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Symmetry, Volume 10, Issue 7 (July 2018) – 68 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): We considered the concept of fluctuating asymmetry to improve the prototype leaf shape of the virtual plant model L-Cucumber. Data from in situ digitized leaves were compared to the prototype by a robust Bayesian approach to estimate a new leaf shape. Results indicated almost no directional asymmetry but showed systematic deviations from the protoype shared by both halves. Virtual plant simulations revealed a slight improvement in internode growth against experimental data using the new shape. View this paper.
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30 pages, 1866 KiB  
Review
Symmetries, Conserved Properties, Tensor Representations, and Irreducible Forms in Molecular Quantum Electrodynamics
by David L. Andrews
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070298 - 23 Jul 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5046
Abstract
In the wide realm of applications of quantum electrodynamics, a non-covariant formulation of theory is particularly well suited to describing the interactions of light with molecular matter. The robust framework upon which this formulation is built, fully accounting for the intrinsically quantum nature [...] Read more.
In the wide realm of applications of quantum electrodynamics, a non-covariant formulation of theory is particularly well suited to describing the interactions of light with molecular matter. The robust framework upon which this formulation is built, fully accounting for the intrinsically quantum nature of both light and the molecular states, enables powerful symmetry principles to be applied. With their origins in the fundamental transformation properties of the electromagnetic field, the application of these principles can readily resolve issues concerning the validity of mechanisms, as well as facilitate the identification of conditions for widely ranging forms of linear and nonlinear optics. Considerations of temporal, structural, and tensorial symmetry offer significant additional advantages in correctly registering chiral forms of interaction. More generally, the implementation of symmetry principles can considerably simplify analysis by reducing the number of independent quantities necessary to relate to experimental results to a minimum. In this account, a variety of such principles are drawn out with reference to applications, including recent advances. Connections are established with parity, duality, angular momentum, continuity equations, conservation laws, chirality, and spectroscopic selection rules. Particular attention is paid to the optical interactions of molecules as they are commonly studied, in fluids and randomly organised media. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Quantum Electrodynamics)
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11 pages, 301 KiB  
Article
A Method to Identify Simple Graphs by Special Binary Systems
by Hee Sik Kim, J. Neggers and Sun Shin Ahn
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070297 - 23 Jul 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2374
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss some relations between the semigroup, Bin(X), of all groupoids (X,) and graphs. We discuss mimimum (mutual) covering sets in several groupoids and discuss distances of graphs with groupoids. [...] Read more.
In this paper, we discuss some relations between the semigroup, Bin(X), of all groupoids (X,) and graphs. We discuss mimimum (mutual) covering sets in several groupoids and discuss distances of graphs with groupoids. Finally, we obtain some results on frame graphs with groupoids. Full article
13 pages, 282 KiB  
Article
Multi-Granulation Neutrosophic Rough Sets on a Single Domain and Dual Domains with Applications
by Chunxin Bo, Xiaohong Zhang, Songtao Shao and Florentin Smarandache
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070296 - 23 Jul 2018
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2578
Abstract
It is an interesting direction to study rough sets from a multi-granularity perspective. In rough set theory, the multi-particle structure was represented by a binary relation. This paper considers a new neutrosophic rough set model, multi-granulation neutrosophic rough set (MGNRS). First, the concept [...] Read more.
It is an interesting direction to study rough sets from a multi-granularity perspective. In rough set theory, the multi-particle structure was represented by a binary relation. This paper considers a new neutrosophic rough set model, multi-granulation neutrosophic rough set (MGNRS). First, the concept of MGNRS on a single domain and dual domains was proposed. Then, their properties and operators were considered. We obtained that MGNRS on dual domains will degenerate into MGNRS on a single domain when the two domains are the same. Finally, a kind of special multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM) problem was solved based on MGNRS on dual domains, and an example was given to show its feasibility. Full article
29 pages, 727 KiB  
Article
Picture Hesitant Fuzzy Set and Its Application to Multiple Criteria Decision-Making
by Rui Wang and Yanlai Li
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070295 - 20 Jul 2018
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 4147
Abstract
To address the complex multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems in practice, this article proposes the picture hesitant fuzzy set (PHFS) theory based on the picture fuzzy set and the hesitant fuzzy set. First, the concept of PHFS is put forward, and its operations [...] Read more.
To address the complex multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems in practice, this article proposes the picture hesitant fuzzy set (PHFS) theory based on the picture fuzzy set and the hesitant fuzzy set. First, the concept of PHFS is put forward, and its operations are presented, simultaneously. Second, the generalized picture hesitant fuzzy weighted aggregation operators are developed, and some theorems and reduced operators of them are discussed. Third, the generalized picture hesitant fuzzy prioritized weighted aggregation operators are put forward to solve the MCDM problems that the related criteria are at different priorities. Fourth, two novel MCDM methods combined with the proposed operators are constructed to determine the best alternative in real life. Finally, two numerical examples and an application of web service selection are investigated to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The sensitivity analysis shows that the different values of the parameter λ affect the ranking of alternatives, and the proposed operators are compared with several existing MCDM methods to illustrate their advantages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fuzzy Techniques for Decision Making 2018)
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14 pages, 7942 KiB  
Article
Vegetation Greening for Winter Oblique Photography Using Cycle-Consistence Adversarial Networks
by Xiaowei Xue, Chunxue Wu, Ze Sun, Yan Wu and Neal N. Xiong
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070294 - 20 Jul 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2877
Abstract
A 3D city model is critical for the construction of a digital city. One of the methods of building a 3D city model is tilt photogrammetry. In this method, oblique photography is crucial for generating the model because the visual quality of photography [...] Read more.
