Next Article in Journal
ZEST: A Fast Code for Simulating Zeeman-Stark Line-Shape Functions
Next Article in Special Issue
Doppler Broadening of Spectral Line Shapes in Relativistic Plasmas
Previous Article in Journal
Correcting the Input Data for Calculating the Asymmetry of Hydrogenic Spectral Lines in Plasmas
Previous Article in Special Issue
Contribution of Lienard-Wiechert Potential to the Electron Broadening of Spectral Lines in Plasmas
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Stark Broadening of Se IV, Sn IV, Sb IV and Te IV Spectral Lines

1
Astronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade 38, Serbia
2
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS PIIM UMR 7345, CEDEX 20, 13397 Marseille, France
3
Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio A. Einstein (C-2), Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Atoms 2018, 6(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms6010010
Submission received: 27 January 2018 / Revised: 27 February 2018 / Accepted: 2 March 2018 / Published: 7 March 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectral Line Shapes in Astrophysics and Related Topics)

Abstract

:
Stark broadening parameters, line width and shift, are needed for investigations, analysis and modelling of astrophysical, laboratory, laser produced and technological plasmas. Especially in astrophysics, due to constantly increasing resolution of satellite borne spectrographs, and large terrestrial telescopes, data on trace elements, which were previously insignificant, now have increasing importance. Using the modified semiempirical method of Dimitrijević and Konjević, here, Stark widths have been calculated for 2 Se IV, 6 Sn IV, 2 Sb IV and 1 Te IV transitions. Results have been compared with existing theoretical data for Sn IV. Obtained results will be implemented in the STARK-B database, which is also a part of Virtual atomic and molecular data center (VAMDC).

1. Introduction

With the development of satellite-born spectrographs, the significance of trace elements, which have been without any particular importance for investigation of stellar spectra before the development of space astronomy, is becoming more and more increasing. For example, Rauch et al. [1] underlined that accurate Stark broadening data for spectral lines of as much as possible large number of atoms and ions “are of crucial importance for sophisticated analysis of stellar spectra by means of NLTE model atmospheres”. High resolution spectra obtained from space born instruments contain different lines of trace elements and the corresponding Stark broadening data are important for their analysis and synthesis. But such data are also very useful for laboratory plasma diagnostics and for investigation and modelling of various plasmas in technology, inertial fusion, as well as for research of laser produced plasmas.
For example, Selenium (Se), which was previously without astrophysical significance, has been detected in the atmospheres of Am star ρ Pup [2], in cool DO white dwarfs [3,4], and Se III emission has been identified in the planetary nebula (PN) NGC5315 [5]. Werner et al. [6] found Se, Sn and Te in the spectra of RE0503-289, a helium rich DO white dwarf. Presence of selenium in the stellar spectra is a confirmation that in subphotosperic layers, where Stark broadening is dominant broadening mechanism [7] it exists in various ionization stages. Consequently, the corresponding Stark broadening parameters for Se in various ionization stages, are useful for theoretical consideration and modelling of such layers, as well as for the calculation of radiative transfer in such conditions. Moreover, in DO white dwarfs, where effective temperatures are within the interval 45,000 K–120,000K, Stark broadening is usually larger than or comparable to Doppler broadening [8,9]. At such temperatures selenium is mainly ionized and if one ionization stage is observed, certainly others also exist and will be observed in the future with new generations of space telescopes and large telescopes on the Earth. In spite of the fact that Stark broadening data for various ionization stages are needed for interpretation, analysis and synthesis of selenium spectral lines in astrophysical spectra, exist only data for Se I [10,11].
Tin (Sn) is also present in stellar spectra. As an example, Sn lines have been observed in the spectra of A-type stars [12] and in cool DO white dwarfs [3,4]. They mark the hot end of the so-called DB gap, which corresponds to an interval in effective temperatures from 45,000 K to 30,000 K [4]. For a wider analysis of the tin presence in stellar spectra see references in Alonso-Medina and Colón [13]. It is worth to note that Proffitt et al. [14] used the 1313.5-Å resonance line of Sn IV in order to determine the tin abundance of the early B main-sequence star, AV 304, in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Alonso-Medina and Colón [13] report also that Sn plasmas are a candidate for the extreme ultraviolet light source for next-generation microlithography [15,16]. Stark broadening of Sn II and Sn III lines has been measured by Kieft et al. [17], in order to investigate the pinched discharge plasmas in tin vapor as candidates for application in future semiconductor lithography. Stark broadening of seven Sn III spectral lines has been also measured by Djeniže [18]. Concerning the spectral lines of Sn IV, experimentally determined Stark broadening parameters of nine spectral lines have been published by Djeniže [18], and Burger et al. [19] measured again five of them. Results of theoretical calculations of Stark broadening parameters of Sn III lines can be found in [13,17,20]. For Sn IV, there is only one paper [21] with Stark widths and shifts for 66 spectral lines, calculated using semiempirical method of Griem [22] with atomic matrix elements obtained with the relativistic Hartree-Fock method and configuration interaction in an intermediate coupling scheme, by using the Cowan [23] approach and the COWAN code.
Spectral lines of antimony (Sb) are also present in stellar spectra. For example, very strong absorption Sb II spectral lines are observed in the spectrum of HgMn star HR7775 where Stark broadening can not be neglected [24]. Besides the astrophysical importance, antimony is also significant in thin films and nanotechnologies [25,26,27], and as a laser medium [28]. Concerning antimony and its ionization stages, for Stark broadening in literature exist only experimental results for Sb III [29] and theoretical data for Sb II [30].
According to Cohen [31], the cosmic abundance of tellurium (Te) is larger than for any element with atomic number greater than 40, and its spectral lines are identified in stellar spectra. Yuschenko and Gopka [32] found tellurium line in the Procyon photosphere spectrum, [3] identified tellurium lines in the cool DO white dwarfs HD199499 and HZ21, and Yuschenko et al. [2] detected tellurium in Am star ρ Pup. We note that Stark broadening is important for Am stars and in particular for DO white dwarfs which have effective temperatures from approximately 45,000 K up to around 120,000 K [33]. So that Stark broadening parameters for Te in various ionization degrees are useful. It should be noted as well that tellurium is also interesting as a laser medium [28]. There is no experimental results for Stark broadening of Te spectral lines but exist a study [34] with Stark broadening parameters for four Te I multiplets.
In this work we will calculate full widths at half intensity maximum (FWHM), due to collisions with surrounding electrons, for Se IV, Sn IV, Sb IV and Te IV spectral lines, using the modified semiempirical method (MSE) [35,36,37] and will compare the obtained results with existing theoretical data.

