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Proteomes, Volume 5, Issue 1 (March 2017) – 9 articles

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986 KiB  
Article
Proteomic Profiling of the Microsomal Root Fraction: Discrimination of Pisum sativum L. Cultivars and Identification of Putative Root Growth Markers
by Claudia-Nicole Meisrimler, Stefanie Wienkoop and Sabine Lüthje
Proteomes 2017, 5(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes5010008 - 02 Mar 2017
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5364
Abstract
Legumes are a large and economically important family, containing a variety of crop plants. Alongside different cereals, some fruits, and tropical roots, a number of leguminosae evolved for millennia as crops with human society. One of these legumes is Pisum sativum L., the [...] Read more.
Legumes are a large and economically important family, containing a variety of crop plants. Alongside different cereals, some fruits, and tropical roots, a number of leguminosae evolved for millennia as crops with human society. One of these legumes is Pisum sativum L., the common garden pea. In the past, breeding has been largely selective on improved above-ground organs. However, parameters, such as root-growth, which determines acquisition of nutrients and water, have largely been underestimated. Although the genome of P. sativum is still not fully sequenced, multiple proteomic studies have been published on a variety of physiological aspects in the last years. The presented work focused on the connection between root length and the influence of the microsomal root proteome of four different pea cultivars after five days of germination (cultivar Vroege, Girl from the Rhineland, Kelvedon Wonder, and Blauwschokker). In total, 60 proteins were identified to have significantly differential abundances in the four cultivars. Root growth of five-days old seedlings and their microsomal proteome revealed a similar separation pattern, suggesting that cultivar-specific root growth performance is explained by differential membrane and ribosomal protein levels. Hence, we reveal and discuss several putative root growth protein markers possibly playing a key role for improved primary root growth breeding strategies. Full article
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1305 KiB  
Review
A Proteomic Perspective on the Bacterial Adaptation to Cold: Integrating OMICs Data of the Psychrotrophic Bacterium Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7
by Rafael A. Baraúna, Dhara Y. Freitas, Juliana C. Pinheiro, Adriana R. C. Folador and Artur Silva
Proteomes 2017, 5(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes5010009 - 23 Feb 2017
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6787
Abstract
Since the publication of one of the first studies using 2D gel electrophoresis by Patrick H. O’Farrell in 1975, several other studies have used that method to evaluate cellular responses to different physicochemical variations. In environmental microbiology, bacterial adaptation to cold environments is [...] Read more.
Since the publication of one of the first studies using 2D gel electrophoresis by Patrick H. O’Farrell in 1975, several other studies have used that method to evaluate cellular responses to different physicochemical variations. In environmental microbiology, bacterial adaptation to cold environments is a “hot topic” because of its application in biotechnological processes. As in other fields, gel-based and gel-free proteomic methods have been used to determine the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to cold of several psychrotrophic and psychrophilic bacterial species. In this review, we aim to describe and discuss these main molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation, referencing proteomic studies that have made significant contributions to our current knowledge in the area. Furthermore, we use Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7 as a model organism to present the importance of integrating genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data. This species has been isolated in Antarctica and previously studied at all three omic levels. The integration of these data permitted more robust conclusions about the mechanisms of bacterial adaptation to cold. Full article
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1847 KiB  
Article
Effects of Al3+ and La3+ Trivalent Metal Ions on Tomato Fruit Proteomes
by Sasikiran Sangireddy, Ikenna Okekeogbu, Zhujia Ye, Suping Zhou, Kevin J. Howe, Tara Fish and Theodore W. Thannhauser
Proteomes 2017, 5(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes5010007 - 11 Feb 2017
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5459
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) ripening process from mature green (MG) to turning and then to red stages is accompanied by the occurrences of physiological and biochemical reactions, which ultimately result in the formation of the flavor, color and texture of ripe [...] Read more.
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) ripening process from mature green (MG) to turning and then to red stages is accompanied by the occurrences of physiological and biochemical reactions, which ultimately result in the formation of the flavor, color and texture of ripe fruits. The two trivalent metal ions Al3+ and La3+ are known to induce different levels of phytotoxicity in suppressing root growth. This paper aims to understand the impacts of these two metal ions on tomato fruit proteomes. Tomato ‘Micro-Tom’ plants were grown in a hydroponic culture system supplemented with 50 μM aluminum sulfate (Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O) for Al3+ or La2(SO4)3 for La3+. Quantitative proteomics analysis, using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation, were performed for fruits at MG, turning and red stages. Results show that in MG tomatoes, proteins involved in protein biosynthesis, photosynthesis and primary carbohydrate metabolisms were at a significantly lower level in Al-treated compared to La-treated plants. For the turning and red tomatoes, only a few proteins of significant differences between the two metal treatments were identified. Results from this study indicate that compared to La3+, Al3+ had a greater influence on the basic biological activities in green tomatoes, but such an impact became indistinguishable as tomatoes matured into the late ripening stages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proteomics in Plant–Environment Interactions)
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278 KiB  
Article
De Novo Sequencing of Top-Down Tandem Mass Spectra: A Next Step towards Retrieving a Complete Protein Sequence
by Kira Vyatkina
Proteomes 2017, 5(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes5010006 - 08 Feb 2017
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5803
Abstract
De novo sequencing of tandem (MS/MS) mass spectra represents the only way to determine the sequence of proteins from organisms with unknown genomes, or the ones not directly inscribed in a genome—such as antibodies, or novel splice variants. Top-down mass spectrometry provides new [...] Read more.
De novo sequencing of tandem (MS/MS) mass spectra represents the only way to determine the sequence of proteins from organisms with unknown genomes, or the ones not directly inscribed in a genome—such as antibodies, or novel splice variants. Top-down mass spectrometry provides new opportunities for analyzing such proteins; however, retrieving a complete protein sequence from top-down MS/MS spectra still remains a distant goal. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art on this subject, and enhance our previously developed Twister algorithm for de novo sequencing of peptides from top-down MS/MS spectra to derive longer sequence fragments of a target protein. Full article
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1808 KiB  
Article
Integrated Proteomic and Transcriptomic-Based Approaches to Identifying Signature Biomarkers and Pathways for Elucidation of Daoy and UW228 Subtypes
by Roger Higdon, Jessie Kala, Devan Wilkins, Julia Fangfei Yan, Manveen K. Sethi, Liang Lin, Siqi Liu, Elizabeth Montague, Imre Janko, John Choiniere, Natali Kolker, William S. Hancock, Eugene Kolker and Susan Fanayan
Proteomes 2017, 5(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes5010005 - 03 Feb 2017
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5751
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Patient survival has remained largely the same for the past 20 years, with therapies causing significant health, cognitive, behavioral and developmental complications for those who survive the tumor. In this study, we profiled [...] Read more.
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Patient survival has remained largely the same for the past 20 years, with therapies causing significant health, cognitive, behavioral and developmental complications for those who survive the tumor. In this study, we profiled the total transcriptome and proteome of two established MB cell lines, Daoy and UW228, using high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and label-free nano-LC-MS/MS-based quantitative proteomics, coupled with advanced pathway analysis. While Daoy has been suggested to belong to the sonic hedgehog (SHH) subtype, the exact UW228 subtype is not yet clearly established. Thus, a goal of this study was to identify protein markers and pathways that would help elucidate their subtype classification. A number of differentially expressed genes and proteins, including a number of adhesion, cytoskeletal and signaling molecules, were observed between the two cell lines. While several cancer-associated genes/proteins exhibited similar expression across the two cell lines, upregulation of a number of signature proteins and enrichment of key components of SHH and WNT signaling pathways were uniquely observed in Daoy and UW228, respectively. The novel information on differentially expressed genes/proteins and enriched pathways provide insights into the biology of MB, which could help elucidate their subtype classification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Proteomics)
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1650 KiB  
Review
Isoelectric Point Separations of Peptides and Proteins
by Melissa R. Pergande and Stephanie M. Cologna
Proteomes 2017, 5(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes5010004 - 25 Jan 2017
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 18518
Abstract
The separation of ampholytic components according to isoelectric point has played an important role in isolating, reducing complexity and improving peptide and protein detection. This brief review outlines the basics of isoelectric focusing, including a summary of the historical achievements and considerations in [...] Read more.
The separation of ampholytic components according to isoelectric point has played an important role in isolating, reducing complexity and improving peptide and protein detection. This brief review outlines the basics of isoelectric focusing, including a summary of the historical achievements and considerations in experimental design. Derivative methodologies of isoelectric focusing are also discussed including common detection methods used. Applications in a variety of fields using isoelectric point based separations are provided as well as an outlook on the field for future studies. Full article
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8767 KiB  
Article
Partial Immunoblotting of 2D-Gels: A Novel Method to Identify Post-Translationally Modified Proteins Exemplified for the Myelin Acetylome
by Kathrin Kusch, Marina Uecker, Thomas Liepold, Wiebke Möbius, Christian Hoffmann, Heinz Neumann, Hauke B. Werner and Olaf Jahn
Proteomes 2017, 5(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes5010003 - 12 Jan 2017
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6735
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a key role in regulating protein function, yet their identification is technically demanding. Here, we present a straightforward workflow to systematically identify post-translationally modified proteins based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Upon colloidal Coomassie staining the proteins are partially transferred, [...] Read more.
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a key role in regulating protein function, yet their identification is technically demanding. Here, we present a straightforward workflow to systematically identify post-translationally modified proteins based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Upon colloidal Coomassie staining the proteins are partially transferred, and the investigated PTMs are immunodetected. This strategy allows tracking back the immunopositive antigens to the corresponding spots on the original gel, from which they are excised and mass spectrometrically identified. Candidate proteins are validated on the same membrane by immunodetection using a second fluorescence channel. We exemplify the power of partial immunoblotting with the identification of lysine-acetylated proteins in myelin, the oligodendroglial membrane that insulates neuronal axons. The excellent consistency of the detected fluorescence signals at all levels allows the differential comparison of PTMs across multiple conditions. Beyond PTM screening, our multi-level workflow can be readily adapted to clinical applications such as identifying auto-immune antigens or host-pathogen interactions. Full article
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164 KiB  
Editorial
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Proteomes in 2016
by Proteomes Editorial Office
Proteomes 2017, 5(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes5010002 - 11 Jan 2017
Viewed by 2734
Abstract
The editors of Proteomes would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2016.[...] Full article
2066 KiB  
Article
Targeted Enlargement of Aptamer Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Quantitative Protein Analysis
by Feng Li, Jingjing Li, Yanan Tang, Chuan Wang, Xing-Fang Li and X. Chris Le
Proteomes 2017, 5(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes5010001 - 22 Dec 2016
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5629
Abstract
The ability to selectively amplify the detection signals for targets over interferences is crucial when analyzing proteins in a complicated sample matrix. Here, we describe a targeted enlargement strategy that can amplify the light-scattering signal from aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticles (Apt-AuNP) with high specificity [...] Read more.
The ability to selectively amplify the detection signals for targets over interferences is crucial when analyzing proteins in a complicated sample matrix. Here, we describe a targeted enlargement strategy that can amplify the light-scattering signal from aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticles (Apt-AuNP) with high specificity for quantitative protein analysis. This strategy is achieved by labeling target proteins with competitively protected Apt-AuNP probes and enlarging the probes with gold enhancement. This competitive protection strategy could effectively eliminate nonspecific protein adsorptions from a sample matrix, leading to a highly specific labeling of the target protein. As a result, the subsequent amplification of the light-scattering signal by gold enhancement only occurs in the presence of the target protein. This strategy was successfully demonstrated by analyzing human α-thrombin in human serum samples in a Western blot format. Full article
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