A 3D city model is critical for the construction of a digital city. One of the methods of building a 3D city model is tilt photogrammetry. In this method, oblique photography is crucial for generating the model because the visual quality of photography directly impacts the model’s visual effect. Yet, sometimes, oblique photography does not have good visual quality due to a bad season or defective photographic equipment. For example, for oblique photography taken in winter, vegetation is brown. If this photography is employed to generate the 3D model, the result would be bad visually. Yet, common methods for vegetation greening in oblique photography rely on the assistance of the infrared band, which is not available sometimes. Thus, a method for vegetation greening in winter oblique photography without the infrared band is required, which is proposed in this paper. The method was inspired by the work on CycleGAN (Cycle-consistence Adversarial Networks). In brief, the problem of turning vegetation green in winter oblique photography is considered as a style transfer problem. Summer oblique photography generally has green vegetation. By applying CycleGAN, winter oblique photography can be transferred to summer oblique photography, and the vegetation can turn green. Yet, due to the existence of “checkerboard artifacts”, the original result cannot be applied for real production. To reduce artifacts, the generator of CycleGAN is modified. As the final results suggest, the proposed method unlocks the bottleneck of vegetation greening when the infrared band is not available and artifacts are reduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Machine Learning Approaches for Intelligent Big Data)
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8 pages, 2172 KiB  
Article
Ultrathin Terahertz Dual-Band Perfect Metamaterial Absorber Using Asymmetric Double-Split Rings Resonator
by Taiguo Lu, Dawei Zhang, Peizhen Qiu, Jiqing Lian, Ming Jing, Binbin Yu and Jing Wen
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070293 - 20 Jul 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3573
Abstract
In this article, an ultrathin terahertz dual band metamaterial absorber made up of patterned asymmetrical double-split rings and a continuous metal layer separated by a thin FR-4 layer is designed. Simulation results show that two almost identical strong absorption peaks appear in the [...] Read more.
In this article, an ultrathin terahertz dual band metamaterial absorber made up of patterned asymmetrical double-split rings and a continuous metal layer separated by a thin FR-4 layer is designed. Simulation results show that two almost identical strong absorption peaks appear in the terahertz band. When the incident electric field is perpendicular to the ring gaps located at 11 μm asymmetrically, the absorptivity of 98.6% at 4.48 THz and 98.5% at 4.76 THz can be obtained. The absorption frequency and the absorptivity of the absorber can be modulated by the asymmetric distribution of the gaps. The perfect metamaterial absorber is expected to provide important reference for the design of terahertz modulator, filters, absorbers, and polarizers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Broken Symmetry)
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15 pages, 2227 KiB  
Article
A Quick Gbest Guided Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Stock Market Prices Prediction
by Habib Shah, Nasser Tairan, Harish Garg and Rozaida Ghazali
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070292 - 20 Jul 2018
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4833
Abstract
The objective of this work is to present a Quick Gbest Guided artificial bee colony (ABC) learning algorithm to train the feedforward neural network (QGGABC-FFNN) model for the prediction of the trends in the stock markets. As it is quite important to know [...] Read more.
The objective of this work is to present a Quick Gbest Guided artificial bee colony (ABC) learning algorithm to train the feedforward neural network (QGGABC-FFNN) model for the prediction of the trends in the stock markets. As it is quite important to know that nowadays, stock market prediction of trends is a significant financial global issue. The scientists, finance administration, companies, and leadership of a given country struggle towards developing a strong financial position. Several technical, industrial, fundamental, scientific, and statistical tools have been proposed and used with varying results. Still, predicting an exact or near-to-exact trend of the Stock Market values behavior is an open problem. In this respect, in the present manuscript, we propose an algorithm based on ABC to minimize the error in the trend and actual values by using the hybrid technique based on neural network and artificial intelligence. The presented approach has been verified and tested to predict the accurate trend of Saudi Stock Market (SSM) values. The proposed QGGABC-ANN based on bio-inspired learning algorithm with its high degree of accuracy could be used as an investment advisor for the investors and traders in the future of SSM. The proposed approach is based mainly on SSM historical data covering a large span of time. From the simulation findings, the proposed QGGABC-FFNN outperformed compared with other typical computational algorithms for prediction of SSM values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Approaches and Advances in Big Data)
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14 pages, 2944 KiB  
Article
Flight Stability Analysis of a Symmetrically-Structured Quadcopter Based on Thrust Data Logger Information
by Endrowednes Kuantama, Ioan Tarca, Simona Dzitac, Ioan Dzitac and Radu Tarca
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070291 - 19 Jul 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4971
Abstract
Quadcopter flight stability is achieved when all of the rotors–propellers generate equal thrust in hover and throttle mode. It requires a control system algorithm for rotor speed adjustment, which is related with the translational vector and rotational angle. Even with an identical propeller [...] Read more.