2. The Modified Semiempirical Method

In accordance with the modified semiempirical (MSE) approach [35], the electron impact full width (FHWM) of an isolated ion line is given by the following equation:
w M S E = N 4 π 3 c 2 m 2 2 m π k T 1 / 2 λ 2 3 · { i ± 1 L i J i i , i ± 1 2 g ˜ ( x i , i ± 1 ) + f ± 1 L f J f f , f ± 1 2 g ˜ ( x f , f ± 1 ) + ( i i i 2 ) Δ n 0 g ( x n i , n i + 1 ) + ( f f f 2 ) Δ n 0 g ( x n f , n f + 1 ) } .
Here, i and f are for initial and final levels, respectively, k , k 2 , k = i , f is the square of the matrix element, and
( k k k 2 ) Δ n 0 = ( 3 n k 2 Z ) 2 1 9 ( n k 2 + 3 k 2 + 3 k + 11 )
(in Coulomb approximation).
In Equation (1)
x l k , l k = E Δ E l k , l k , k = i , f
where E = 3 2 k T is the electron kinetic energy and Δ E l k , l k = | E l k E l k | is the energy difference between levels l k and l k ±1 (k = i, f),
x n k , n k + 1 E Δ E n k , n k + 1 ,
where for Δ n 0 the energy difference between energy leves with n k and n k +1, Δ E n k , n k + 1 , is estimated as Δ E n k , n k + 1 2 Z 2 E H / n k 3 . With n k = [ E H Z 2 / ( E i o n E k ) ] 1 / 2 is denoted the effective principal quantum number, Z is the residual ionic charge, for example Z = 1 for neutral atoms, E i o n is the appropriate spectral series limit, N and T are electron density and temperature, while g ( x ) [22] and g ˜ ( x ) [35] are the corresponding Gaunt factors.

