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Article

Synthesis and Characterization of Ampholytic Flocculant CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and Its Flocculation Properties for Microcystis Aeruginosa Removal

by
Lei Chen
1,
Cuiyun Liu
2,
Yongjun Sun
2,*,
Wenquan Sun
2,
Yanhua Xu
1 and
Huaili Zheng
3
1
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Industrial Water-Conservation & Emission Reduction, College of Environment, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
2
College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
3
Key laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, State Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2018, 6(5), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6050054
Submission received: 13 April 2018 / Revised: 4 May 2018 / Accepted: 8 May 2018 / Published: 11 May 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment Processes)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The ampholytic chitosan based flocculant carboxylated chitosan graft-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride-dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC)) was synthesized by photo polymerization using carboxylated chitosan (CPCTS), 3-chloro-2-chloropropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTA) and dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) as the cationic co-monomers. The effects of monomer concentration, the ratio of CPCTS and cationic monomers, cationic degree, initiator time, photoinitiator concentration, and pH value on the properties of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) were studied. The microcystis aeruginosa that was cultured in laboratory was used for CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) flocculation tests. The effects of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) dosage, pH value and G value on flocculation performance were investigated. The maximum removal rate of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) that were obtained by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) were 98.8% and 96.5% under the conditions of dosage 4 mg/L, pH 7 and G value 200 s−1, respectively. The flocculation experiments showed that chitosan-based flocculant CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) had better flocculation performance than commercially available flocculants cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM), Polyferric Sulfate (PFS), and polymeric aluminium (PAC).

1. Introduction

Eutrophication usually refers to a large amount of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which are needed by organisms; these nutrients are usually discharged into relatively closed water bodies and lakes [1]. In addition, the nutrient substance in the water causes rapid growth of algae, which in turn, has a serious impact on water quality [2]. In severe cases, it can lead to the death of fish and other aquatic organisms. Algae cells were characterized by complex types, large amounts, small specific gravity, high negative charge and high stability [3]. Algae in water has adversely affected drinking water processing and water safety [4]. The algae issue has become a global environmental problem in water environment protection and water treatment [5]. Scientifically and effectively removing algae has become the key to research.
At present, mainly chemical methods are available for removing algae in research and engineering, such as adding iron salts to remove phosphorus and adding chemical agents to kill algae, but these methods likely cause secondary pollution [6]. Physical methods, such as diversion, mechanical removal of algae, and dredging sediment needs a huge investment in project implementation [7,8]. The biological method was mainly conducted through the use of aquatic plants, which release compounds in the water environment to inhibit algae growth, thereby stopping the occurrence of bloom [9]. However, it was worth noting that these methods also have certain limitations. The coagulation method was used to optimize or improve the operation process without changing the existing process conditions of the water plant, such as the type of coagulant, dosage and the dosage method, thereby improving the removal efficiency [10]. The method of coagulation was low in cost and easy to implement, but it did not improve algae removal [11]. The main reason for such failure was the secretion of soluble extracellular organic substances that were composed of nitrogenous substances and pentosan gums by the algae [12,13]. When the concentration of algae was high, the sugar and uronic acid that were secreted by algae can form complexes with iron salts and aluminum salts; the presence of such complexes was not conducive to destabilization, thereby resulting in low algae-removing rate of the coagulation process [14]. In recent years, the use of natural modified flocculants for treating alga containing water became an international concern due to the following characteristics: abundant sources, low cost and non-toxic [15].
Carboxylated chitosan (CPCTS) is a carboxylated product that is created by removal of the acetyl group from the chitin [16]. The grafting reaction can be performed on the amino group and on the hydroxyl functional group that was present in the skeleton structure of the carboxylated chitosan [17]. Carboxylated chitosan is one of the most important derivatives of chitosan with high water solubility [18]. Carboxylated chitosan is conducive to the flocculation process; it is used to remove the contaminants and colloidal particles in water by electric charge, thereby achieving efficient pollutant removal. However, it is not applicable to the removal of contaminants and colloidal particles with a negatively charged surface [19]. In order to further improve the positive charge content of CPCTS, the carboxylated chitosan was further modified by a strong cationic monomer to strengthen the positive charge density. An amphoteric chitosan-based flocculant was designed by the introduction of CPCTS and cationic monomer to achieve good flocculation efficiency of both negatively and positively charged contaminants and colloidal particles [20]. In addition, the introduction on chitosan of a lot of linear or cyclic carbohydrates made it obtain good water solubility [21]. Meanwhile, the graft modification by strong cationic monomer had the capacity of changing the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of CPCTS, giving rise to the formation of hydrophobic pools that can interact with organic matter, colloidal particles and algae [22]. So, the graft modification was applied to prepare an amphoteric chitosan-based flocculant.
In this work, an amphoteric chitosan-based flocculant CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) was successfully prepared by carboxylated chitosan, (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride and dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride. The effects of monomer concentration, the ratio of CPCTS and cationic monomers, cationic degree, initiator time, photoinitiator concentration, and the pH value on the properties of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) were investigated. The flocculation properties of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) were systematically tested at different doses and different pH conditions using alga-containing water, and the comparison between CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and commercially available chemical water treatment chemicals (CPAM, PFA and PAM).

