Emerging Roles of ADAMTSs in Angiogenesis and Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. ADAMTS1
2.1. Structure and Processing
2.2. Regulation and Expression
2.3. Function
Protein | Alternative Names | Substrates | Knockout phenotype |
---|---|---|---|
ADAMTS1 | METH-1, aggrecanase-3 | Aggrecan [22] | a. Growth retardation, changes in kidney structure and impaired female fertility [19,20]. |
Versican V1 [23] | |||
Nidogen 1 & 2 | |||
Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 [25] | b. No effect on aggrecan turnover [27]. | ||
ADAMTS2 | PCINP | Procollagens type I, II, III and V [28,29,30] | a. Fragile skin and male sterility [31]. |
ADAMTS4 | aggrecanase-1, KIAA0688 | Aggrecan [32,33] | a. Phenotypically normal, no protection against aggrecan degradation [38]. |
Versican [23] | |||
Brevican [34] | |||
Matrilin [35] Hevin [36] Reelin [37] | |||
ADAMTS5 | aggrecanase-2, ADAMTS11, Implantin | Aggrecan [39], Versican [40], Brevican [41], Neurocan [42]. | a. Normal lifespan, healthy and fertile [43,44]. Syndactyly with a penetrance of 44% [45]. |
b. Reduced cartilage degradation in a mouse model of osteoarthritis [43]. | |||
c. Delayed wound healing due to aggrecan deposition [46]. | |||
d. Double knockout (Adamts4−/−, Adamts5−/−)—Normal, healthy and fertile [47,48]. Reduced body weight in females compared to wild type. Protected against arthritis [47]. | |||
e. Double knockout (Adamts5−/−, Adamts20−/−)—No gross abnormalities, soft tissue Syndactyly [45]. | |||
ADAMTS8 | METH-2 | Aggrecan [49]. | - |
ADAMTS9 | KIAA1312 | Aggrecan [50], | a. Embryonically lethal [51]. |
Versican [50]. | b. Haploinsufficiency causes increased angiogenesis [52], cardiac and aortic anomalies [53]. | ||
c. Adamts5−/−, Adamts9+/−: soft tissue Syndactyly [45]. | |||
ADAMTS12 | - | COMP [54]. | a. Phenotypically normal and fertile [56]. |
Aggrecan [55] | b. Elevated angiogenesis [56]. | ||
c. Severe inflammation [57] | |||
ADAMTS13 | vWFCP | vWF [58]. | a. Viable and fertile [59,60]. |
ADAMTS15 | - | Aggrecan [61], | Not known |
Versican [62]. | |||
ADAMTS18 | - | Not known | Not known |
2.4. Angiogenesis and Cancer
Protein | Dependence on catalytic activity | Involvement of TSRs | Role in Angiogenesis |
---|---|---|---|
ADAMTS1 | Yes (Pro-angiogenic) [64] | Yes (Anti-angiogenic) [66] | Anti-angiogenic |
Yes (Anti-angiogenic) [63] | - Suppresses EC proliferation in a cell-specific, dose dependent manner [12,63] | ||
No (Anti-angiogenic) [65] | - Disrupts growth factor induced angiogenesis in vivo in a CAM model and matriplug assay [12]. | ||
- Suppresses tumor angiogenesis in T47D human breast carcinoma [63] | |||
- Regulates angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium [67] | |||
- Suppresses tumor angiogenesis in HT-1080, DU145 and CHO-K1 tumors [65]. | |||
- Alters blood vessel morphology in prostate tumors [68] | |||
- Induced by VEGF in ECs and ischemia induced retinal neovascularization [69] | |||
Pro-angiogenic | |||
- Induction of ADAMTS1 to degrade basement membrane versican in VEGF-induced pathological angiogenesis [64]. | |||
- Promotes tumor angiogenesis in TA3 mammary carcinoma and Lewis lung carcinoma [66] | |||
- Induces endothelial-like phenotype in plastic tumor cells [70] | |||
ADAMTS2 | No (Anti-angiogenic) [71] | Yes (Anti-angiogenic) [71] | Anti-angiogenic |
- Suppressed VEGF-stimulated EC proliferation in a cell-specific manner, induces apoptosis and inhibits capillary network formation of HUVEC [71]. | |||
- Increased blood vessels in vivo in a CAM model in ADAMTS2 knockout mice [71]. | |||
- Suppressed tumor angiogenesis in ADAMTS2 overexpressing tumors [71]. | |||
