Nr | 2.00–10.00 | 0 | 2008 | [31] |
Maize products | 5/64 (7.8) | Nr | Nr | 0 | 2008 | [31] |
Cereal flour | 0/13 (0.0) | - | - | 0 | 2008 | [31] |
Pig liver | 24/90 (26.7) | 0.63 ± 1.87 | 0.22–14.50 | Na | 2008 | [33] |
Pig kidney | 30/90 (33.3) | 1.26 ± 5.85 | 0.17–52.50 | Na | 2008 | [33] |
Pig blood | 28/90 (31.1) | 3.70 ± 23.60 | 0.22–221.00 | Na | 2008 | [33] |
Crop Maize | 3/14 (21.4) | 1.13 ± 0.11 | 1.07–1.26 | 0 | 2009 | [29] |
Grain food | 15/76 (19.7) | 4.84 ± 4.49 | 2.00–15.90 | 10 | 2009 | [32] |
Complete pig feed | 9/18 (50.0) | 60.00 ± 70.00 | 60.00–270.00 | 9 | 2009 | [84] |
Maize silage, dry | 5/10 (50.0) | 15.20 | 12.00–16.00 | Nr | 2010 | [36] |
Other feed for cows | 0/25 (0.0) | - | - | 0 | 2010 | [36] |
Wheat flour | 0/15 (0.0) | - | - | 0 | 2011 | [35] |
Stored maize a | 11/28 (39.3) | 8.05 ± 2.50 | 5.03–11.99 | 0 | 2012 | [43] |
Breakfast cereals | 17/82 (20.7) | 1.76 ± 3.53 | 0.07–11.81 | 3 | 2012 | [54] |
Chickens feed | 16/16 (100) | 34.40 | 19.04–51.30 | 0 | 2014 | [96] |
Hens feed | 14/14 (100) | 43.89 | 28.34–65.30 | 0 | 2014 | [96] |
Breakfast cereals | 7/54 (13.0) | 0.48 ± 0.82 | 0.09–2.33 | 0 | 2015 | [54] |
Total | 208/740 (28.1) | 22 (3.0) |
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Udovicki, B.; Audenaert, K.; De Saeger, S.; Rajkovic, A. Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016. Toxins 2018, 10, 279. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10070279
Udovicki B, Audenaert K, De Saeger S, Rajkovic A. Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016. Toxins. 2018; 10(7):279. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10070279
Chicago/Turabian StyleUdovicki, Bozidar, Kris Audenaert, Sarah De Saeger, and Andreja Rajkovic. 2018. "Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016" Toxins 10, no. 7: 279. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10070279