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Carboxylated chitosan (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (50% in Water) and dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (60% in water) were obtained from Aladdin Shanghai Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) Polyferric sulfate, polyaluminum chloride, and all the other chemicals were of analytical grade and were sourced from Nanjing Shengjianquan Chemical Glass Instrument Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China) without further purification. The sample of Microcystis aeruginosa was purchased from the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Wuhan, China).

2.2. Preparation of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC)

Solid CPCTS at a certain amount was dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water, and then CTA and DMDAAC were added into the CMCS solution. After stirring under N2 for 30 min to obtain a homogeneous solution, a certain amount of V50 was added into the CPCTS-CTA-DMDAAC solution before UV irradiation. The UV-initiated graft copolymerization reaction was performed for 60 min. After graft UV-initiated copolymerization, the obtained CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) was washed with ethanol and acetone to remove all of the impurities and was then vacuum-dried at room temperature. The detailed test method of the intrinsic viscosity and grafting behavior was determined based on the Chinese National Standard GB/T 31246-2014.

2.3. Flocculation Experiments

The evaluation of flocculation performance was determined by measuring turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) content. Water quality analysis showed that the turbidity, Chl-a content, COD, and pH values were 10–30 NTU, 0.16–0.18 mg∙L−1, 43–60.0 mg∙L−1 and 7.0–8.0, respectively. All of the flocculation experiments were conducted in 1.0 L Plexiglass beakers using a program-controlled jar-test apparatus (ZR4-6, Zhongrun Water Industry Technology Development Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China) at room temperature. Detailed procedure of the jar tests involved rapid mixing at 400 rpm for 3 min to ensure the sufficient mixing of flocculants with alga, a slow mixing at 60 rpm for 5 min for growth of flocs, and finally, a settling period for 15 min for floc sedimentation. Low G value was representative for slow mixing, while high G value was representative for rapid mixing. This procedure was the same as that in our previous work for consideration [23]. Afterward, water samples were collected from the supernatants for further water quality analysis. Each result under the corresponding condition was the average value of triplicate jar tests. COD and turbidity were determined by HACH instrument, and chlorophyll a was measured by Chinese standards (Water quality—Determination of chlorophyll a—Spectrophotometric method) (HJ 897-2017). All of the experimental values that are reported in the text were the average value of three times with relative error was less than 5%.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC)

3.1.1. Effect of Total of Monomer Concentration on Intrinsic Viscosity and Grafting Efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC)

The effects of the monomer concentration on the intrinsic viscosity and the grafting efficiency are shown in Figure 1. The intrinsic viscosity of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) increased rapidly with increasing monomer concentration. Then, it increased slowly when the monomer concentration was in the range of 10–20%. When the monomer concentration was more than 25%, the intrinsic viscosity of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) decreased rapidly. The grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) increased with an increasing monomer concentration in the range of 10–25%. When the monomer concentration was more than 25%, grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) decreased quickly. When the total monomer concentration was 25%, the optimal intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) were 611.0 mL/g and 90.3%, respectively.
The abovementioned phenomenon can be explained in the following discussion. When the monomer concentration was low, the frequency and the probability of collision and chemical reaction between CPCTS, CTA and DMDAAC greatly decreased. Therefore, CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) that is produced by the graft polymerization has a low intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency [24]. If the monomer concentration was too high, too many monomers would accumulate in a small place, thereby resulting in the difficulty of electron transfer reactions and reducing reaction efficiency. With an increasing reaction time, monomer molecules can agglomerate to form macromolecular chain, thereby leading to the stickiness of the reaction solution and reaction efficiency decrease [25]. In addition, the sticky reaction solution would hinder the efficient progress of the polymerization reaction and would reduce the solubility of chitosan, thereby resulting in low intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) [26]. In summary, the optimal monomer concentration in the preparation of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) was 15–35%.

