Debris Flow Susceptibility Assessment in the Wudongde Dam Area, China Based on Rock Engineering System and Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
2.1. Geological and Tectonic Setting
2.2. Geomorphological Setting
2.3. Meteorological Setting
3. Influencing Parameters
3.1. Lithology
3.2. Watershed Area
3.3. Slope Angle
3.4. Stream Density
3.5. Length of the Main Stream
3.6. Curvature of the Main Stream
3.7. Distance from Fault
3.8. Vegetation Cover Ratio
4. Method
4.1. Rock Engineering System
4.2. Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. RES Model for Debris Flow Susceptibility Assessment
5.2. Debris Flow Susceptibility Assessment
5.3. Validation of the Model
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Description | Rating | Description | Rating |
---|---|---|---|
1. Lithology | 5. Length of the main stream (km) | ||
Magmatic rocks, and limestones | 0 | <1 | 0 |
Phyllite, slate and schist | 1 | 1–5 | 1 |
Sandstones, mudstones, and shale | 2 | 5–10 | 2 |
Quaternary deposits | 3 | >10 | 3 |
2. Watershed area (km2) | 6. Curvature of the main stream | ||
<0.5 or >50 | 0 | <1.1 | 0 |
0.5–10 | 1 | 1.1–1.25 | 1 |
10–35 | 2 | 1.25–1.4 | 2 |
35–50 | 3 | >1.4 | 3 |
3. Slope angle (°) | 7. Distance from fault (km) | ||
<15 | 0 | >0.6 | 0 |
15–25 | 1 | 0.4–0.6 | 1 |
25–32 | 2 | 0.2–0.4 | 2 |
>32 | 3 | <0.2 | 3 |
4. Stream density (km/km2) | 8. Vegetation cover ratio | ||
<5 | 0 | >0.75 | 0 |
5–10 | 1 | 0.5–0.75 | 1 |
10–20 | 2 | 0.25–0.5 | 2 |
>20 | 3 | <0.25 | 3 |
Coding | Description |
---|---|
0 | No interaction |
1 | Weak interaction |
2 | Medium interaction |
3 | Strong interaction |
4 | Critical interaction |
P1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | P2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
0 | 1 | P3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
1 | 0 | 3 | P4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | P5 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | P6 | 0 | 1 |
3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | P7 | 2 |
2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | P8 |
Parameter | Ci | Ei | wi (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Lithology | 20 | 8 | 14.58 |
Watershed area | 9 | 6 | 7.81 |
Slope angle | 10 | 16 | 13.54 |
Stream density | 11 | 16 | 14.06 |
Length of the main stream | 8 | 18 | 13.54 |
Curvature of the main stream | 9 | 16 | 13.02 |
Distance from fault | 19 | 4 | 11.98 |
Vegetation cover | 10 | 12 | 11.46 |
Gullies | Influencing Parameters | SI | RES_KM | RES_FCM | Actual Condition | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | P6 | P7 | P8 | |||||
Xiabaitan | T–K | 3.1 | 36.1 | 5.51 | 3.08 | 1.19 | 0 | 10 | 188.53 | High | High | High |
Shangbaitan | T–K | 0.91 | 28.5 | 10.29 | 1.87 | 1.08 | 0 | 10 | 176.03 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
Menggugou | Pt2 | 37.1 | 41.37 | 6.73 | 10.52 | 1.13 | 0 | 40 | 205.19 | High | High | High |
Aibagou | Pt2 | 6.66 | 42.13 | 8.43 | 5.09 | 1.19 | 0 | 20 | 187.49 | High | High | High |
Nuozhacun | γ2 + Z2 | 32.61 | 40 | 4.96 | 10.5 | 1.17 | 0 | 10 | 194.78 | High | High | High |
Zhugongdi | T–K | 6.5 | 41.8 | 6.24 | 4.98 | 1.15 | 0 | 15 | 176.55 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
Yindigou | T–K | 60.5 | 43.26 | 5.08 | 20.17 | 1.23 | 166 | 18 | 207.8 | High | High | Moderate |
Fujiahe | Pt2 | 8.62 | 42.7 | 6.34 | 5.16 | 1.26 | 0 | 17 | 176.55 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
Zhangmuhe | Pt2 | 4.62 | 29.1 | 9.7 | 5.39 | 1.42 | 0 | 10 | 199.99 | High | High | Moderate |
Hepiao | J + K | 9.1 | 29.6 | 9.9 | 6.83 | 1.32 | 0 | 30 | 175.51 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
Hongmenchang | Pt2 | 46.9 | 30 | 6.6 | 12.9 | 1.29 | 0 | 15 | 216.13 | High | High | High |
Tianfanghe | Pt2 | 13.1 | 34 | 9.3 | 5.6 | 1.17 | 0 | 16 | 195.3 | High | High | High |
Zhiligou | T–K | 120.6 | 24 | 6.3 | 15.8 | 1.28 | 0 | 25 | 181.76 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
Pingdicun | T–K | 24.2 | 17 | 5.9 | 9.9 | 1.14 | 3000 | 40 | 171.34 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
Fangshanguo | T–K | 98 | 28 | 4.63 | 20.2 | 1.38 | 6662 | 10 | 193.22 | High | High | High |
Daqiangou | T–K | 18.9 | 29 | 10.95 | 5.1 | 1.11 | 18 | 17 | 174.46 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
Shenyuhe | T–K | 256 | 21 | 2.26 | 29.63 | 1.47 | 0 | 50 | 169.26 | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Zhuzhahe | T–K | 152.6 | 26.6 | 4.32 | 26.3 | 1.7 | 378 | 20 | 170.3 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
Heizhe | T–K | 51.7 | 13.5 | 5.12 | 13.9 | 1.15 | 3485 | 20 | 167.18 | Low | Low | Low |
Yanshuijing | Pt1 | 48.58 | 22.6 | 9.25 | 14.43 | 1.22 | 0 | 5 | 153.63 | Low | Low | Low |
Yajiede | T–K | 22.3 | 12 | 4.7 | 9.3 | 1.31 | 0 | 70 | 145.3 | Low | Low | Low |
Daqinggou | T–K | 31.8 | 32 | 6.02 | 7.32 | 1.1 | 378 | 15 | 147.38 | Low | Low | Low |
Level | Susceptibility Degree | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | High | Abundance of loose materials accumulated on slopes, steep channels, inventory of debris flows |
2 | Moderate | Between levels 1 and 3 |
3 | Low | Absence of loose materials, smooth terrains , no debris flow record |
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Li, Y.; Wang, H.; Chen, J.; Shang, Y. Debris Flow Susceptibility Assessment in the Wudongde Dam Area, China Based on Rock Engineering System and Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm. Water 2017, 9, 669. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090669
Li Y, Wang H, Chen J, Shang Y. Debris Flow Susceptibility Assessment in the Wudongde Dam Area, China Based on Rock Engineering System and Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm. Water. 2017; 9(9):669. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090669
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yanyan, Honggang Wang, Jianping Chen, and Yanjun Shang. 2017. "Debris Flow Susceptibility Assessment in the Wudongde Dam Area, China Based on Rock Engineering System and Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm" Water 9, no. 9: 669. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090669