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From the start of 2016, the journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers to identify articles. If you are required to add page numbers to a citation, you can do with using a colon in the format [article number]:1–[last page], e.g. 10:1–20.

Bioengineering, Volume 3, Issue 3 (September 2016) – 4 articles

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1828 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Major Electrode Types for Idle Biological Signal Measurements for Modern Medical Technology
by Anas Albulbul
Bioengineering 2016, 3(3), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering3030020 - 24 Aug 2016
Cited by 90 | Viewed by 16885
Abstract
Biological signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) that can be measured at home can reveal vital information about the patient’s health. In today modern technology, the measured ECG or EMG signals at home can be monitored by medical staff from long [...] Read more.
Biological signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) that can be measured at home can reveal vital information about the patient’s health. In today modern technology, the measured ECG or EMG signals at home can be monitored by medical staff from long distance through the use of internet. Biopotential electrodes are crucial in monitoring ECG, EMG, etc., signals. Applying the right type of electrode that lasts for a long time and assists in recording high signal quality is desirable in medical devices industry. Three types of electrodes (Silver/Silver Chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes, Orbital electrodes and Stainless steel electrodes) were tested to identify the most appropriate one for recording biological signals. The evaluation was based on determining the electrode circuit model components and having high capacitance value or high capacitor value of electrode circuit model (Cd) and low electrode-skin impedance value or low resistor value of electrode circuit model (Rd). The results revealed that Ag/AgCl is the best type of electrodes, followed by Orbital electrodes. Stainless steel electrodes had performed poorly. However, Orbital electrodes material can last longer than Ag/AgCl and hence perform similar to Ag/AgCl electrodes, which can be idle for monitoring biological signals at home without the need for medical staff to replace the electrodes in a short period of time. Full article
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1377 KiB  
Article
Multi-Response Optimization of Granaticinic Acid Production by Endophytic Streptomyces thermoviolaceus NT1, Using Response Surface Methodology
by Sudipta Roy, Suman Kumar Halder and Debdulal Banerjee
Bioengineering 2016, 3(3), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering3030019 - 27 Jul 2016
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5396
Abstract
Streptomyces thermoviolaceus NT1, an endophytic isolate, was studied for optimization of granaticinic acid production. It is an antimicrobial metabolite active against even drug resistant bacteria. Different media, optimum glucose concentration, initial media pH, incubation temperature, incubation period, and inoculum size were among the [...] Read more.
Streptomyces thermoviolaceus NT1, an endophytic isolate, was studied for optimization of granaticinic acid production. It is an antimicrobial metabolite active against even drug resistant bacteria. Different media, optimum glucose concentration, initial media pH, incubation temperature, incubation period, and inoculum size were among the selected parameters optimized in the one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) approach, where glucose concentration, pH, and temperature were found to play a critical role in antibiotic production by this strain. Finally, the Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD) was employed with three key factors (selected after OVAT studies) for response surface methodological (RSM) analysis of this optimization study.RSM analysis revealed a multifactorial combination; glucose 0.38%, pH 7.02, and temperature 36.53 °C as the optimum conditions for maximum antimicrobial yield. Experimental verification of model analysis led to 3.30-fold (61.35 mg/L as compared to 18.64 mg/L produced in un-optimized condition) enhanced granaticinic acid production in ISP2 medium with 5% inoculum and a suitable incubation period of 10 days. So, the conjugated optimization study for maximum antibiotic production from Streptomyces thermoviolaceus NT1 was found to result in significantly higher yield, which might be exploited in industrial applications. Full article
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4818 KiB  
Article
Tremor Reduction at the Palm of a Parkinson’s Patient Using Dynamic Vibration Absorber
by Sarah Gebai, Mohammad Hammoud, Ali Hallal and Hassan Khachfe
Bioengineering 2016, 3(3), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering3030018 - 05 Jul 2016
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7162
Abstract
Parkinson’s patients suffer from severe tremor due to an abnormality in their central oscillator. Medications used to decrease involuntary antagonistic muscles contraction can threaten their life. However, mechanical vibration absorbers can be used as an alternative treatment. The objective of this study is [...] Read more.
Parkinson’s patients suffer from severe tremor due to an abnormality in their central oscillator. Medications used to decrease involuntary antagonistic muscles contraction can threaten their life. However, mechanical vibration absorbers can be used as an alternative treatment. The objective of this study is to provide a dynamic modeling of the human hand that describes the biodynamic response of Parkinson’s patients and to design an effective tuned vibration absorber able to suppress their pathological tremor. The hand is modeled as a three degrees-of-freedom (DOF) system describing the flexion motion at the proximal joints on the horizontal plane. Resting tremor is modeled as dual harmonic excitation due to shoulder and elbow muscle activation operating at resonance frequencies. The performance of the single dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) is studied when attached to the forearm and compared with the dual DVA tuned at both excitation frequencies. Equations of motion are derived and solved using the complex transfer function of the non-Lagrangian system. The absorber’s systems are designed as a stainless steel alloy cantilevered beam with an attached copper mass. The dual DVA was the most efficient absorber which reduces 98.3%–99.5%, 97.0%–97.3% and 97.4%–97.5% of the Parkinson’s tremor amplitude at the shoulder, elbow and wrist joint. Full article
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2098 KiB  
Article
Optimization and Characterization of Chitosan Enzymolysis by Pepsin
by Bi Foua Claude Alain Gohi, Hong-Yan Zeng and A Dan Pan
Bioengineering 2016, 3(3), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering3030017 - 01 Jul 2016
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6091
Abstract
Pepsin was used to effectively degrade chitosan in order to make it more useful in biotechnological applications. The optimal conditions of enzymolysis were investigated on the basis of the response surface methodology (RSM). The structure of the degraded product was characterized by degree [...] Read more.
Pepsin was used to effectively degrade chitosan in order to make it more useful in biotechnological applications. The optimal conditions of enzymolysis were investigated on the basis of the response surface methodology (RSM). The structure of the degraded product was characterized by degree of depolymerization (DD), viscosity, molecular weight, FTIR, UV-VIS, SEM and polydispersity index analyses. The mechanism of chitosan degradation was correlated with cleavage of the glycosidic bond, whereby the chain of chitosan macromolecules was broken into smaller units, resulting in decreasing viscosity. The enzymolysis by pepsin was therefore a potentially applicable technique for the production of low molecular chitosan. Additionally, the substrate degradation kinetics of chitosan were also studied over a range of initial chitosan concentrations (3.0~18.0 g/L) in order to study the characteristics of chitosan degradation. The dependence of the rate of chitosan degradation on the concentration of the chitosan can be described by Haldane’s model. In this model, the initial chitosan concentration above which the pepsin undergoes inhibition is inferred theoretically to be about 10.5 g/L. Full article
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