3.1.2. Effect of Cationic Degree on Intrinsic Viscosity and Grafting Efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC)

The effects of cationic degree on the intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) are shown in Figure 2. The intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) gradually increase first and then decrease progressively after the cationic degree reached 40%. According to the experimental results, the maximum values of the intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) were 852.18 mL/g and 93.31%, respectively, which were obtained at a cationic degree of 40%.
A feasible content of cationic degree was positive to achieve CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) with high intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency. When the cationic degree was low, and the concentration of CTA and DMDAAC was also low, the high polymerization activity of the cationic monomer enhanced the polymerization reaction [27]. Thus, the intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) increased with an increasing cationic degree [28]. However, when the contents of CTA and DMDAAC were high, bringing the cationic monomers close to one another was difficult due to the electrostatic repulsion between same charges from CTA and DMDAAC [29].

3.1.3. Effect of Illumination Time on Intrinsic Viscosity and Grafting Efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC)

The effect of illumination time on intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) is shown in Figure 3. With increasing illumination time, the intrinsic viscosity and the grafting efficiency of CPCTS-gP (CTA-DMDAAC) gradually increased. When the time reached 100 min, intrinsic viscosity and the grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) increased rapidly. When the time exceeded 120 min, the grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) increased slowly and then decreased slightly. However, when the illumination time exceeded 120 min, the intrinsic viscosity began to decrease [30].
According to the experimental results, the intrinsic viscosity and the grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) reached the maximum values of 993.96 mL/g and 94.50%, respectively, at 120 min. A large number of obvious reactive sites generated on the surface of the carboxylated chitosan a short time after the initiation of the reaction [31]. Meanwhile, the photoinitiator V-50 was easily decomposed and it generated a large number of free radicals under UV irradiation, thereby resulting in the fast polymerization between carboxylated chitosan, CTA and DMDAAC. Then, an increase of intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) was obtained in the initial rapid polymerization reaction stage [32]. However, the increase of intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) began to reduce after 120 min. The viscosity of the reaction solution increased with the production of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC). It was difficult for CTA-DMDAAC to diffuse to the vicinity of the CPCTS active center, and the chain growth rate decreased [33]. The graft polymerization stopped with the consumption of the initiator.

3.1.4. Effect of Photo-Initiator Concentration on Intrinsic Viscosity and Grafting Efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC)

The effect of the photoinitiator concentration on intrinsic viscosity and the grafting efficiency was shown in Figure 4. As shown in Figure 4, the intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) increased with increasing concentration of photoinitiator at the beginning stage. However, when the photoinitiator concentration was more than 0.50%, the intrinsic viscosity value and grafting efficiency value decreased rapidly. When the photoinitiator (V-50) concentration was 0.5%, the intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of the synthesized CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) reached the maximum values of 784.94 mL/g and 96.22%, respectively.
With increasing photoinitiator concentration, an increasing number of free radicals are produced via UV irradiation, and the chance of collision between the monomers and free radicals increased [34]. When the photoinitiator concentration increased further, a tremendous amount of free radicals that were generated by UV irradiation intensified the graft polymerization process, thereby leading to implosion and crosslinking between CPCTS, CTA and DMDAAC [35]. Meanwhile, the released heat in the graft copolymerization process could also lead to the cross-linking of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) cross, thereby resulting in low intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency [36]. Therefore, the optimal photoinitiator concentration is 0.4–0.6% of the initiator concentration.

3.1.5. Effect of pH on Intrinsic Viscosity and Grafting Efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC)

Figure 5 shows that when the pH was less than 4, the intrinsic viscosity and the grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) gradually increase with an increasing pH value. When the pH was higher than 4, the intrinsic viscosity and the grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) decreased rapidly as the solution transformed from acidic to basic. The optimal values of the intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency were 825.9 mL/g and 95.7%, respectively.
The abovementioned results were due to the great influence of the pH of the reaction solution on the graft copolymerization reaction. When the pH was lower than 4, CTA and DMDAAC molecules in the graft copolymerization reaction solution were easy to hydrolyze, thereby resulting in the formation of dendritic or cross-linked polymers and in the reduction of the intrinsic viscosity of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) [37]. The hydroxymethylation reaction occurred easily under neutral or alkaline condition, thereby resulting in a decrease in the intrinsic viscosity and the grafting efficiency of the polymer [38]. Meanwhile, the effect of hydrogen bonding was strengthened by the protonation of most carboxylic acids and quaternary ammonium groups in an acidic environment, thereby playing a negative role in improving the intrinsic viscosity of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) [39]. Therefore, the optimal pH range is 4–6.