ADAMTS4 | Yes (Pro-angiogenic) [72] | Yes (Anti-angiogenic) [72] | Anti-angiogenic |
- Anti-angiogenic peptide from ADAMTS4 TSR suppresses EC proliferation and VEGF-induced HUVEC migration [73]. | |||
- Truncated ADAMTS4 fragment inhibits HuDMEC differentiation and migration in a scratch wound healing assay [74]. | |||
- ADAMTS4 C-terminal ancillary regions inhibit tumor angiogenesis [72]. | |||
Pro-angiogenic | |||
- Full-length ADAMTS4 promotes tumor angiogenesis [72]. | |||
ADAMTS5 | No (Anti-angiogenic) [75] | Yes (Anti-angiogenic) [75,76] | Anti-angiogenic |
- ADAMTS5 is anti-angiogenic in vitro and in vivo [75,76]. | |||
ADAMTS8 | Not known | Yes (Anti-angiogenic) [12] | Anti-angiogenic |
- Inhibits EC proliferation in a cell-specific reversible manner in vitro [12]. | |||
- Disrupts growth factor induced angiogenesis in vivo in a CAM model and matriplug assay [12]. | |||
ADAMTS9 | Yes (Anti-angiogenic) [52] | No (Anti-angiogenic) [52] | Anti-angiogenic |
- Knockdown of ADAMTS9 in cultured ECs suppresses in vitro capillary network formation and migration [52]. | |||
- Increased corneal neovascularization and tumor vascularization in in vivo+/− mice compared to the wild type mice [52]. | |||
- Suppresses oesophageal and nasopharyngeal carcinoma angiogenesis [77] | |||
ADAMTS12 | No (Anti-angiogenic) [56] | Yes (Anti-angiogenic) [55] | Anti-angiogenic |
- Inhibits capillary network formation by BAE-1 cells in 3D collagen gels [55]. | |||
- Adamts12−/− mice showed increased sprout density in both ex vivo and in vivo models of angiogenesis [56]. | |||
ADAMTS13 | Not known | Yes (Anti-angiogenic) [10] | Anti-angiogenic |
- ADAMTS13 inhibits VEGF-mediated angiogenesis-mediated HUVEC proliferation, migration and capillary network formation [10]. | |||
Pro-angiogenic | |||
- Full-length ADAMTS13 promoted HUVEC tube formation, induces EC proliferation and migration in vitro [10]. | |||
ADAMTS15 | Not known | Not known | Not known |
ADAMTS18 | Not known | Not known | Not known |
Protein | Cancer type | Regulation |
---|---|---|
ADAMTS1 | Lung cancer | Down-regulation of ADAMTS1 mRNA in NSCLC cell lines and epigenetic regulation via hypermethylation of its promoter [83] |
Pancreatic cancer | ADAMTS1 mRNA expression significantly lower in pancreatic cancer compared to noncancerous pancreas [82]. | |
Enhanced expression of ADAMTS1 mRNA in lymph node metastasis or severe retroperitoneal invasion [82]. | ||
Prostate cancer | Markedly low protein levels in prostate cancer cells [15]. | |
Chondrosarcoma | Transcriptional up-regulation in response to TNF-α [16]. | |
ADAMTS2 | Osteosarcoma | 8-fold increase in ADAMTS2 mRNA levels [28]. |
ADAMTS4 | Breast cancer | Enhanced mRNA expression in breast cancer compared to normal breast tissue [91]. |
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | Enhanced expression of ADAMTS4 mRNA [92]. | |
Glioblastoma | Increased expression of ADAMTS4 mRNA [93]. | |
Ewings sarcoma | Enhanced protein levels serving as a tumor-specific marker [94]. | |
ADAMTS5 | Breast carcinoma | Down-regulation of ADAMTS5 transcript [91]. |
Colorectal cancer | Epigenetically silenced by promoter methylation [95]. | |
Prostate cancer | Down-regulation of ADAMTS5 mRNA in prostate cancer cell lines [42]. | |
Glioblastoma | Overexpression of ADAMTS5 mRNA and protein [41,93]. | |
ADAMTS8 | Lung cancer | Down-regulation of ADAMTS8 at the mRNA level in NSCLC [96]. |
Down-regulation due to epigenetic silencing [97]. | ||
Brain | Down-regulation due to promoter hypermethylation [98]. | |
ADAMTS9 | Breast carcinoma | Down-regulation of ADAMTS9 transcript [91]. |
