Occurrence of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fruit and Vegetables from the “Land of Fires” Area of Southern Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Vegetables and Sampling Area
2.2. Chemicals and Standards
2.3. Sample Processing and Analysis
2.4. Quality Control Criteria
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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Fruits | Group | Sample Size * |
---|---|---|
Ebenaceae | kaki | 2 |
Vitaceae | grape | 4 |
Juglandaceae | walnut | 5 |
Betulaceae | hazelnut | 16 |
Rosaceae | strawberry, apple, apricot, cherry, plum, peach, pear | 50 |
Rutaceae | clementine, mandarin, lemon, orange | 8 |
Vegetables | Group | Sample Size * |
Cucurbitaceae | watermelon, melon, pumpkin, courgette | 11 |
Amaryllidaceae | onion, garlic | 3 |
Apiaceae | fennel | 3 |
Compositae | lettuce | 3 |
Asteraceae | chicory, endive, artichoke | 5 |
Oleaceae | olive | 6 |
Fabaceae | green bean, pea, broad bean | 9 |
Poaceae | wheat, corn | 15 |
Brassicaceae | broccoli, cabbage, kohlrabi, turnip tops, turnip, radish | 13 |
Solanaceae | pepper, tomato, aubergine, potato, chili pepper | 75 |
Total | 228 |
DL-PCB (pg WHO-TEQ/g) | PCDD/F (pg WHO-TEQ/g) | NDL-PCB (ng/g) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min | mean | median | max | min | mean | median | max | min | mean | median | max | |
Vegetables | ||||||||||||
Amaryllidaceae (3) * | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.025 | 0.003 | 0.069 | 0.019 | 0.056 | 0.040 | 0.110 |
Fennel (3) | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.036 | 0.007 | 0.096 | 0.037 | 0.159 | 0.150 | 0.290 |
Asteraceae (5) | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.023 | 0.063 | 0.074 | 0.087 |
Brassicaceae (13) | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.051 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.034 | 0.026 | 0.166 | 0.064 | 1.260 |
Lettuce (3) | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.022 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.079 | 0.089 | 0.080 | 0.108 |
Pumpkin (2) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.034 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.058 |
Courgette (7) | 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.007 | 0.057 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.027 | 0.022 | 0.293 | 0.291 | 0.620 |
Fabaceae (9) | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.034 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.106 |
Olive (6) | 0.003 | 0.024 | 0.021 | 0.055 | 0.008 | 0.040 | 0.050 | 0.072 | 0.130 | 0.522 | 0.485 | 0.980 |
Wheat (3) | 0.042 | 0.056 | 0.054 | 0.073 | 0.008 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.031 | 0.120 | 0.390 | 0.210 | 0.840 |
Corn (12) | 0.001 | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.066 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.012 | 0.028 | 0.229 | 0.072 | 1.413 |
Peppers (8) | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.033 | 0.051 | 0.020 | 0.095 |
Tomato (31) | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.037 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.020 | 0.019 | 0.049 | 0.042 | 0.120 |
Aubergine (13) | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.012 | 0.019 | 0.046 | 0.042 | 0.101 |
Potato (23) | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.028 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.018 | 0.012 | 0.140 | 0.051 | 0.770 |
Fruits | ||||||||||||
Rosaceae (6) | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.019 | 0.011 | 0.064 | 0.026 | 0.230 |
Apricot (7) | 0.003 | 0.045 | 0.034 | 0.086 | 0.006 | 0.029 | 0.025 | 0.064 | 0.029 | 0.914 | 1.230 | 1.540 |
Plum (22) | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.023 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.025 | 0.012 | 0.050 | 0.040 | 0.098 |
Peach (15) | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.023 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.020 | 0.017 | 0.041 | 0.038 | 0.067 |
Rutaceae (8) | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.028 | 0.065 | 0.037 | 0.024 |
Grape (4) | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.009 | 0.017 | 0.004 | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.032 | 0.140 | 0.158 | 0.150 | 0.190 |
Melons (2) | 0.007 | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.058 | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.021 | 0.039 | 0.534 | 0.534 | 1.030 |
Hazelnut (16) | 0.003 | 0.020 | 0.008 | 0.106 | 0.003 | 0.014 | 0.011 | 0.060 | 0.049 | 0.445 | 0.185 | 2.600 |
Kaki (2) | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.036 | 0.043 | 0.043 | 0.050 |
Walnut (5) | 0.006 | 0.035 | 0.030 | 0.078 | 0.004 | 0.036 | 0.019 | 0.078 | 0.130 | 0.444 | 0.380 | 0.860 |
Variable | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Communality |
---|---|---|---|
DL-PCB | 0.976 | 0.207 | 1.00 |
PCDD/F | 0.222 | 0.969 | 1.00 |
NDL-PCB | 0.813 | 0.295 | 1.00 |
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Esposito, M.; De Roma, A.; Cavallo, S.; Diletti, G.; Baldi, L.; Scortichini, G. Occurrence of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fruit and Vegetables from the “Land of Fires” Area of Southern Italy. Toxics 2017, 5, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5040033
Esposito M, De Roma A, Cavallo S, Diletti G, Baldi L, Scortichini G. Occurrence of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fruit and Vegetables from the “Land of Fires” Area of Southern Italy. Toxics. 2017; 5(4):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5040033
Chicago/Turabian StyleEsposito, Mauro, Antonella De Roma, Stefania Cavallo, Gianfranco Diletti, Loredana Baldi, and Giampiero Scortichini. 2017. "Occurrence of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fruit and Vegetables from the “Land of Fires” Area of Southern Italy" Toxics 5, no. 4: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5040033