3. Results and Discussion

All atomic energy levels needed for calculation of Se IV Stark line widths were found in Rao and Badami [38] and the newest value of ionization potential in Joshi and George [39]; for Sn IV, Sb IV and Te IV energy levels are taken from Moore [40], but the newest values for ionization potential have been taken for Sb IV [41] and for Te IV [42] as suggested in NIST database [43]. The needed matrix elements have been calculated within Coulomb approximation [44].
For the calculation of line width the modified semiempirical method [35] (see also the review of inovations and applications in [37]) has been used. The obtained results for 2 Se IV, 6 Sn IV, 2 Sb IV and 1 Te IV transitions are shown in Table 1 for perturber density of 10 17 cm 3 and temperatures from 10,000 K up to 160,000 K.
There is no experimental or theoretical data for comparison for Se IV, Sb IV and Te IV. For Sn IV exist four transitions where the comparison with semiempirical data of de Andrés-García et al. [21] is possible, while for other two there is no theoretical or experimental data in literature. There are two reasons to calculate Stark broadening for four tansitions already calculated by de Andrés-García et al. [21]. The first step is to compare with their results and to see if a systematic difference exist, so that user who needs also data for two transitions not calculated by [21], could eventualy perform the corresponding scaling or correction. The second reason is to check large difference between Stark widths within the multiplet 5p 2 P o –6s 2 S. For four transitions, existing in the paper of de Andrés-García et al. [21] we performed calculations for temperatures given in this article and compared the corresponding FWHM in Table 2. One can see that differences are up to factor of two and that they decrease towards higher temperatures. Since tin is a complex element and both methods are approximative in comparison with semiclassical perturbation method (see e.g., [45,46,47] these differences are more or less acceptable and obviously, more experimental date are needed in order to check and improve the theory, which works better for simpler spectra. The agreement is best for Sn IV 6s 2 S 1 / 2 –6p 2 P 1 / 2 o line.
Concerning the big difference of Stark widths within some multiplets of de Andrés-García et al. [21], we have data for three Sn IV multiplets enabling to check how similar are Stark broadening parameters. Wiese and Konjević [48] concluded in their article where regularities and similarities in plasma broadened spectral line widths have been considered that “line widths in multiplets usually agree within a few per cent”. In order to see how it is in the case of Sn IV for multiplets considered in this work. First of all we should convert results from Å units to angular frequency units. For this purpose the following formula can be used:
W ( A ˚ ) = λ 2 2 π c W ( s 1 )
where c is the speed of light.
For the multiplet 5s 2 S–6p 2 P o , for T = 20,000 K, we obtain in units 10 12 s 1 0.303 for λ = 505.4 Å and 0.316 for λ = 499.9 Å , so that the difference is 4.1%. For the multiplet 6s 2 S–6p 2 P o , the corresponding Stark width for λ = 4217.3 Å is 0.515 and for λ = 3862.2 Å 0.529, so that the difference is 2.6%. For the multiplet 5p 2 P o –6s 2 S, the result for λ = 956.3 Å is 0.208 and for λ = 1019.7 Å , 0.214 i.e., the difference is 2.8%, which is in accordance with the conclusion of Wiese and Konjević [48]. Contrary, the corresponding values in de Andrés-García et al. [21] are 0.402 and 0.526, respectively, so that the difference is 24%.
We note also that Se IV and Te IV are homologous ions and if we look at Stark widths expressed in angular frequency units for homologous transitions, 5s 2 S–5p 2 P o for Se IV and 6s 2 S–6p 2 P o for Te IV widths are only for 11% smaller for Se IV at 10,000 K, and for 30% at 160,000K. Consequently for a rough estimation of Stark width, we could use the value for corresponding transition in homologous atom or ion, nearest to the considered one.
It is worth to add that the theoretical resolving power of the high-resolution echelle spectrometer for the Keck Ten—Meter Telescope is of the order of > 250,000. However, practical realizations may be approximately 36,000. Resolution needed for Stark widths shown in Table 1 may be divided in two groups. For lines between 4217.3 Å and 2987.7 Å needed resolutions are 6,139–12,990 for 10,000 K and 16,035–35,953 for 80,000 K. For lines between 1042.2 Å and 505.4 Å needed resolutions are 61,060–292,321 for 10,000 K and 161,090–824,685 for 80,000 K. It is important that for Sn IV 4217.3 Å line, which is in the visible, needed resolution is 6,139 at 10,000 K and 16,035 at 80,000 K, so that the influence of Stark broadening can be observed with large terrestrial telescopes. For this line, thermal Doppler width is 0.0277 Å and Stark 0.687 Å for T = 10,000 K. The corresponding values for 80,000 K are 0.0784 Å and 0.263 Å respectively.
The obtained Se IV, Sn IV, Sb IV and Te IV Stark widths presented in Table 1, will be implemented as well in the STARK-B database [49,50], which is first of all dedicated for the investigations, modelling and diagnostics of the plasma of stellar atmospheres, but this collection of Stark broadening parameters is also useful for diagnostics of laboratory plasmas, as well as for investigation of laser produced, inertial fusion plasma and for plasma technologies.
We note that STARK-B database participates in the Virtual Atomic and Molecular Data Center— VAMDC [51,52], which enables a more effective search and mining of atomic and molecular data from different databases.
Stark line widths calculated in this work contribute also to the creation of a set of such data for the largest possible number of spectral lines, since this is of importance for a number of problems like stellar spectra analysis and synthesis, opacity calculations and modelling of stellar atmospheres.

