Inventions and Innovations in Preclinical Platforms for Cancer Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Spheroid Formation Phases
3. Conventional Methods for Spheroid Formation
3.1. Bioreactor Flasks
3.2. Liquid Overlay Method
3.3. Hanging Droplet (HD) Method
4. Hydrogels in Spheroid Culture
5. Microfluidic Methods for Spheroid Culture
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Year | Cell Type | Channel Dimensions | Hydrogel Type | Spheroid Formation Time | Spheroid or Droplet Diameter (µm) | Cells in Each Spheroid | Cell Density (cells/mL) | Media Flow Rate | 3D Culture Formation Method | Standard Deviation of Spheroid Size | Throughput |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
McMillan et al. [126] | 2016 | human glioblastoma cell line (UVW) | - | Alginate | Less than one day | - | - | 3 × 106 | The medium was refreshed every 2 days | Single emulsion CS/O | - | 48 |
McMillan et al. [83] | 2016 | UVW | - | - | 24 h | 300–575 | 500–1500 | 5 × 106 | Daily Refreshment | Single emulsion CS/O | - | 2000 |
Wang et al. [85] | 2014 | human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) | - | Alginate and Matrigel | 4 days | - | - | 107 | - | Double Emulsion CS/O and Gel/O | - | - |
Sabhachandani et al. [63] | 2016 | breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) and fibroblast cell lines (HS-5) | - | Alginate | 3 to 4 h | 170 (optimum) | - | 107 (mono) 7.5 × 106 (co) | 20 μL/h (equivalent to 230 μm/s) | Single emulsion O/Gel | - | 1000 |
Chan et al. [18] | 2013 | mesenchymal stem cells, HepG2, PMEF and Caco-2 | - | alginate | 150 min | 36 to 84 | - | 2, 5, 10 and 20 million cells/mL | - | Double emulsion CS/O/CM | - | - |
Yu et al. [86] | 2015 | MCF-7 | - | alginate | - | 183 | - | 107 | - | Double Emulsion CS/Gel/O | 4% | - |
Yu et al. [64] | 2010 | LCC6/Her-2 breast tumour cells | - | alginate | 4 days for spheroid and | 250 | 100 | 107 | 0.25 µL/min | Single emulsion CS/O and Gel/O | - | 28 |
Alessandri et al. [82] | 2013 | CT26 mouse colon and HeLa cells and murine sarcoma S180 | - | Collagen, alginate | - | 100–150 | - | - | - | Double Emulsion CS/IS/Gel | - | 1000 droplet/s |
Yamada et al. [58] | 2015 | NIH-3T3 cells and HepG2 cells | diameter = 200 μm, depth = 300 μm | Collagen I | 1 day | - | - | 2 × 105 | - | Flat bottom microwells | - | - |
Liu et al. [96] | 2015 | human glioma (U251) cells | - | - | - | 120–200 after 10 days | 200–400 | 5 × 106 | at a very slow perfusion rate (5 μL/min) | U-shaped microstructures | - | 360 |
Wu et al. [93] | 2008 | MCF-7 breast tumour cells | - | - | 7 to 11 h | 50 | 10 | 106 | 0.05~10 μL·min−1 (0.02 to 4 mm/s) | U-shaped microstructures | - | 7500 per cm2 |
Shin et al. [65] | 2013 | MCF-7 breast tumour cells | - | matrigel and a gelatin hydrogel | 3 days | 50 | Less than 20 | 106 | 30 µL/h, equivalent to 278 µm/s | Cell suspension 50 µm wells (50 µm height) | - | - |
Albanese et al. [127] | 2013 | MDA-MB-435 cells | - | - | 3 days | 260–280 | 750–1500 | - | 50 and 450 mL/h produced a 75–675 mm/s fluid velocity | Hanging droplet plates | - | - |
Kwapiszewska et al. [87] | 2014 | HT-29 colon carcinoma and Hep-G2 liver carcinoma | - | - | 48 h | Almost 50 | - | 1–5 × 106 | 4.5 μL/min for 15 min daily | in hemispherical bottom micro wells | Up to 30% | 216 |
Aung et al. [28] | 2016 | human umbilical HUVECs and MCF-7 breast tumour cells | - | gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) | 20 h | 200 | - | - | 10 to 40 μL/h | In Petri dish and cultured on an orbital shaker | - | - |
Ruppen et al. [25] | 2015 | lung adenocarcinoma + malignant pleural mesothelioma+ pericytes | Micro-well diameter: 500 µm Well height: 600 µm | - | 48 h | 325 and 210 | 1250 312 | - | Changed once a day | Cell sedimentation in round and flat-bottom wells in the chip | 35 to 45 µm | 8 in each unit |
Jin et al. [91] | 2010 | non-small lung cancer cells, H1650 | - | - | 24 h | 197 | - | - | - | U-shaped microstructures | 11.7 micron | 4 |