Quadcopter flight stability is achieved when all of the rotors–propellers generate equal thrust in hover and throttle mode. It requires a control system algorithm for rotor speed adjustment, which is related with the translational vector and rotational angle. Even with an identical propeller and speed, the thrusts generated are not necessarily equal on all rotors–propellers. Therefore, this study focuses on developing a data logger to measure thrust and to assist in flight control on a symmetrically-structured quadcopter. It is developed with a four load cells sensor with two-axis characterizations and is able to perform real-time signal processing. The process includes speed adjustment for each rotor, trim calibration, and a proportional integral derivative (PID) control tuning system. In the data retrieval process, a quadcopter was attached with data logger system in a parallel axis position. Various speeds between 1200 rpm to 4080 rpm in throttle mode were analyzed to determine the stability of the resulting thrust. Adjustment result showed that the thrust differences between the rotors were less than 0.5 N. The data logger showed the consistency of the thrust value and was proved by repeated experiments with 118 s of sampling time for the same quadcopter control condition. Finally, the quadcopter flight stability as the result of tuning process by the thrust data logger was validated by the flight controller data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solution Models based on Symmetric and Asymmetric Information)
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14 pages, 2427 KiB  
Article
An Effective Authentication Algorithm for Polygonal Models with High Embedding Capacity
by Yuan-Yu Tsai, Yu-Shiou Tsai and Chia-Chun Chang
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070290 - 18 Jul 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2393
Abstract
Fragile watermarking algorithms for 3D models has attracted extensive research attention in recent years. Although many literatures have proposed lots of solutions on this issue, low embedding capacity and inaccurate located tampered region are still presented. Higher embedding capacity can reduce the probability [...] Read more.
Fragile watermarking algorithms for 3D models has attracted extensive research attention in recent years. Although many literatures have proposed lots of solutions on this issue, low embedding capacity and inaccurate located tampered region are still presented. Higher embedding capacity can reduce the probability of false alarms for authentication, while accurate tamper localization can detect all the modified vertices with fewer unaltered ones. This study proposes three strategies to enhance the embedding capacity and the detection accuracy of our previous algorithm. First, the modified message-digit substitution table can increase the embedding capacity by 11.5%. Second, the modified embedding ratio generation method can be integrated to raise the embedding capacity by about 47.74%. Finally, the strategy adopting a reduced number of reference vertices for authentication code generation accompanying the above two ones improves the embedding capacity up to 123.74%. Extensive experiments show that the proposed algorithm can achieve superior performance in terms of embedding capacity and tamper localization accuracy. Further, the model distortion between the original and the marked ones is small. Full article
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14 pages, 230 KiB  
Article
On Neutrosophic Triplet Groups: Basic Properties, NT-Subgroups, and Some Notes
by Xiaohong Zhang, Qingqing Hu, Florentin Smarandache and Xiaogang An
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070289 - 17 Jul 2018
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2990
Abstract
As a new generalization of the notion of the standard group, the notion of the neutrosophic triplet group (NTG) is derived from the basic idea of the neutrosophic set and can be regarded as a mathematical structure describing generalized symmetry. In this paper, [...] Read more.
As a new generalization of the notion of the standard group, the notion of the neutrosophic triplet group (NTG) is derived from the basic idea of the neutrosophic set and can be regarded as a mathematical structure describing generalized symmetry. In this paper, the properties and structural features of NTG are studied in depth by using theoretical analysis and software calculations (in fact, some important examples in the paper are calculated and verified by mathematics software, but the related programs are omitted). The main results are obtained as follows: (1) by constructing counterexamples, some mistakes in the some literatures are pointed out; (2) some new properties of NTGs are obtained, and it is proved that every element has unique neutral element in any neutrosophic triplet group; (3) the notions of NT-subgroups, strong NT-subgroups, and weak commutative neutrosophic triplet groups (WCNTGs) are introduced, the quotient structures are constructed by strong NT-subgroups, and a homomorphism theorem is proved in weak commutative neutrosophic triplet groups. Full article
12 pages, 711 KiB  
Article
Stability Study of Etoricoxib a Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor by a New Single and Rapid Reversed Phase HPLC Method
by Muhammad Alzweiri, Mariam Sallam, Walid Al-Zyoud and Khaled Aiedeh
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070288 - 17 Jul 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4618
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme responsible for inflammation and pain. Etoricoxib is the most recent selective (COX-2) inhibitor that has a higher COX-2 selectivity than the other COX-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which significantly improves its gastric safety profile. The current therapeutic indications [...] Read more.
