1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) 5-aminotetrazolates
by
Gerhard Laus
1,
Volker Kahlenberg
2,
Klaus Wurst
1,
Michael Hummel
1 and
Herwig Schottenberger
1,*
1
Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
2
Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2012, 2(1), 96-104; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst2010096
Submission received: 10 January 2012
/
Revised: 18 January 2012
/
Accepted: 19 January 2012
/
Published: 6 February 2012
1. Introduction
The crystal structures of anhydrous 5-aminotetrazole [1] and its monohydrate [2] are known. Due to its amphiprotic nature [3,4,5], this nitrogen-rich heterocycle has served as cation [6,7,8,9,10] or as anion in energetic salts [11]. Organic salts containing 5-aminotetrazole as anion have been first described by Henry [12]. Crystal structures of several metal 5-aminotetrazolates have been reported [13]. This compound has also received much attention lately as ligand in coordination polymers [14,15,16,17,18,19,20].
1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) is a widely used complexing ligand, and numerous crystal structures of its salts and coordination compounds have been reported [21,22]. The two nitrogen atoms of this tertiary diamine show markedly different basicities [23], facilitating the formation of monocations (DABCO–H+). Dicationic species (DABCO–H22+) are obtained only with strong acids, e.g., the dihydrochloride [24], dinitrate [25], and sulfate [26].
2. Results and Discussion
The DABCO molecules typically adopt a cage-like structure. The aminotetrazole molecules are planar (largest deviation 0.023 Å). The four new salts contain DABCO monocations in different arrangements. In all cases, association among the aminotetrazole molecules is observed. Hydrogen bond interactions between cations and anions are found only in the anhydrous salts, whereas the hydrates show preferred interactions between anions and water molecules. Crystal data and details of the structure refinement are summarized in Table 1. Hydrogen bond parameters are shown in Table 2.
| Compound | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCDC no. | 855698 | 855697 | 855700 | 855699 |
| Chemical formula | C6H13N2·CH2N5 | C6H14N2·(CH2N5)2 | C6H13N2·CH2N5·H2O | (C6H13N2)2·C6H12N2·(CH2N5)2·(H2O)8 |
| Mr | 197.26 | 282.34 | 215.28 | 650.82 |
| Crystal size/mm3 | 0.40 × 0.40 × 0.38 | 0.36 × 0.36 × 0.28 | 0.36 × 0.24 × 0.08 | 0.2 × 0.1 × 0.05 |
| Crystal system | Orthorhombic | Triclinic | Monoclinic | Monoclinic |
| Space group | Pbca | P  | P21/c | P21/c |
| a/Å | 5.9696(1) | 8.7982(6) | 8.8064(3) | 12.6856(3) |
| b/Å | 16.7493(4) | 8.8927(7) | 11.1285(3) | 8.8200(2) |
| c/Å | 19.0799(4) | 9.7756(5) | 10.5456(3) | 31.3885(8) |
| α/° | 90 | 67.827(6) | 90 | 90 |
| β/° | 90 | 86.181(5) | 102.894(3) | 99.390(2) |
| γ/° | 90 | 71.794(7) | 90 | 90 |
| V/Å3 | 1907.73(7) | 671.68(9) | 1007.43(5) | 3464.91(14) |
| Z | 8 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
| Dx/g cm–3 | 1.37 | 1.40 | 1.42 | 1.25 |
| µ/mm–1 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| F(000)/e | 848 | 300 | 464 | 1416 |
| Diffractometer | Gemini-R Ultra | Gemini-R Ultra | Gemini-R Ultra | Nonius KappaCCD |
| Data collection method | ω scans | ωscans | ωscans | φ and ω scans |
| Temperature/K | 173(2) | 173(2) | 173(2) | 233(2) |
| θmax/° | 25.4 | 25.3 | 25.4 | 23.1 |
| h, k, l range | –6 ≤ h ≤7 | –10 ≤ h ≤ 10 | –8 ≤ h ≤ 10 | –13 ≤ h ≤ 13 |