Acknowledgments

The support of Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia through Project 176002 is greatfully acknowledged. This work is supported also by the “Pavle Savić” PHC Project 36237PE.

Author Contributions

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

References

  1. Rauch, T.; Ziegler, M.; Werner, K.; Kruk, J.W.; Oliveira, C.M.; Putte, D.V.; Mignani, R.P.; Kerber, F. High-resolution FUSE and HST ultraviolet spectroscopy of the white dwarf central star of Sh 2-216. Astrophysics 2007, 470, 317–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Yushchenko, A.V.; Gopka, V.F.; Kang, Y.W.; Kim, C.; Lee, B.C.; Yushchenko, V.A.; Dorokhova, T.N.; Doikov, D.N.; Pikhitsa, P.V.; Hong, K.; et al. The Chemical Composition of ρ Puppis and the Signs of Accretion in the Atmospheres of B-F-Type Stars. Astron. J. 2015, 149, 59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Chayer, P.; Vennes, S.; Dupuis, J.; Kruk, J.W. Discovery of germanium, arsenic, selenium, tin, tellurium and iodine in the atmospheres of cool DO white dwarfs. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. Can. 2005, 99, 128. [Google Scholar]
  4. Chayer, P.; Vennes, S.; Dupuis, J.; Kruk, J.W. Abundance of Elements beyond the Iron Group in Cool DO White Dwarfs. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2005, 630, 169–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Sterling, N.C.; Madonna, S.; Butler, K.; García-Rojas, J.; Mashburn, A.L.; Morisset, C.; Luridiana, V.; Roederer, I.U. Identification of Near-Infrared [Se III] and [Kr VI] Emission Lines in Planetary Nebulae. Astrophys. J. 2017, 840, 80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Werner, K.; Rauch, T.; Ringat, E.; Kruk, J.W. First Detection of Krypton and Xenon in a White Dwarf. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2012, 753, L7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Seaton, M.J. Atomic data for opacity calculations. I - General description. J. Phys. B 1987, 20, 6363–6378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Hamdi, R.; Ben Nessib, N.; Milovanović, N.; Popović, L.Č.; Dimitrijević, M.S.; Sahal-Bréchot, S. Atomic data and electron-impact broadening effect in DO white dwarf atmospheres: SiVI. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2008, 387, 871–882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Dimitrijević, M.S.; Simić, Z.; Kovačević, A.; Valjarević, A.; Sahal-Bréchot, S. Stark broadening of Xe VIII spectral lines. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2015, 454, 1736–1741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Dimitrijević, M.S.; Sahal-Bréchot, S. Stark broadening of Se I spectral lines. Z. Prikl. Spektrosk. 1996, 63, 853–860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Dimitrijević, M.S.; Sahal-Bréchot, S. Stark broadening parameter tables for Se I. Bull. Astron. Belgrade 1996, 154, 85–89. [Google Scholar]
  12. Adelman, S.J.; Bidelman, W.P.; Pyper, D.M. The peculiar A star Gamma Equulei—A line identification study of λλ 3086–3807. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 1979, 43, 371–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Alonso-Medina, A.; Colón, C. Stark broadening of Sn III spectral lines of astrophysical interest: predictions and regularities. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2011, 414, 713–726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Proffitt, C.R.; Sansonetti, C.J.; Reader, J. Lead, tin, and germanium in the Small magellanic cloud main-sequence B star AV 304. Astrophys. J. 2001, 557, 320–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Harilal, S.S.; O’Shay, B.; Tillack, M.S.; Mathew, M.V. Spectroscopic characterization of laser-induced tin plasma. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 98, 013306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Sasaki, A.; Sunahara, A.; Nishihara, K.; Nishikawa, T.; Koike, F.; Tanuma, H. The atomic model of the Sn plasmas for the EUV source. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2009, 163, 012107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Kieft, E.R.; van der Mullen, J.J.A.M.; Kroesen, G.M.W.; Banine, V.; Koshelev, K.N. Stark broadening experiments on a vacuum arc discharge in tin vapor. Phys. Rev. E 2004, 70, 066402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Djeniže, S. The role of the He I and He II metastables in the population of the Sn II, Sn III and Sn IV ion levels. Spectrochim. Acta B 2007, 60, 403–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Burger, M.; Skočić, M.; Gavrilov, M.; Bukvić, S.; Djeniže, S. Spectral Line Characteristics in the Sn IV Spectrum. Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade 2012, 91, 53–56. [Google Scholar]
  20. Simić, Z.; Dimitrijević, M.S.; Kovačević, A.; Dačić, M. Stark broadening of Sn III lines in a type stellar atmospheres. Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade 2008, 84, 487–490. [Google Scholar]
  21. De Andrés-García, I.; Alonso-Medina, A.; Colón, C. Stark widths and shifts for spectral lines of Sn IV. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2016, 455, 1145–1155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Griem, H.R. Semiempirical Formulas for the Electron-Impact Widths and Shifts of Isolated Ion Lines in Plasmas. Phys. Rev. 1968, 165, 258–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Cowan, R.D. The Theory of Atomic Structure and Spectra; University California Press: Berkley, CA, USA, 1981. [Google Scholar]
  24. Jacobs, J.M.; Dworetsky, M.M. Bismuth abundance anomaly in a Hg-Mn star. Nature 1982, 299, 535–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Ritter, C.; Heyde, M.; Stegemann, C.B.; Rademann, K.; Schwarz, U.D. Contact area dependence of frictional forces: Moving adsorbed antimony nanoparticles. Phys. Rev. B 2005, 71, 085405. [Google Scholar]
  26. Jensen, P.; Melinon, P.; Treilleux, M.; Hoareau, A.; Hu, J.X.; Cabaud, B. Continuous amorphous antimony thin films obtained by low-energy cluster beam deposition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1991, 59, 1421–1423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Arun, P. Study of CdI2 nanocrystals dispersed in amorphous Sb2S3 matrix. Phys. Lett. A 2007, 364, 157–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Bell, W.; Bloom, A.; Goldsborough, J. New laser transitions in antimony and tellurium. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 1966, 2, 154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Djeniže, S. Stark broadening in the Sb III spectrum. Phys. Lett. A 2008, 372, 6658–6660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Popović, L.Č.; Dimitrijević, M.S. Stark Broadening of Heavy Ion Lines: As II, Br II, Sb II and I II. Phys. Scr. 1996, 53, 325–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Cohen, B.L. Anomalous behavior of tellurium abundances. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1984, 48, 203–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Yushchenko, A.V.; Gopka, V.F. Abundances of Rhehium and Tellurium in Procyon. Astron. Astrophys. Trans. 1996, 10, 307–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Dreizler, S.; Werner, K. Spectral analysis of hot helium-rich white dwarfs. Astron. Astrophys. 1996, 314, 217–232. [Google Scholar]