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme responsible for inflammation and pain. Etoricoxib is the most recent selective (COX-2) inhibitor that has a higher COX-2 selectivity than the other COX-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which significantly improves its gastric safety profile. The current therapeutic indications of etoricoxib includes the treatment of several painful conditions, such as osteoarthritis, acute gout, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. To the best of found knowledge, no decent method has been reported that can be used for the routine determination of etoricoxib and additives in pharmaceutical suspensions by a single, rapid and cost-effective run of HPLC, using an UV-Vis detector. Earlier reported methods, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), capillary zone electrophoresis, and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), are all tedious and time consuming. A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used as a first reported single run method to achieve developed and validated simultaneous determination for sodium saccharin, vanillin, methyl paraben, etoricoxib, and butyl paraben, in prepared oral suspensions of etoricoxib. Reversed phase column of octadecylsilane (ODS) C18 with isocratic mobile phase containing methanol, and phosphate buffer of pH 6 in a ratio of 70:30 (v/v). Celecoxib is used as an internal standard at a detection wavelength of 215 nm. This method separates the analytes in a total running time less than 13 min. Linearity is obtained in the calibration curve for all analytes with a R2 value of > 0.999. Furthermore, beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) were added, either alone or combined, to prevent the crystal formation, and any unpleasant taste of etoricoxib in oral formulations. After testing both HP-β-CD and β-CD at 3% w/w for each, the results showed that HP-β-CD is more efficient in preventing the crystal formation of etoricoxib in suspensions at room temperature than β-CD is. Full article
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46 pages, 483 KiB  
Article
Space-Time Second-Quantization Effects and the Quantum Origin of Cosmological Constant in Covariant Quantum Gravity
by Claudio Cremaschini and Massimo Tessarotto
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070287 - 16 Jul 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3702
Abstract
Space-time quantum contributions to the classical Einstein equations of General Relativity are determined. The theoretical background is provided by the non-perturbative theory of manifestly-covariant quantum gravity and the trajectory-based representation of the related quantum wave equation in terms of the Generalized Lagrangian path [...] Read more.
Space-time quantum contributions to the classical Einstein equations of General Relativity are determined. The theoretical background is provided by the non-perturbative theory of manifestly-covariant quantum gravity and the trajectory-based representation of the related quantum wave equation in terms of the Generalized Lagrangian path formalism. To reach the target an extended functional setting is introduced, permitting the treatment of a non-stationary background metric tensor allowed to depend on both space-time coordinates and a suitably-defined invariant proper-time parameter. Based on the Hamiltonian representation of the corresponding quantum hydrodynamic equations occurring in such a context, the quantum-modified Einstein field equations are obtained. As an application, the quantum origin of the cosmological constant is investigated. This is shown to be ascribed to the non-linear Bohm quantum interaction of the gravitational field with itself in vacuum and to depend generally also on the realization of the quantum probability density for the quantum gravitational field tensor. The emerging physical picture predicts a generally non-stationary quantum cosmological constant which originates from fluctuations (i.e., gradients) of vacuum quantum gravitational energy density and is consistent with the existence of quantum massive gravitons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cosmology and Quantum Vacuum)
13 pages, 320 KiB  
Article
A Note on Ordering Probability Distributions by Skewness
by V. J. García, M. Martel-Escobar and F. J. Vázquez-Polo
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070286 - 16 Jul 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2898
Abstract
This paper describes a complementary tool for fitting probabilistic distributions in data analysis. First, we examine the well known bivariate index of skewness and the aggregate skewness function, and then introduce orderings of the skewness of probability distributions. Using an example, we highlight [...] Read more.
This paper describes a complementary tool for fitting probabilistic distributions in data analysis. First, we examine the well known bivariate index of skewness and the aggregate skewness function, and then introduce orderings of the skewness of probability distributions. Using an example, we highlight the advantages of this approach and then present results for these orderings in common uniparametric families of continuous distributions, showing that the orderings are well suited to the intuitive conception of skewness and, moreover, that the skewness can be controlled via the parameter values. Full article
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31 pages, 3209 KiB  
Article
A Step-by-Step Solution Methodology for Mathematical Expressions
by Sahereh Hosseinpour, Mir Mohammad Reza Alavi Milani and Hüseyin Pehlivan
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070285 - 15 Jul 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7496
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a methodology for the step-by-step solution of problems, which can be incorporated into a computer algebra system. Our main aim is to show all the intermediate evaluation steps of mathematical expressions from the start to the end of [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose a methodology for the step-by-step solution of problems, which can be incorporated into a computer algebra system. Our main aim is to show all the intermediate evaluation steps of mathematical expressions from the start to the end of the solution. The first stage of the methodology covers the development of a formal grammar that describes the syntax and semantics of mathematical expressions. Using a compiler generation tool, the second stage produces a parser from the grammar description. The parser is used to convert a particular mathematical expression into an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST), which is evaluated in the third stage by traversing al its nodes. After every evaluation of some nodes, which corresponds to an intermediate solution step of the related expression, the resulting AST is transformed into the corresponding mathematical expression and then displayed. Many other algebra-related issues such as simplification, factorization, distribution and substitution can be covered by the solution methodology. We currently focuses on the solutions of various problems associated with the subject of derivative, equations, single variable polynomials, and operations on functions. However, it can easily be extended to cover the other subjects of general mathematics. Full article
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14 pages, 4153 KiB  
Article
Adaptive and Blind Audio Watermarking Algorithm Based on Chaotic Encryption in Hybrid Domain
by Qiuling Wu and Meng Wu
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070284 - 14 Jul 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3645
Abstract
An adaptive and blind audio watermarking algorithm is proposed based on chaotic encryption in discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) hybrid domain. Since human ears are not sensitive to small changes in the high-frequency components of the audio media, the [...] Read more.