| –20 ≤ k ≤ 17 | –10 ≤ k ≤ 10 | –10 ≤ k ≤ 13 | –9 ≤ k ≤ 9 | |
| –22 ≤ l ≤ 19 | –11 ≤ l ≤ 11 | –12 ≤ l ≤ 12 | –34 ≤ l ≤ 34 | |
| Absorption correction | multi-scan | multi-scan | multi-scan | none |
| Measured reflections | 10377 | 5025 | 7322 | 15576 |
| Independent reflections (Rint) | 1743 (0.028) | 2445 (0.025) | 1850 (0.033) | 4769 (0.042) |
| Observed reflections [I ≥ 2σ(I)] | 1534 | 1986 | 1492 | 3567 |
| Restraints/parameters | 4/136 | 8/199 | 6/152 | 22/486 |
| R1/wR2 [I ≥ 2σ(I)] | 0.041, 0.108 | 0.038, 0.098 | 0.038, 0.083 | 0.042, 0.099 |
| R1/wR2 (all data) | 0.049, 0.112 | 0.049, 0.102 | 0.056, 0.089 | 0.064, 0.108 |
| Goodness of fit | 1.06 | 1.09 | 1.03 | 1.03 |
| Δρmax/min/e Å–3 | 0.23, –0.20 | 0.27, –0.28 | 0.19, –0.17 | 0.18, –0.18 |
| Compound | D–H...A | H...A | D...A | D–H...A | Symmetry operation (A) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | N7–H...N5 | 1.77(2) | 2.698(2) | 168(1) | –1/2+x,1/2–y,–z |
| N1–H...N2 | 2.24(1) | 3.102(2) | 166(1) | 1/2+x,y,1/2–z | |
| N1–H...N3 | 2.24(2) | 3.105(2) | 164(1) | 1+x,y,z | |
| 2 | N10–H...N12 | 1.86(2) | 2.752(2) | 165(2) | – |
| N11–H...N5 | 1.68(2) | 2.636(2) | 167(2) | –1+x,y,z | |
| N1–H...N7 | 2.17(2) | 3.059(2) | 172(1) | x,–1+y,z | |
| N1–H...N8 | 2.29(1) | 3.125(2) | 159(1) | 2–x,–y,2–z | |
| N6–H...N2 | 2.14(2) | 3.003(2) | 175(2) | x,1+y,z | |
| N6–H...N3 | 2.08(2) | 2.970(2) | 172(2) | 1–x,1–y,1–z | |
| 3 | N1–H...N2 | 2.27(2) | 3.152(2) | 169(1) | 1–x,–y,–z |
| N1–H...N4 | 2.20(2) | 3.061(2) | 161(1) | x,1/2–y,–1/2+z | |
| N7–H...N6 | 1.85(2) | 2.763(2) | 174(2) | x,3/2–y,–1/2+z | |
| O1–H...N3 | 2.17(2) | 3.001(2) | 159(2) | 1–x,1/2+y,1/2–z | |
| O1–H...N5 | 2.05(2) | 2.938(2) | 174(2) | – | |
| 4 | N3–H...N2 | 1.73(2) | 2.707(2) | 176(2) | – |
| N5–H...N1 | 1.72(2) | 2.687(2) | 175(2) | – | |
| N11–H...N10 | 2.17(2) | 3.074(2) | 173(2) | 1–x,1–y,1–z | |
| N11–H...N15 | 2.22(2) | 3.078(3) | 164(2) | – | |
| N16–H...N7 | 2.16(2) | 3.048(3) | 164(2) | – | |
| N16–H...N12 | 2.22(2) | 3.101(2) | 178(2) | –x,1–y,1–z | |
| O1–H...N4 | 1.98(3) | 2.811(2) | 165(3) | – | |
| O1–H...O2 | 1.92(5) | 2.788(3) | 177(5) | – | |
| O2–H...N6 | 1.90(2) | 2.760(2) | 173(2) | 1+x,3/2–y,1/2+z | |
| O2–H...O8 | 1.87(4) | 2.749(3) | 169(5) | 2–x,–1/2+y,3/2–z | |
| O3–H...O2 | 1.95(3) | 2.788(3) | 166(4) | – | |
| O3–H...O4 | 1.93(2) | 2.759(3) | 170(3) | – | |
| O4–H...N9 | 1.98(3) | 2.843(3) | 180(2) | 1–x,1–y,1–z | |
| O4–H...O5 | 1.88(2) | 2.761(3) | 178(2) | – | |
| O5–H...N14 | 1.97(2) | 2.828(2) | 175(3) | – | |
| O5–H...O1 | 1.98(2) | 2.841(3) | 169(3) | 1–x,–1/2+y,3/2–z | |
| O6–H...O1 | 1.96(3) | 2.800(3) | 169(3) | – | |
| O6–H...O3 | 1.89(4) | 2.715(4) | 167(4) | x,1+y,z | |
| O7–H...N13 | 1.99(3) | 2.847(3) | 176(3) | 1–x,1/2+y,3/2–z | |
| O7–H...O6 | 1.88(4) | 2.748(3) | 166(4) | – | |
| O8–H...N8 | 1.97(2) | 2.822(2) | 174(2) | 1+x,3/2–y,1/2+z | |
| O8–H...O7 | 1.94(3) | 2.764(3) | 164(5) | – |
2.1. 1-Aza-4-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 5-aminotetrazolate (1)
In this most primitive salt of DABCO and aminotetrazole, the aminotetrazolate anions form ribbons parallel to the (0 1 0) plane, assembled from nine-membered rings and propagating in the direction of the crystallographic a axis. The DABCO cations are attached to the edges of the ribbons by hydrogen bonds (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Hydrogen-bonded layer of ions parallel to the (0 1 0) plane in compound 1.