  34. Simić, Z.; Dimitrijević, M.S.; Kovačević, A. Stark broadening of spectral lines in chemically peculiar stars: Te I lines and recent calculations for trace elements. New Astron. Rew. 2009, 53, 246–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Dimitrijević, M.S.; Konjević, N. Stark widths of doubly- and triply-ionized atom lines. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 1980, 24, 451–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Dimitrijević, M.S.; Kršljanin, V. Electron-impact shifts of ion lines—Modified semiempirical approach. Astron. Astrophys. 1986, 165, 269–274. [Google Scholar]
  37. Dimitrijević, M.S.; Popović, L.Č. Modified Semiempirical Method. J. Appl. Spectrosc. 2001, 68, 893–901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Rao, K.R.; Badami, J.S. Investigations on the Spectrum of Selenium. Part I. Se IV and Se V. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 1931, 131, 154–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Joshi, Y.N.; George, S. Ionization Potential of Se IV. Sci. Light 1970, 19, 43–47. [Google Scholar]
  40. Moore, C.E. Atomic Energy Levels as Derived from the Analysis of Optical Spectra—Molybdenum through Lanthanum and Hafnium through Actinium. In National Standard Reference Data Series 35, Volume III; (Reprint of NBS Circ. 467, Vol. III, 1958); National Bureau of Standards USA: Washington DC, USA, 1971. [Google Scholar]
  41. Rana, T.; Tauheed, A.; Joshi, Y.N. Revised and Extended Analysis of Three-Times Ionized Antimony: Sb IV. Phys. Scr. 2001, 63, 108–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Crooker, A.M.; Joshi, Y.N. Spark Spectra of Tellurium. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1964, 54, 553–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Kramida, A.; Ralchenko, Y.; Reader, J.; NIST ASD Team. NIST Atomic Spectra Database; version 5.3; National Institute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2015. Available online: http://physics.nist.gov/asd (accessed on 11 August 2017).
  44. Bates, D.R.; Damgaard, A. The Calculation of the Absolute Strengths of Spectral Lines. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lon. Ser. A Math. Phys. Sci. 1949, 242, 101–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Sahal-Bréchot, S. Impact theory of the broadening and shift of spectral lines due to electrons and ions in a plasma. Astron. Astrophys. 1969, 1, 91–123. [Google Scholar]
  46. Sahal-Bréchot, S. Impact theory of the broadening and shift of spectral lines due to electrons and ions in a plasma (continued). Astron. Astrophys. 1969, 2, 322–354. [Google Scholar]
  47. Sahal-Bréchot, S.; Dimitrijević, M.S.; Ben Nessib, N. Widths and Shifts of Isolated Lines of Neutral and Ionized Atoms Perturbed by Collisions With Electrons and Ions: An Outline of the Semiclassical Perturbation (SCP) Method and of the Approximations Used for the Calculations. Atoms 2014, 2, 225–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Wiese, W.L.; Konjević, N. Regularities and similarities in plasma broadened spectral line widths (Stark widths). J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 1982, 28, 185–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Sahal-Bréchot, S.; Dimitrijević, M.S.; Moreau, N. STARK-B database, Observatory of Paris, LERMA and Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. 2017. Available online: http://stark-b.obspm.fr (accessed on 11 August 2017).
  50. Sahal-Bréchot, S.; Dimitrijević, M.S.; Moreau, N.; Ben Nessib, N. The STARK-B database VAMDC node: A repository for spectral line broadening and shifts due to collisions with charged particles. Phys. Scr. 2015, 50, 054008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Dubernet, M.L.; Boudon, V.; Culhane, J.L.; Dimitrijevic, M.S.; Fazliev, A.Z.; Joblin, C.; Kupka, F.; Leto, G.; Le Sidaner, P.; Loboda, P.A.; et al. Virtual atomic and molecular data centre. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 2010, 111, 2151–2159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  52. Dubernet, M.L.; Antony, B.K.; Ba, Y.A.; Babikov, Y.L.; Bartschat, K.; Boudon, V.; Braams, B.J.; Chung, H.-K.; Daniel, F.; Delahaye, F.; et al. The virtual atomic and molecular data centre (VAMDC) consortium. J. Phys. B 2016, 49, 074003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Table 1. FWHM—Full Width at Half intensity Maximum (Å) for Se IV, Sn IV, Sb IV and Te IV spectral lines, for a perturber density of 10 17 cm 3 and temperatures from 10,000 to 160,000 K. Calculated wavelength ( λ ) of the transitions (in Å) is also given.