An adaptive and blind audio watermarking algorithm is proposed based on chaotic encryption in discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) hybrid domain. Since human ears are not sensitive to small changes in the high-frequency components of the audio media, the encrypted watermark can be embedded into the audio signal according to the special embedding rules. The embedding depth of each audio segment is controlled by the overall average amplitude to effectively improve the robustness and imperceptibility. The watermark is encrypted by a chaotic sequence to improve the security of watermark, so only users who hold the correct key can accurately extract the watermark without the original audio signal. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has larger capacity, higher imperceptibility, better security, and stronger robustness when combating against signal-processing attacks than the involved audio watermarking algorithms in recent years. Full article
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18 pages, 345 KiB  
Article
Selecting the Optimal Mine Ventilation System via a Decision Making Framework under Hesitant Linguistic Environment
by Weizhang Liang, Guoyan Zhao and Suizhi Luo
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070283 - 13 Jul 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2660
Abstract
Ventilation systems are amongst the most essential components of a mine. As the indicators of ventilation systems are in general of ambiguity or uncertainty, the selection of ventilation systems can therefore be regarded as a complex fuzzy decision making problem. In order to [...] Read more.
Ventilation systems are amongst the most essential components of a mine. As the indicators of ventilation systems are in general of ambiguity or uncertainty, the selection of ventilation systems can therefore be regarded as a complex fuzzy decision making problem. In order to solve such problems, a decision making framework based on a new concept, the hesitant linguistic preference relation (HLPR), is constructed. The basic elements in the HLPR are hesitant fuzzy linguistic numbers (HFLNs). At first, new operational laws and aggregation operators of HFLNs are defined to overcome the limitations in existing literature. Subsequently, a novel comparison method based on likelihood is proposed to obtain the order relationship of two HFLNs. Then, a likelihood-based consistency index is introduced to represent the difference between two hesitant linguistic preference relations (HLPRs). It is a new way to express the consistency degree for the reason that the traditional consistency indices are almost exclusively based on distance measures. Meanwhile, a consistency-improving model is suggested to attain acceptable consistent HLPRs. In addition, a method to receive reasonable ranking results from HLPRs with acceptable consistency is presented. At last, this method is used to pick out the best mine ventilation system under uncertain linguistic decision conditions. A comparison and a discussion are conducted to demonstrate the validity of the presented approach. The results show that the proposed method is effective for selecting the optimal mine ventilation system, and provides references for the construction and management of mines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fuzzy Techniques for Decision Making 2018)
17 pages, 726 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of Dynamic Properties of Fractional Viscoplasticity Model
by Michał Szymczyk, Marcin Nowak and Wojciech Sumelka
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070282 - 13 Jul 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2896
Abstract
The fractional viscoplasticity (FV) concept combines the Perzyna type viscoplastic model and fractional calculus. This formulation includes: (i) rate-dependence; (ii) plastic anisotropy; (iii) non-normality; (iv) directional viscosity; (v) implicit/time non-locality; and (vi) explicit/stress-fractional non-locality. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the above [...] Read more.
The fractional viscoplasticity (FV) concept combines the Perzyna type viscoplastic model and fractional calculus. This formulation includes: (i) rate-dependence; (ii) plastic anisotropy; (iii) non-normality; (iv) directional viscosity; (v) implicit/time non-locality; and (vi) explicit/stress-fractional non-locality. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the above mentioned FV properties, together with a detailed discussion on a general 3D numerical implementation for the explicit time integration scheme. Full article
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23 pages, 1085 KiB  
Article
Three-Way Decisions with Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Decision-Theoretic Rough Sets in Group Decision-Making
by Dajun Ye, Decui Liang and Pei Hu
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070281 - 12 Jul 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2743
Abstract
In this article, we demonstrate how interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IVIFSs) can function as extended intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) using the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IVIFNs) instead of precision numbers to describe the degree of membership and non-membership, which are more flexible and [...] Read more.
In this article, we demonstrate how interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IVIFSs) can function as extended intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) using the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IVIFNs) instead of precision numbers to describe the degree of membership and non-membership, which are more flexible and practical in dealing with ambiguity and uncertainty. By introducing IVIFSs into three-way decisions, we provide a new description of the loss function. Thus, we firstly propose a model of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy decision-theoretic rough sets (IVIFDTRSs). According to the basic framework of IVIFDTRSs, we design a strategy to address the IVIFNs and deduce three-way decisions. Then, we successfully extend the results of IVIFDTRSs from single-person decision-making to group decision-making. In this situation, we adopt a grey correlation accurate weighted determining method (GCAWD) to compute the weights of decision-makers, which integrates the advantages of the accurate weighted determining method and grey correlation analysis method. Moreover, we utilize the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted averaging (IIFWA) operation to count the aggregated scores and the accuracies of the expected losses. By comparing these scores and accuracies, we design a simple and straightforward algorithm to deduce three-way decisions for group decision-making. Finally, we use an illustrative example to verify our results. Full article
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25 pages, 324 KiB  
Article
Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method Based on Prioritized Muirhead Mean Aggregation Operator under Neutrosophic Set Environment
by Harish Garg and Nancy
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070280 - 12 Jul 2018
Cited by 69 | Viewed by 3447
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to introduce some new operators for aggregating single-valued neutrosophic (SVN) information and to apply them to solve the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems. Single-valued neutrosophic set, as an extension and generalization of an intuitionistic fuzzy set, is a [...] Read more.