2.2. 1-Aza-4-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 5-aminotetrazole 5-aminotetrazolate (2)
Since aminotetrazole is not sufficiently strong an acid to create DABCO dications, the additional molecule of aminotetrazole in this 1:2 salt is incorporated in neutral form. The aminotetrazole molecules again form ribbons, this time assembled from eight- and ten-membered rings. The ribbons are linked by hydrogen-bonded DABCO monocations into layers parallel to the (–1 1 2) plane (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Hydrogen-bonded layer of ions parallel to the (–1 1 2) plane in compound 2.
2.3. 1-Aza-4-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 5-aminotetrazolate Hydrate (3)
It is interesting to observe the differences in the structures of the anhydrous salt 1 and the hydrate 3. The aminotetrazole anions obviously prefer coordination with water molecules if there is a choice. The resulting network and the chains of hydrogen-bonded DABCO monocations are shown in Figure 3. In this aesthetically appealing structure, the DABCO–H+ rods are gently caressed by a wave of anions and water molecules (Figure 4).
Figure 3.
(a) Hydrogen-bond network of anions and water molecules in the hydrate of the 1:1 salt. (b) Chain of hydrogen-bonded DABCO mono-cations in compound 3. Symmetry operations i: x,3/2–y,–1/2+z; ii: x,3/2–y,1/2+z.
Figure 3.
(a) Hydrogen-bond network of anions and water molecules in the hydrate of the 1:1 salt. (b) Chain of hydrogen-bonded DABCO mono-cations in compound 3. Symmetry operations i: x,3/2–y,–1/2+z; ii: x,3/2–y,1/2+z.
Figure 4.
Packing diagram of the hydrate 3. Hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity.
2.4. Bis(1-aza-4-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(5-aminotetrazolate) Octahydrate (4)
Small crystals of the octahydrate 4 were identified as a byproduct in 3. Although a slightly lower data/parameter ratio (9.81) than desirable was obtained due to weak reflections at higher angles, the structure is still considered satisfactory. A linear array of three DABCO units [27] is observed, involving two monocations and a neutral molecule. These DABCO triples are cross-linked by two water molecules (Figure 5) into infinite zig-zag chains. Clusters of four tetrazolate ions are engulfed in a cloud of water molecules including cyclic water decamers (Figure 6).
Figure 5.
Packing diagram of the octahydrate 4. Uninteresting hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity. Symmetry operation i: 1+x,3/2–y,1/2+z.
Figure 5.
Packing diagram of the octahydrate 4. Uninteresting hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity. Symmetry operation i: 1+x,3/2–y,1/2+z.
Figure 6.
Cluster of four aminotetrazolate ions and network of water molecules in the octahydrate 4. Hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity. Symmetry codes i: 1–x,1–y,1–z; ii: 1–x,1/2+y,3/2–z; iii: 1–x,–1/2+y,3/2–z; iv: x,3/2–y,–1/2+z; v: x,–1+y,z; vi: 1–x,2–y,1–z; vii: –1+x,–1+y,z; viii: 2–x,–1/2+y,3/2–z; ix: –1+x,3/2–y,–1/2+z.
Figure 6.
Cluster of four aminotetrazolate ions and network of water molecules in the octahydrate 4. Hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity. Symmetry codes i: 1–x,1–y,1–z; ii: 1–x,1/2+y,3/2–z; iii: 1–x,–1/2+y,3/2–z; iv: x,3/2–y,–1/2+z; v: x,–1+y,z; vi: 1–x,2–y,1–z; vii: –1+x,–1+y,z; viii: 2–x,–1/2+y,3/2–z; ix: –1+x,3/2–y,–1/2+z.
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Synthesis of DABCO 5-Aminotetrazolates
DABCO (0.56 g, 5 mmol) and the appropriate amount of 5-aminotetrazole were dissolved in MeOH (3 mL). For the hydrate, the required amount of H2O was added. The solution was slowly refrigerated to –20 °C. After 3 days the supernatant was discarded, and the crystals were collected.
3.2. Crystal Structure Determination
Intensity data were recorded with Oxford Diffraction Gemini-R Ultra and Nonius KappaCCD diffractometers using Mo Kα radiation. Experimental details are summarized in Table 1. Structure solution and refinement was performed with the programs SIR2002 (direct methods) [28] and SHELXL-97 [29]. CCDC reference numbers: 855697-855700. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre.
4. Conclusions
Assembly of simple but versatile building blocks offers a treasure trove of opportunities and rich rewards for the curious investigator. The structures described herein are impressive examples of this successful concept.
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Laus, G.; Kahlenberg, V.; Wurst, K.; Hummel, M.; Schottenberger, H. 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) 5-aminotetrazolates. Crystals 2012, 2, 96-104. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst2010096
AMA Style
Laus G, Kahlenberg V, Wurst K, Hummel M, Schottenberger H. 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) 5-aminotetrazolates. Crystals. 2012; 2(1):96-104. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst2010096
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaus, Gerhard, Volker Kahlenberg, Klaus Wurst, Michael Hummel, and Herwig Schottenberger. 2012. "1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) 5-aminotetrazolates" Crystals 2, no. 1: 96-104. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst2010096