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | Hypermethylation of ADAMTS9 in esophageal tumors [99]. | |
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Promoter hypermethylation and association of lower levels of ADAMTS9 protein with lymph node metastasis in NPC [100]. | |
Gastric cancer | Epigenetic silencing by promoter hypermethylation [101].Inhibition through Akt/mTOR pathway [102]. | |
Pancreatic and colorectal cancer | Epigenetic silencing by promoter hypermethylation [101]. | |
ADAMTS12 | Colorectal cancer | Epigenetic silencing by promoter hypermethylation [103]. |
ADAMTS13 | Prostate, renal, testicular, head and neck squamous, colorectal, rectal, NSCLC, gastric, melanoma, adenocarcinoma and breast carcinoma. | Correlation of presence or absence of tumor metastasis with lower or higher vWF cleaving respectively [104]. |
Colon cancer, leukemia, multiple myeloma, breast, stomach cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | Decreased activity of ADAMTS13 in plasma of malignant patients [105]. | |
Brain and prostate cancers | Mild reduction in ADAMTS13 activity but no correlation with malignancy and metastasis [106]. | |
ADAMTS15 | Colorectal and pancreatic cancer | Inactivation and loss of normal function of the protein due to somatic mutations [107,108]. |
Colorectal cancer | Loss of heterozygosity in ADAMTS15 locus [109]. | |
Breast cancer | Grade-specific down-regulation of ADAMTS15 transcript in breast cancer [91]. | |
Prostate cancer | Down-regulation of ADAMTS15 mRNA linked to poor prognosis in prostate cancer [42]. | |
ADAMTS18 | Breast cancer | Down-regulation of ADAMTS18 transcript [91]. |
Pancreatic, gastric and colorectal cancers | Hypermethylation of ADAMTS18 promoter [110] | |
Kidney and colorectal cancers | Inactivation of ADAMTS18 via somatic mutations [111]. | |
Melanoma | Somatic mutations in ADAMTS18 linked to higher transformation ability and increased metastases in vivo [112]. |
3. ADAMTS2
3.1. Structure and Processing
3.2. Expression and Regulation
3.3. Function
3.4. Angiogenesis and Cancer
4. ADAMTS4
4.1. Structure and Processing
4.2. Expression and Regulation
4.3. Function
4.4. Angiogenesis and Cancer
5. ADAMTS5
5.1. Structure and Processing
5.2. Expression and Regulation
5.3. Function
5.4. Angiogenesis and Cancer
6. ADAMTS8
6.1. Structure and Processing
6.2. Expression and Regulation
6.3. Function
6.4. Angiogenesis and Cancer
7. ADAMTS9
7.1. Structure and Processing
7.2. Expression and Regulation
7.3. Function
7.4. Angiogenesis and Cancer
8. ADAMTS12
8.1. Structure and Processing
8.2. Expression and Regulation
8.3. Function
8.4. Angiogenesis and Cancer
9. ADAMTS13
9.1. Structure and Processing
9.2. Expression and Regulation
9.3. Function
9.4. Angiogenesis and Cancer
10. ADAMTS15
10.1. Structure and Processing
10.2. Expression and Regulation
10.3. Function
10.4. Angiogenesis and Cancer
11. ADAMTS18
11.1. Structure and Processing
11.2. Expression and Regulation
11.3. Function
11.4. Angiogenesis and Cancer
12. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Kumar, S.; Rao, N.; Ge, R. Emerging Roles of ADAMTSs in Angiogenesis and Cancer. Cancers 2012, 4, 1252-1299. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers4041252
Kumar S, Rao N, Ge R. Emerging Roles of ADAMTSs in Angiogenesis and Cancer. Cancers. 2012; 4(4):1252-1299. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers4041252
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Saran, Nithya Rao, and Ruowen Ge. 2012. "Emerging Roles of ADAMTSs in Angiogenesis and Cancer" Cancers 4, no. 4: 1252-1299. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers4041252