The aim of this paper is to introduce some new operators for aggregating single-valued neutrosophic (SVN) information and to apply them to solve the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems. Single-valued neutrosophic set, as an extension and generalization of an intuitionistic fuzzy set, is a powerful tool to describe the fuzziness and uncertainty, and Muirhead mean (MM) is a well-known aggregation operator which can consider interrelationships among any number of arguments assigned by a variable vector. In order to make full use of the advantages of both, we introduce two new prioritized MM aggregation operators, such as the SVN prioritized MM (SVNPMM) and SVN prioritized dual MM (SVNPDMM) under SVN set environment. In addition, some properties of these new aggregation operators are investigated and some special cases are discussed. Furthermore, we propose a new method based on these operators for solving the MCDM problems. Finally, an illustrative example is presented to testify the efficiency and superiority of the proposed method by comparing it with the existing method. Full article
25 pages, 739 KiB  
Article
Hyperbolicity of Direct Products of Graphs
by Walter Carballosa, Amauris De la Cruz, Alvaro Martínez-Pérez and José M. Rodríguez
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070279 - 12 Jul 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2786
Abstract
It is well-known that the different products of graphs are some of the more symmetric classes of graphs. Since we are interested in hyperbolicity, it is interesting to study this property in products of graphs. Some previous works characterize the hyperbolicity of several [...] Read more.
It is well-known that the different products of graphs are some of the more symmetric classes of graphs. Since we are interested in hyperbolicity, it is interesting to study this property in products of graphs. Some previous works characterize the hyperbolicity of several types of product graphs (Cartesian, strong, join, corona and lexicographic products). However, the problem with the direct product is more complicated. The symmetry of this product allows us to prove that, if the direct product G1×G2 is hyperbolic, then one factor is bounded and the other one is hyperbolic. Besides, we prove that this necessary condition is also sufficient in many cases. In other cases, we find (not so simple) characterizations of hyperbolic direct products. Furthermore, we obtain good bounds, and even formulas in many cases, for the hyperbolicity constant of the direct product of some important graphs (as products of path, cycle and even general bipartite graphs). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Graph Theory)
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18 pages, 5744 KiB  
Article
Towards More Realistic Leaf Shapes in Functional-Structural Plant Models
by Dominik Schmidt and Katrin Kahlen
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070278 - 12 Jul 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4631
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry in plant leaves is a widely used measure in geometric morphometrics for assessing random deviations from perfect symmetry. In this study, we considered the concept of fluctuating asymmetry to improve the prototype leaf shape of the functional-structural plant model L-Cucumber. [...] Read more.
Fluctuating asymmetry in plant leaves is a widely used measure in geometric morphometrics for assessing random deviations from perfect symmetry. In this study, we considered the concept of fluctuating asymmetry to improve the prototype leaf shape of the functional-structural plant model L-Cucumber. The overall objective was to provide a realistic geometric representation of the leaves for the light sensitive plant reactions in the virtual plant model. Based on three-dimensional data from several hundred in situ digitized cucumber leaves comparisons of model leaves and measurements were conducted. Robust Bayesian comparison of groups was used to assess statistical differences between leaf halves while respecting fluctuating asymmetries. Results indicated almost no directional asymmetry in leaves comparing different distances from the prototype while detecting systematic deviations shared by both halves. This information was successfully included in an improved leaf prototype and implemented in the virtual plant model L-Cucumber. Comparative virtual plant simulations revealed a slight improvement in plant internode development against experimental data using the novel leaf shape. Further studies can now focus on analyses of stress on the 3D-deformation of the leaf and the development of a dynamic leaf shape model. Full article
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10 pages, 1583 KiB  
Article
Zigzag Solitons and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Discrete Rabi Lattices with Long-Range Hopping
by Haitao Xu, Zhelang Pan, Zhihuan Luo, Yan Liu, Suiyan Tan, Zhijie Mai and Jun Xu
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070277 - 12 Jul 2018
Viewed by 2917
Abstract
A new type of discrete soliton, which we call zigzag solitons, is founded in two-component discrete Rabi lattices with long-range hopping. The spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) of zigzag solitons is also studied. Through numerical simulation, we found that by enhancing the intensity of [...] Read more.