Table 1. FWHM—Full Width at Half intensity Maximum (Å) for Se IV, Sn IV, Sb IV and Te IV spectral lines, for a perturber density of 10 17 cm 3 and temperatures from 10,000 to 160,000 K. Calculated wavelength ( λ ) of the transitions (in Å) is also given.
ElementTransition λ (Å)T (K) = 10,00020,00040,00080,000160,000
FWHM (Å)
Se IV4p 2 P o –4d 2 D654.80.224 × 10 2 0.159 × 10 2 0.112 × 10 2 0.794 × 10 3 0.600 × 10 3
Se IV5s 2 S–5p 2 P o 2987.70.2300.1630.1150.831 × 10 1 0.697 × 10 1
Sn IV5s 2 S 1 / 2 –6p 2 P 1 / 2 o 505.40.581 × 10 2 0.411 × 10 2 0.290 × 10 2 0.215 × 10 2 0.182 × 10 2
Sn IV5s 2 S 1 / 2 –6p 2 P 3 / 2 o 499.90.592 × 10 2 0.419 × 10 2 0.296 × 10 2 0.218 × 10 2 0.183 × 10 2
Sn IV6s 2 S 1 / 2 –6p 2 P 1 / 2 o 4217.30.6870.4860.3440.2630.229
Sn IV6s 2 S 1 / 2 –6p 2 P 3 / 2 o 3862.20.5910.4180.2950.2250.196
Sn IV5p 2 P 1 / 2 o –6s 2 S 1 / 2 956.30.142 × 10 1 0.101 × 10 1 0.712 × 10 2 0.541 × 10 2 0.460 × 10 2
Sn IV5p 2 P 3 / 2 o –6s 2 S 1 / 2 1019.70.167 × 10 1 0.118 × 10 1 0.834 × 10 2 0.633 × 10 2 0.536 × 10 2
Sb IV5s 1 S–5p 1 P o 1042.20.623 × 10 2 0.441 × 10 2 0.312 × 10 2 0.220 × 10 2 0.167 × 10 2
Sb IV6s 3 S–6p 3 P o 3543.20.4290.3030.2140.1580.135
Te IV6s 2 S–6p 2 P o 3375.00.3660.2590.1830.1340.114
Table 2. Comparison between FWHM - Full Width at Half intensity Maximum (Å) for Sn IV calculated in this work (W T W ) and in de Andrés-García et al. [21] (W A A C ), for a perturber density of 10 17 cm 3 .
Table 2. Comparison between FWHM - Full Width at Half intensity Maximum (Å) for Sn IV calculated in this work (W T W ) and in de Andrés-García et al. [21] (W A A C ), for a perturber density of 10 17 cm 3 .
ElementTransitionT (K)W TW (Å)W AAC (Å)
Sn IV5s 2 S 1 / 2 –6p 2 P 1 / 2 o 11,0000.554 × 10 2 0.121 × 10 1
17,5000.439 × 10 2 0.880 × 10 2
λ = 505.4 Å20,0000.411 × 10 2 0.810 × 10 2
30,0000.335 × 10 2 0.620 × 10 2
50,0000.261 × 10 2 0.450 × 10 2
Sn IV6s 2 S 1 / 2 –6p 2 P 1 / 2 o 11,0000.6550.888
17,5000.5200.656
λ = 4217.3 Å20,0000.4860.603
30,0000.3970.469
50,0000.3100.348
Sn IV5p 2 P 1 / 2 o –6s 2 S 1 / 2 11,0000.136 × 10 1 0.290 × 10 1
17,5000.108 × 10 1 0.213 × 10 1
λ = 956.3 Å20,0000.101 × 10 1 0.195 × 10 1
30,0000.822 × 10 2 0.151 × 10 1
50,0000.642 × 10 2 0.111 × 10 1
Sn IV5p 2 P 3 / 2 o –6s 2 S 1 / 2 11,0000.159 × 10 1 0.433 × 10 1
17,5000.126 × 10 1 0.317 × 10 1
λ = 1019.7 Å20,0000.118 × 10 1 0.290 × 10 1
30,0000.963 × 10 2 0.223 × 10 1
50,0000.752 × 10 2 0.163 × 10 1

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Dimitrijević, M.S.; Simić, Z.; Stamm, R.; Rosato, J.; Milovanović, N.; Yubero, C. Stark Broadening of Se IV, Sn IV, Sb IV and Te IV Spectral Lines. Atoms 2018, 6, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms6010010

AMA Style

Dimitrijević MS, Simić Z, Stamm R, Rosato J, Milovanović N, Yubero C. Stark Broadening of Se IV, Sn IV, Sb IV and Te IV Spectral Lines. Atoms. 2018; 6(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms6010010

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dimitrijević, Milan S., Zoran Simić, Roland Stamm, Joël Rosato, Nenad Milovanović, and Cristina Yubero. 2018. "Stark Broadening of Se IV, Sn IV, Sb IV and Te IV Spectral Lines" Atoms 6, no. 1: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms6010010

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop