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289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Eckart Marsch

Symmetry 2013, 5(4), 271-286; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym5040271 - 26 Sep 2013

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5302

In this paper, we suggest an alternative strategy to derive the complex two-component Majorana equation with a mass term and elucidate the related Lorentz transformation. The Majorana equation is established completely on its own, rather than derived from the chiral Dirac equation. Thereby, [...] Read more.

In this paper, we suggest an alternative strategy to derive the complex two-component Majorana equation with a mass term and elucidate the related Lorentz transformation. The Majorana equation is established completely on its own, rather than derived from the chiral Dirac equation. Thereby, use is made of the complex conjugation operator and Pauli spin matrices only. The eigenfunctions of the two-component complex Majorana equation are also calculated. The associated quantum fields are found to describe particles and antiparticles, which have opposite mean helicities and are not their own antiparticles, but correspond to two independent degrees of freedom. The four-component real Dirac equation in its Majorana representation is shown to be the natural outcome of the two-component complex Majorana equation. Both types of equations come in two forms, which correspond to the irreducible left- and right-chiral representations of the Lorentz group. Full article

821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiple Solutions to Implicit Symmetric Boundary Value Problems for Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs): Equivariant Degree Approach

by Zalman Balanov, Wieslaw Krawcewicz, Zhichao Li and Mylinh Nguyen

Symmetry 2013, 5(4), 287-312; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym5040287 - 07 Nov 2013

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4985

Abstract

In this paper, we develop a general framework for studying Dirichlet Boundary Value Problems (BVP) for second order symmetric implicit differential systems satisfying the Hartman-Nagumo conditions, as well as a certain non-expandability condition. The main result, obtained by means of the equivariant degree [...] Read more.

In this paper, we develop a general framework for studying Dirichlet Boundary Value Problems (BVP) for second order symmetric implicit differential systems satisfying the Hartman-Nagumo conditions, as well as a certain non-expandability condition. The main result, obtained by means of the equivariant degree theory, establishes the existence of multiple solutions together with a complete description of their symmetric properties. The abstract result is supported by a concrete example of an implicit system respecting D₄^_-symmetries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry Breaking)

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217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interplay between Point-Group Symmetries and the Choice of the Bloch Basis in Multiband Models

by Stefan A. Maier, Carsten Honerkamp and Qiang-Hua Wang

Symmetry 2013, 5(4), 313-343; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym5040313 - 11 Nov 2013

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5625

Abstract

We analyze the point-group symmetries of generic multiband tight-binding models with respect to the transformation properties of the effective interactions. While the vertex functions in the orbital language may transform non-trivially under point-group operations, their point-group behavior in the band language can be [...] Read more.

We analyze the point-group symmetries of generic multiband tight-binding models with respect to the transformation properties of the effective interactions. While the vertex functions in the orbital language may transform non-trivially under point-group operations, their point-group behavior in the band language can be simplified by choosing a suitable Bloch basis. We first give two analytically accessible examples. Then, we show that, for a large class of models, a natural Bloch basis exists, in which the vertex functions in the band language transform trivially under all point-group operations. As a consequence, the point-group symmetries can be used to reduce the computational effort in perturbative many-particle approaches, such as the functional renormalization group. Full article

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837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Symmetry Breaking on Electronic Band Structure: Gap Opening at the High Symmetry Points

by Guillaume Vasseur, Yannick Fagot-Revurat, Bertrand Kierren, Muriel Sicot and Daniel Malterre

Symmetry 2013, 5(4), 344-354; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym5040344 - 09 Dec 2013

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 11599

Abstract

Some characteristic features of band structures, like the band degeneracy at high symmetry points or the existence of energy gaps, usually reflect the symmetry of the crystal or, more precisely, the symmetry of the wave vector group at the relevant points of the [...] Read more.

Some characteristic features of band structures, like the band degeneracy at high symmetry points or the existence of energy gaps, usually reflect the symmetry of the crystal or, more precisely, the symmetry of the wave vector group at the relevant points of the Brillouin zone. In this paper, we will illustrate this property by considering two-dimensional (2D)-hexagonal lattices characterized by a possible two-fold degenerate band at the K points with a linear dispersion (Dirac points). By combining scanning tunneling spectroscopy and angle-resolved photoemission, we study the electronic properties of a similar system: the Ag/Cu(111) interface reconstruction characterized by a hexagonal superlattice, and we show that the gap opening at the K points of the Brillouin zone of the reconstructed cell is due to the symmetry breaking of the wave vector group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry Breaking)

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Symmetry, Volume 5, Issue 4 (December 2013) – 4 articles , Pages 271-354

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