Muslim Work Ethics: Relationships with Religious Orientations and the “Perfect Man” (Ensān-e Kāmel) in Managers and Staff in Iran
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Work Ethics in Iran
1.2. Hypotheses
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Integrative Self-Knowledge
2.2.2. Work Ethics
2.2.3. Religious Orientations
2.2.4. Extrinsic Cultural Religious Orientations
2.2.5. Self-Control
2.3. Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Analyses
3.2. Work Ethics Relationships
3.3. Comparisons between Executives and Staff
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Final Considerations
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Intrinsic Orientation | 0.60 *** | 0.15 * | 0.15 * | −0.03 | 0.12 | 0.17 * | 0.06 | 0.15 * |
2. Extrinsic Personal | - | 0.08 | 0.31 *** | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.03 |
3. Extrinsic Social | - | 0.13 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |
4. Family and Social Order | - | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.17 * | 0.00 | −0.03 | ||
5. Disorder Avoidance | - | 0.43 *** | 0.46 *** | 0.82 *** | 0.39 *** | |||
6. Peace and Justice | - | 0.47 *** | 0.72 *** | 0.58 *** | ||||
7. Cultural Foundations | - | 0.80 *** | 0.46 *** | |||||
8. Integrative Self-Knowledge | - | 0.57 *** | ||||||
9. Self-Control | - |
Variables | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Self-Reliance | - | 0.34 *** | −0.08 | 0.41 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.44 *** | 0.41 *** |
2. | Morality/Ethics | - | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.36 *** | 0.13 | |
3. | Leisure | - | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.13 | −0.03 | ||
4. | Hard Work | - | 0.46 *** | 0.43 *** | 0.57 *** | |||
5. | Centrality of Work | - | 0.52 *** | 0.27 *** | ||||
6. | Wasted Time | - | 0.35 *** | |||||
7. | Delay of Gratification | - |
Work Ethics Measures | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | SR | M/E | LE | HW | CW | WT | DG |
Intrinsic Orientation | 0.11 | 0.22 ** | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.21 ** | 0.15 * |
Extrinsic Personal Orientation | 0.28 *** | 0.21 *** | −0.01 | 0.27 *** | 0.19 ** | 0.34 *** | 0.40 *** |
Extrinsic Social Orientation | −0.09 | −0.08 | 0.12 | 0.16 * | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
Family and Social Order | 0.40 *** | 0.24 *** | 0.38 *** | 0.66 *** | 0.64 *** | 0.60 *** | 0.58 *** |
Disorder Avoidance | 0.08 | 0.24 *** | 0.06 | −0.07 | −0.05 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
Peace and Justice | 0.14 * | 0.74 *** | −0.10 | −0.08 | −0.05 | 0.13 | −0.01 |
Cultural Foundations | 0.21 ** | 0.42 *** | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.17 * | 0.32 *** | 0.12 |
Integrative Self-Knowledge | 0.12 | 0.44 *** | 0.02 | −0.08 | −0.01 | 0.08 | 0.05 |
Self-Control | −0.02 | 0.43 *** | −0.09 | −0.20 ** | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.01 |
Multiple | Work Ethics β | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | R2 | SR | M/E | LE | HW | CW | WT | DG |
Intrinsic Orientation | 0.30 ** | −0.03 | 0.18 * | 0.00 | −0.14 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.16 |
Extrinsic Personal Orientation | 0.46 *** | 0.05 | 0.09 | −0.03 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.19 * | 0.31 *** |
Extrinsic Social Orientation | 0.26 * | −0.17 * | −0.05 | 0.09 | 0.20 * | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.04 |
Family and Social Order | 0.89 *** | 0.02 | 0.09 * | 0.35 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.38 *** | 0.12 ** | 0.31 *** |
Disorder Avoidance | 0.29 ** | 0.05 | 0.24 ** | 0.07 | −0.17 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.15 |
Peace and Justice | 0.78 *** | −0.08 | 0.82 *** | −0.15 ** | −0.08 | 0.03 | −0.10 | −0.02 |
Cultural Foundations | 0.48 *** | 0.02 | 0.35 *** | 0.05 | −0.17 * | 0.11 | 0.17 * | 0.08 |
Integrative Self-Knowledge | 0.47 *** | 0.02 | 0.46 *** | 0.01 | −0.18 * | 0.06 | −0.08 | 0.10 |
Self-Control | 0.54 *** | −0.17* | 0.51 *** | −0.12* | −0.29 *** | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.12 |
Managers | Staff | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | M | SD | M | SD | F |
Self-Reliance | 4.00 | 0.55 | 4.02 | 0.56 | 0.06 |
Morality/Ethics | 4.26 | 0.77 | 3.93 | 0.51 | 12.44 ** |
Leisure | 2.82 | 0.60 | 3.04 | 0.62 | 4.98 * |
Hard Work | 3.58 | 0.76 | 3.72 | 0.81 | 1.51 |
Centrality of Work | 3.67 | 0.71 | 3.84 | 0.64 | 3.19 |
Wasted Time | 3.98 | 0.62 | 4.08 | 0.49 | 1.42 |
Delay of Gratification | 3.59 | 0.55 | 3.65 | 0.61 | 0.56 |
Intrinsic Orientation | 3.46 | 0.75 | 3.31 | 0.72 | 2.24 |
Extrinsic Personal Orientation | 3.56 | 1.02 | 3.72 | 1.09 | 1.09 |
Extrinsic Social Orientation | 2.24 | 0.83 | 2.29 | 1.06 | 0.21 |
Family and Social Order | 3.52 | 0.48 | 3.63 | 0.43 | 3.04 |
Disorder Avoidance | 3.48 | 0.77 | 3.21 | 0.75 | 5.93 * |
Peace and Justice | 4.05 | 0.73 | 3.37 | 0.84 | 35.70 *** |
Cultural Foundations | 3.70 | 0.61 | 3.39 | 0.61 | 12.40 ** |
Integrative Self-Knowledge | 3.56 | 0.64 | 3.10 | 0.67 | 23.12 *** |
Self-Control | 3.70 | 0.63 | 3.05 | 0.64 | 49.70 *** |
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Ghorbani, N.; Watson, P.J.; Karimpour, M.; Chen, Z.J. Muslim Work Ethics: Relationships with Religious Orientations and the “Perfect Man” (Ensān-e Kāmel) in Managers and Staff in Iran. Religions 2017, 8, 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8080138
Ghorbani N, Watson PJ, Karimpour M, Chen ZJ. Muslim Work Ethics: Relationships with Religious Orientations and the “Perfect Man” (Ensān-e Kāmel) in Managers and Staff in Iran. Religions. 2017; 8(8):138. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8080138
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhorbani, Nima, P.J. Watson, Maryam Karimpour, and Zhuo Job Chen. 2017. "Muslim Work Ethics: Relationships with Religious Orientations and the “Perfect Man” (Ensān-e Kāmel) in Managers and Staff in Iran" Religions 8, no. 8: 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8080138