A new type of discrete soliton, which we call zigzag solitons, is founded in two-component discrete Rabi lattices with long-range hopping. The spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) of zigzag solitons is also studied. Through numerical simulation, we found that by enhancing the intensity of the long-range linearly-coupled effect or increasing the total input power, the SSB process from the symmetric soliton to the asymmetric soliton will switch from the supercritical to subcritical type. These results can help us better understand both the discrete solitons and the Rabi coupled effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Waveguides in Photonic Crystals)
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19 pages, 337 KiB  
Article
Optimal Dividend and Capital Injection Problem with Transaction Cost and Salvage Value: The Case of Excess-of-Loss Reinsurance Based on the Symmetry of Risk Information
by Qingyou Yan, Le Yang, Tomas Baležentis, Dalia Streimikiene and Chao Qin
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070276 - 12 Jul 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2918
Abstract
This paper considers the optimal dividend and capital injection problem for an insurance company, which controls the risk exposure by both the excess-of-loss reinsurance and capital injection based on the symmetry of risk information. Besides the proportional transaction cost, we also incorporate the [...] Read more.
This paper considers the optimal dividend and capital injection problem for an insurance company, which controls the risk exposure by both the excess-of-loss reinsurance and capital injection based on the symmetry of risk information. Besides the proportional transaction cost, we also incorporate the fixed transaction cost incurred by capital injection and the salvage value of a company at the ruin time in order to make the surplus process more realistic. The main goal is to maximize the expected sum of the discounted salvage value and the discounted cumulative dividends except for the discounted cost of capital injection until the ruin time. By considering whether there is capital injection in the surplus process, we construct two instances of suboptimal models and then solve for the corresponding solution in each model. Lastly, we consider the optimal control strategy for the general model without any restriction on the capital injection or the surplus process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solution Models based on Symmetric and Asymmetric Information)
9 pages, 5342 KiB  
Article
Reflexively-Fused Cylinders
by Kokichi Sugihara and Masaki Moriguchi
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070275 - 12 Jul 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3202
Abstract
The present paper introduces a method for designing 3D objects that are initially incomplete, but become complete when they are augmented by their mirror reflections. Physically, the mirror image is plane-symmetric with respect to the original object, but the perceived shape is not [...] Read more.
The present paper introduces a method for designing 3D objects that are initially incomplete, but become complete when they are augmented by their mirror reflections. Physically, the mirror image is plane-symmetric with respect to the original object, but the perceived shape is not necessarily symmetric because of optical illusion. In the proposed method, a 2D shape that is not necessarily symmetric is divided into two halves, one of which is used to construct a solid object. When we place the solid object on a plane mirror, the other half is generated by the mirror, and thus, a whole shape is realized. In the present study, the design algorithm and examples are shown, and the condition for constructability is also presented. Full article
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17 pages, 358 KiB  
Article
A Different Study on the Spaces of Generalized Fibonacci Difference bs and cs Spaces Sequence
by Fevzi Yaşar and Kuddusi Kayaduman
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070274 - 11 Jul 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2635
Abstract
The main topic in this article is to define and examine new sequence spaces bs(F^(s,r)) and cs(F^(s,r))), where [...] Read more.
The main topic in this article is to define and examine new sequence spaces bs(F^(s,r)) and cs(F^(s,r))), where F^(s,r) is generalized difference Fibonacci matrix in which s,rR\0. Some algebric properties including some inclusion relations, linearly isomorphism and norms defined over them are given. In addition, it is shown that they are Banach spaces. Finally, the α-, β- and γ-duals of the spaces bs(F^(s,r)) and cs(F^(s,r)) are appointed and some matrix transformations of them are given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Physics and Symmetry)
10 pages, 2687 KiB  
Article
An Analytical Model of Seepage Field for Symmetrical Underwater Tunnels
by Fan Wang and Pengfei Li
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070273 - 11 Jul 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2613
Abstract
Based on the mirror image method and superposition principle, an analytical model of seepage field for symmetrical underwater tunnels is proposed. The condition is assumed as two-dimensional steady water inflow into symmetrical and horizontal underwater tunnels in a fully saturated, homogeneous, isotropic, and [...] Read more.
Based on the mirror image method and superposition principle, an analytical model of seepage field for symmetrical underwater tunnels is proposed. The condition is assumed as two-dimensional steady water inflow into symmetrical and horizontal underwater tunnels in a fully saturated, homogeneous, isotropic, and semi-infinite aquifer. Analytical solutions of pore water distribution and water inflow into tunnels are obtained. Two different boundary conditions at the perimeter of symmetrical tunnels are considered, constant total hydraulic head and constant water pressure. Taking the subsea tunnels of Xiamen Xiang’an in China as an example, comparisons between analytical solutions and numerical solutions are analyzed in the case of zero water pressure at the perimeter of symmetrical tunnels. The results show that the analytical solutions for pore pressure distribution and water inflow match well with the numerical solutions and that the relative deviations are all in an acceptable range. The solutions derived from the analytical model in this paper can analyze the steady seepage field of symmetrical underwater tunnels accurately and reasonably. Full article
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17 pages, 4180 KiB  
Article
Incremental Spectral Clustering via Fastfood Features and Its Application to Stream Image Segmentation
by Li He, Yi Li, Xiang Zhang, Chuangbin Chen, Lei Zhu and Chengcai Leng
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070272 - 11 Jul 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2624
Abstract
We propose an incremental spectral clustering method for stream data clustering and apply it to stream image segmentation. The main idea in our work consists of generating the data points in the kernel space by Fastfood features and iteratively calculating the eigendecomposition of [...] Read more.