3.2. Flocculation Experiments

3.2.1. Effect of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) Dosage on Flocculation Properties

As shown in Figure 6, the removal rate of Chl-a, turbidity, and COD increased with increasing CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) dosage.
CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and CPAM reached the maximum value of Chl-a, turbidity, and COD at dosage of 4 mg/L. The maximum removal rates of Chl-a obtained by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and CPAM were 98.18% and 86.01%, respectively. The maximum removal rates of COD obtained by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and CPAM were 94.93% and 89.16%, respectively. The maximum removal rates of turbidity that were obtained by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and CPAM were 88.71% and 87.13%, respectively. The optimal dosage range for CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and CPAM was 3–6 mg/L. PFS and PAC achieved the maximum removal rates of Chl-a, turbidity, and COD at dosages of 30–40 mg/L. the maximum removal rates of Chl-a that were obtained by PFS and PAC were 79.04% and 67.21%, respectively. The maximum removal rates of turbidity obtained that were by PFS and PAC were 80.95% and 70.37%, respectively. The maximum removal rates of COD obtained by PFS and PAC were 84.03% and 86.74%, respectively. Figure 6 shows that the dosages of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and CPAM were only about one-tenth of inorganic coagulants dosage, and the optimal removal rate of Chl-a, turbidity, and COD obtained by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) was higher than that obtained by CPAM and inorganic coagulants dosage [40]. In summary, the optimal dosage of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) was 3–6 mg/L.

3.2.2. Effect of pH on Flocculation Properties

As shown in Figure 7, the overall trend of the curve included an initial increase and then a decrease. Chl-a removal rate of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) increased with increasing raw water pH value at pH < 7 in Figure 7a. However, when the pH value of raw water was >7, the removal rate decreased with an increasing pH value. Thus, the optimal removal rates of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC), CPAM and PAC at pH = 7 were 96.8%, 82.2% and 67.0%, respectively. Maximum flocculation efficiency of PFS that was obtained at pH 6 was 71.6%.
As shown in Figure 7b, the removal rate of turbidity obtained by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and PAC increased with increasing raw water pH value when the pH was <7. When the pH was >7, the removal rate of turbidity decreased accordingly. The optimal turbidity removal rate that was obtained by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and PAC at pH = 7 were 83.1% and 38.6%, respectively. However, the turbidity removal rate obtained by CPAM and PFS increased with an increasing pH at pH values of <8. When pH was >8, the turbidity removal rate that was obtained by CPAM and PFS decreased [41]. So, at pH = 8, the turbidity removal rate of CPAM and PFS reached the maximum values of 46.91% and 42.15%, respectively. As shown in Figure 7c, the removal rate of COD that was achieved by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC), CPAM and PAC increased with increasing pH value at pH 1–8. When the pH was higher than 8, the removal rate of COD achieved by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) decreased. Therefore, the removal rates achieved by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC), CPAM and PAC reached maximum values of 96.0%, 93.5% and 85.0% at pH = 8, respectively. By contrast, the optimal removal rate of COD that was obtained by PFS was 92.0%. In summary, the optimal pH value of CPCTS-gP (CTA-DMDAAC) for removing Chl-a and COD was 6–9.

3.2.3. Effect of G Value on Flocculation Properties

The effect of hydraulic conditions on (a) Chl-a, (b) turbidity and (c) COD are shown in Figure 8. As shown in Figure 8a, Chl-a removal rate of CPCTS-gP (CTA-DMDAAC), CPAM, PFS and PAC reached the maximum values of 98.8%, 89.4%, 93.7% and 93.5% at a value of 200 s−1, respectively. The removal efficiency of Chl-a increased with an increasing G value at G value < 200 s−1, but the removal rate of Chl-a from CPAM, PFS and PAC quickly decreased when the G value was more than 200 s−1. The removal rate of Chl-a that was obtained by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) decreased slowly. As shown in Figure 8b, the removal rate of turbidity achieved by PAC and PFS showed a negative value at G value 100–150 s−1, thereby indicating that the low G value was disadvantageous for the flocculation of PAC and PFS, i.e., the turbidity increased and the G value of the optimal condition for turbidity removal was 250 s−1. The maximum turbidity removal rates that were obtained by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and CPAM were 81.1% and 69.7%, respectively. As shown in Figure 8c, the G value for optimal COD removal was 200 s−1. CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and CPAM had higher COD removal rate than PAC and PFS in the G value tat was investigated. In addition, higher G value did not cause serious reduction of COD removal obtained by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and CPAM, which indicated that CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) had better resistance to hydraulic shear [42]. Therefore, the optimal flocculation performance for treating algae-infested water with CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) was 150–250 s−1.

3.2.4. Relationship between Optimal CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) dosage and Chl-a

Relationship between optimal CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) dosage and Chl-a content is shown in Figure 9. The optimal CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) dosages for different Chl-a contents were investigated, and corresponding experimental data were obtained. The R2 of the linear fit equation was 0.502, thereby indicating that CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) dosage had a certain relative relationship with Chl-a content [43]. Under some conditions, it can be used to predict the optimal CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) dosage for obtaining the maximum Chl-a removal rate [44,45].

4. Conclusions

In this study, the ampholytic flocculant CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) was synthesized, and its flocculation performance was verified by the investigation of algal removal. The optimum conditions for the synthesis of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) were as follows: monomer concentration of 25%; 1:4 ratio of CPCTS and cationic degree; cationic degree of 40%; photoinitiation time of 2 h; photoinitiator concentration of 0.5%; and, pH value of 4. After the optimization of the flocculation process to achieve the maximum removal rates of Chl-a and COD, the maximum removal rates of Chl-a and COD that were obtained by CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) were 98.8% and 96.5% at 4 mg/L, pH 7 and G value of 200 s−1, respectively. Finally, by comparing with the commercially available flocculants CPAM, PFS and PAC, the experimental results demonstrated that CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) had a higher removal capacity of Chl-a and COD. All of the results and discussion demonstrated that the ampholytic flocculant CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) had excellent performance for algae removal. In addition, the natural modified flocculant showed high efficiency of flocculation, which should be given more interest in further research.

Author Contributions

C.L. and Y.S. conceived and designed the experiments; L.C., M.R. and Y.S. performed the experiments; Y.X., W.S. and Y.S. analyzed the data; W.S., H.Z. and Y.S. contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; L.C. and Y.S. wrote the paper.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51508268), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFB0602500), the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Province in China (No. BK20150951; No. BK20150959; BK20160689), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2016M591835).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Effect of monomer concentration on intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of carboxylated chitosan (CPCTS)-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC).
Figure 1. Effect of monomer concentration on intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of carboxylated chitosan (CPCTS)-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC).
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Figure 2. Effect of cationic degree on Intrinsic viscosity and Grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC).
Figure 2. Effect of cationic degree on Intrinsic viscosity and Grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC).
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Figure 3. Effect of illumination time on intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC).
Figure 3. Effect of illumination time on intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC).
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Figure 4. Effect of photo-initiator concentration on Intrinsic viscosity and Grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC).
Figure 4. Effect of photo-initiator concentration on Intrinsic viscosity and Grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC).
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Figure 5. Effect of pH on intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC).
Figure 5. Effect of pH on intrinsic viscosity and grafting efficiency of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC).
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Figure 6. Effect of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) dosage on flocculation properties: (a) chlorophyll-a (Chl-a); (b) turbidity; (c) chemical oxygen demand (COD).
Figure 6. Effect of CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) dosage on flocculation properties: (a) chlorophyll-a (Chl-a); (b) turbidity; (c) chemical oxygen demand (COD).
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Figure 7. Effect of pH value on flocculation properties: (a) Chl-a; (b) turbidity; (c) COD removal.
Figure 7. Effect of pH value on flocculation properties: (a) Chl-a; (b) turbidity; (c) COD removal.
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Figure 8. Effect of G value on flocculation properties: (a) Chl-a; (b) turbidity; (c) COD.
Figure 8. Effect of G value on flocculation properties: (a) Chl-a; (b) turbidity; (c) COD.
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Figure 9. Relationship between optimal CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) dosage and Chl-a content.
Figure 9. Relationship between optimal CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) dosage and Chl-a content.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, L.; Liu, C.; Sun, Y.; Sun, W.; Xu, Y.; Zheng, H. Synthesis and Characterization of Ampholytic Flocculant CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and Its Flocculation Properties for Microcystis Aeruginosa Removal. Processes 2018, 6, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6050054

AMA Style

Chen L, Liu C, Sun Y, Sun W, Xu Y, Zheng H. Synthesis and Characterization of Ampholytic Flocculant CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and Its Flocculation Properties for Microcystis Aeruginosa Removal. Processes. 2018; 6(5):54. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6050054

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Lei, Cuiyun Liu, Yongjun Sun, Wenquan Sun, Yanhua Xu, and Huaili Zheng. 2018. "Synthesis and Characterization of Ampholytic Flocculant CPCTS-g-P (CTA-DMDAAC) and Its Flocculation Properties for Microcystis Aeruginosa Removal" Processes 6, no. 5: 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6050054

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