Characterization of Green Liquor Dregs, Potentially Useful for Prevention of the Formation of Acid Rock Drainage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Mineralogical Characterization
2.2.2. Chemical Characterization
2.2.3. Physical Characterization
3. Results
Element | Unit | Sample batch | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | A2 | B1 | B2 | C1 | C2 | D1 | D2 | ||
Dry matter (DM) | % | 51.4 | 51.6 | 47.8 | 47.2 | 37.9 | 38.0 | 35.7 | 35.5 |
Si | mg/kg | 4,960 | 5,020 | 6,630 | 6,850 | 9,720 | 10,500 | 12,300 | 12,400 |
Al | mg/kg | 2,700 | 2,720 | 2,900 | 3,090 | 5,280 | 5,180 | 9,820 | 9,890 |
Ca | mg/kg | 317,000 | 317,000 | 295,000 | 296,500 | 252,000 | 247,000 | 219,000 | 217,000 |
Fe | mg/kg | 3,190 | 3,170 | 4,540 | 3,360 | 5,700 | 6,520 | 9,650 | 7,260 |
K | mg/kg | 1,910 | 2,050 | 2,910 | 2,970 | 3,010 | 3,060 | 3,360 | 3,570 |
Mg | mg/kg | 37,800 | 38,300 | 43,400 | 43,900 | 50,600 | 49,600 | 72,400 | 73,300 |
Mn | mg/kg | 8,350 | 8,430 | 10,800 | 10,900 | 12,900 | 12,700 | 17,300 | 17,500 |
P | mg/kg | 4,000 | 4,030 | 3,590 | 3,610 | 1,270 | 1,250 | 922 | 911 |
LOI 1000 °C | % DM | 41.3 | 41.4 | 40.7 | 40.8 | 43.1 | 43.1 | 39.9 | 40.0 |
As | mg/kg | 0.305 | 0.225 | 0.327 | 0.172 | 0.332 | 0.383 | 0.474 | 0.431 |
Cd | mg/kg | 3.54 | 3.69 | 5.80 | 5.53 | 4.98 | 4.87 | 8.29 | 8.65 |
Co | mg/kg | 3.34 | 3.04 | 3.96 | 3.67 | 4.83 | 4.72 | 5.63 | 5.77 |
Cr | mg/kg | 71.9 | 80.2 | 93.2 | 94.3 | 92.0 | 97.7 | 126 | 127 |
Cu | mg/kg | 101 | 109 | 112 | 108 | 179 | 159 | 224 | 202 |
Hg | mg/kg | 0.04 | 0.04 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.04 | <0.04 |
Ni | mg/kg | 29.3 | 31.6 | 53.6 | 46.7 | 51.7 | 40.7 | 60.8 | 49.5 |
Pb | mg/kg | 2.27 | 2.56 | 2.86 | 2.96 | 3.28 | 3.26 | 5.88 | 6.13 |
S | mg/kg | 7,880 | 8,780 | 10,500 | 9,150 | 13,500 | 13,200 | 18,600 | 18,700 |
Zn | mg/kg | 701 | 764 | 1,120 | 1,060 | 1,230 | 1,200 | 1,840 | 1,800 |
CaO | % DM | 44.3 | 44.3 | 41.0 | 41.0 | 35.3 | 34.6 | 30.6 | 30.4 |
Element | GLD L/S 10 (mg/kg) | Leaching limit values at landfills for inert waste (mg/kg) | Leaching limit values at landfills for non-hazardous waste (mg/kg) | Relative mass released from GLD (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Si | 3.03 ± 0.00 | N/A | N/A | 0.01 |
Al | 0.34 ± 0.19 | N/A | N/A | 0.01 |
Ca | 29.4 ± 18.0 | N/A | N/A | 0.01 |
Fe | 0.23 ± 0.00 | N/A | N/A | 0.01 |
K | 1433 ± 12 | N/A | N/A | 97.0 |
Mg | 8.3 ± 3.0 | N/A | N/A | 0.09 |
Mn | 0.97 ± 0.76 | N/A | N/A | 0.01 |
P | 3.07 ± 0.37 | N/A | N/A | 0.08 |
As | 0.002 ± 0.002 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.32 |
Cd | 0.0003 ± 0.0000 | 0.04 | 1 | 0.01 |
Co | 0.0006± 0.0000 | N/A | N/A | 0.01 |
Cr | 0.44 ± 0.07 | 0.5 | 10 | 0.7 |
Cu | 0.045 ± 0.015 | 2 | 50 | 0.04 |
Hg | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 0.08 |
Ni | 7.01 ± 3.00 | 0.4 | 10 | 0.02 |
Pb | 1.89 ± 0.00 | 0.5 | 10 | 0.06 |
S | 7,990 ± 104 | Sulphate: 1,000 | Sulphate: 20,000 | 85.6 |
Zn | 0.088 ± 0.051 | 4 | 10 | 0.01 |
GLD batch | Surface area (m2/g) | pH | Hydraulic conductivity (m/s) | Bulk density (g/cm3) | Compact density (calculated) (g/cm3) | Compact density (by pycnometer) (g/cm3) | Porosity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 12.1 ± 0.1 | 11.0 ± 0.1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
B | 16.8 ± 0.1 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 1 × 10−8 ± 7 × 10−9 | 0.67 ± 0.00 | 2.60 ± 0.00 | 2.57 ± 0.00 | 73.2 ± 0.4 |
C | 21.4 ± 0.0 | 10.6 ± 0.1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
D | 20.4 ± 0.2 | 10.1 ± 0.0 | 1 × 10−8 ± 7 × 10−9 | 0.44 ± 0.00 | 2.47 ± 0.00 | N/A | 82.2 ± 0.1 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Material Variation
4.2. Use of GLD in Sealing Layers
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Authors Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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Mäkitalo, M.; Maurice, C.; Jia, Y.; Öhlander, B. Characterization of Green Liquor Dregs, Potentially Useful for Prevention of the Formation of Acid Rock Drainage. Minerals 2014, 4, 330-344. https://doi.org/10.3390/min4020330
Mäkitalo M, Maurice C, Jia Y, Öhlander B. Characterization of Green Liquor Dregs, Potentially Useful for Prevention of the Formation of Acid Rock Drainage. Minerals. 2014; 4(2):330-344. https://doi.org/10.3390/min4020330
Chicago/Turabian StyleMäkitalo, Maria, Christian Maurice, Yu Jia, and Björn Öhlander. 2014. "Characterization of Green Liquor Dregs, Potentially Useful for Prevention of the Formation of Acid Rock Drainage" Minerals 4, no. 2: 330-344. https://doi.org/10.3390/min4020330