We propose an incremental spectral clustering method for stream data clustering and apply it to stream image segmentation. The main idea in our work consists of generating the data points in the kernel space by Fastfood features and iteratively calculating the eigendecomposition of data. Compared with the popular Nyström-based approximation, our work accesses each data point only once while Nyström, in particular the sampling scheme, will go through the entire dataset first and calculate the embeddings of data points with a second visit. As a result, our method is able to learn data partitions incrementally and improve eigenvector approximation with more and more data seen from a stream. By contrast, the performance of the standard Nyström is fixed when the sample set is selected. Experimental results show the superiority of our method. Full article
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17 pages, 6680 KiB  
Article
An Effective Dual-Image Reversible Hiding for UAV’s Image Communication
by Yung-I Lin, Ying-Hsuan Huang and Chih-Cheng Chen
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070271 - 10 Jul 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2629
Abstract
Compared with traditional hiding methods, dual-image reversible data hiding methods have a higher embedding rate and a better quality stego image. Also, this is a special case of secret sharing, because secret data cannot be extracted from any stego image. In the literature, [...] Read more.
Compared with traditional hiding methods, dual-image reversible data hiding methods have a higher embedding rate and a better quality stego image. Also, this is a special case of secret sharing, because secret data cannot be extracted from any stego image. In the literature, the frequencies of occurrence of secret data were used as reference information for data encoding, in which most digits were transformed into smaller ones. The encoding strategy can effectively decrease the modification level of the pixel. However, only limited literature has analyzed the relationship between the adjacent secret data. In this paper, we proposed an exclusive-or (XOR)-based encoding method to convert the neighboring values, thereby reducing the distortion. Since there are significant similarities between the two stego images and the original image, the first stego image is stored on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to avoid a hacker’s interception attack. The second stego image on the UAV is sent to the command station. After completion of the UAV mission, the proposed method extracts the secret data from the two stego images to identify whether the second stego image has been tampered with. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Data Hiding Systems in Image Communications)
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35 pages, 4283 KiB  
Review
A Review of Image Processing Techniques Common in Human and Plant Disease Diagnosis
by Nikos Petrellis
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070270 - 09 Jul 2018
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 8779
Abstract
Image processing has been extensively used in various (human, animal, plant) disease diagnosis approaches, assisting experts to select the right treatment. It has been applied to both images captured from cameras of visible light and from equipment that captures information in invisible wavelengths [...] Read more.
Image processing has been extensively used in various (human, animal, plant) disease diagnosis approaches, assisting experts to select the right treatment. It has been applied to both images captured from cameras of visible light and from equipment that captures information in invisible wavelengths (magnetic/ultrasonic sensors, microscopes, etc.). In most of the referenced diagnosis applications, the image is enhanced by various filtering methods and segmentation follows isolating the regions of interest. Classification of the input image is performed at the final stage. The disease diagnosis approaches based on these steps and the common methods are described. The features extracted from a plant/skin disease diagnosis framework developed by the author are used here to demonstrate various techniques adopted in the literature. The various metrics along with the available experimental conditions and results presented in the referenced approaches are also discussed. The accuracy achieved in the diagnosis methods that are based on image processing is often higher than 90%. The motivation for this review is to highlight the most common and efficient methods that have been employed in various disease diagnosis approaches and suggest how they can be used in similar or different applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced in Artificial Intelligence and Cloud Computing)
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14 pages, 3221 KiB  
Article
Denoising of Magnetocardiography Based on Improved Variational Mode Decomposition and Interval Thresholding Method
by Yanping Liao, Congcong He and Qiang Guo
Symmetry 2018, 10(7), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070269 - 09 Jul 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3611
Abstract
Recently, magnetocardiography (MCG) has attracted increasing attention as a non-invasive and non-contact technique for detecting electrocardioelectric functions. However, the severe background noise makes it difficult to extract information. Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), which is an entirely non-recursive model, is used to decompose the [...] Read more.
Recently, magnetocardiography (MCG) has attracted increasing attention as a non-invasive and non-contact technique for detecting electrocardioelectric functions. However, the severe background noise makes it difficult to extract information. Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), which is an entirely non-recursive model, is used to decompose the non-stationary signal into the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Traditional VMD algorithms cannot control the bandwidth of each IMF, whose quadratic penalty lacks adaptivity. As a result, baseline drift noise is still present or medical information is lost. In this paper, to overcome the unadaptable quadratic penalty problem, an improved VMD model via correlation coefficient and new update formulas are proposed to decompose MCG signals. To improve the denoising precision, this algorithm is combined with the interval threshold algorithm. First, the correlation coefficient is calculated, to determine quadratic penalty, in order to extract the first IMF made up of baseline drift. Then, the new update formulas derived from the variance that describes the noise level are used, to perform decomposition on the rest signal. Finally, the Interval thresholding algorithm is performed on each IMF. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that this algorithm can effectively improve the output signal-to-noise ratio and has superior performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Electromagnetism)
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