Torisawa et al. [26] | 2007 | MCF-7, HepG2 | - | - | 2 days for MCF-7 and 3days for HepG2 | - | 370 for HepG2 with 3 × 106 | 1, 3, 10 × 106 | - | Pyramidal structures which have a hole at their vertex | - | 16 |
Kim et al. [118] | 2015 | Human colorectal tumour and Primary rat liver | - | - | - | 180 | 250 | - | 13 µL/min. hydrostatic | Hanging droplet of Human colorectal tumour | - | 8 |
Ziółkowska et al. [32] | 2013 | HT-29 human carcinoma cells | Well: 200, 150 Channel: 50, 1000 | - | 48 to 72 h | - | 100 | 1.5 × 106 | 4.5 µL/min | Flat bottom microwells | not exceeding 20% in cell numbers | 45 |
Lee et al. [33] | 2013 | Hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) | Well: 500, 400 | - | - | 200 to 375 | - | 2 × 106 | 5.53 mm/h or approximately 1.5 µm/s | Concave bottom microwells | - | 50 |
Choong Kim et al. [79] | 2011 | mouse embryonic carcinoma | - | - | 3 day | 158 | 178 | 5 × 105 | 0.2 mL/h for cell seeding | Flat bottom Microwell trapping | 4.50% | 60 |
Ota et al. [23] | 2010 | Human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells | - | - | 120 s | 130–430 µm | 1000 for 180 micron spheroid | 6.9 × 106 | 0.4 ± 0.05 mL/min. | microrotation | 13.2% in 150–200 µm and 17.2% in 130–430 µm | 1 |
Choong Kim et al. [128] | 2012 | MCF-7 | - | - | 3 days | 188 | 200 | - | 0.2 mL/h for cell seeding | Flat bottom Microwell trapping | 6.06 µm | 80 |
Ota et al. [94] | 2011 | Hep-G2 | - | - | 120 s | 134 ± 25, 180 ± 30 and 237 ± 40 µm | - | 2–5–13 × 106 | 1.2 mL/min | microrotation | 18.7%, 16.6% and 16.9% | 15 |
Ota et al. [59] | 2011 | Hep-G2 and endothelial cells | - | collagen | 120 s | 97–226 | - | 145, 290, 480 and 675 × 104/mL | 1.2 mL/min | microrotation | 17%, 18.7%, 16.6% and 16.9% | 15 |
Patra et al. [8] | 2016 | human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) | Chanel: 250 | - | 24 h | 130 and 212 | - | - | 100 µL/min for cell seeding and changed every 12 h by adding 1 mL of fresh culture media | Flat bottom well | 6% for small and 3% for large spheroids | 5000 |
Well: 200 × 200 × 250 and 300 × 300 × 250 | ||||||||||||
Kangsun Lee et al. [21] | 2012 | human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK 293) | - | - | Less than one day | Less than 300 µm for retrieval | - | 1–2–4 × 106 | - | sedimentation | 5.5%, 7.2% and 8.9% for 1, 2 and 4 × 106 | 50 |
Kuo et al. [129] | 2012 | human epithelial ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3) | - | - | 48 h | 75 | - | 1.5 × 104 | Hydrostatic flow for trapping and media change for culture | Trapping behind a porous membrane | Min of 7.6% | - |
Patra et al. [88] | 2013 | murine ES cell, HepG2, African green monkey kidney epithelial fibroblast (COS-7) | Channel: 150, 1400, 25,000 Well: 200 × 200, 250 | - | 24 h for COS-7, 1 day for HepG2, 16 h for ES | COS-7 and HepG2 spheroids are 80 and 200 µm | - | HepG2 and COS-7 cell 107 and 105 respectively | 1 µL/min for cell seeding and 20 µL/min for culture refreshment every 48 h | Flat bottom well | standard deviations of 4 and 10 µm, respectively | 5000 |
Chen et al. [7] | 2015 | T47D, MCF-7 and SUM159 (breast cancer) | Channel: 100 Well: 250, 400 and 450, 400 | - | 1 day | - | - | 5 × 106 | 300 μL per minute for cell seeding | Flat bottom well | 10% | 1024 within an area of 2 by 2 cm |
Yongli Chen et al. [24] | 2015 | HCT116, T47D breast cancer and HepG2 | Channel: 100, 3000, 9500 Well: 500, 200 | - | 24 h | - | - | 106 | - | Flat bottom well | - | 120 |
Choi et al. [103] | 2016 | Hepatocytes | Channel: 100, 4000 | - | - | - | - | 1 × 106 | 4.2 µm/(0.12 µL/min) | Concave bottom microwells | - | 50 |
Robillard et al. [130] | 2016 | ovarian cancer cell line OV90 | Channel: 500, 2000 Well: 450 × 450 × 500 | - | - | 170 | - | 5 × 105 cells/mL | The medium was changed Each day | Flat bottom microwells | - | 120 |
Anada et al. [131] | 2010 | Human osteosarcoma MG63, HepG2 | Well: 1000, 500 | - | 1 day | 150 to 320 after 5 days of culture | - | 1.25 × 105 to 8 × 106 | - | Pneumatic concave wells | 5–8% | 1535 |
Fukuda and Nakazawa [22] | 2011 | Hepatocytes of Wistar rat | Open Channel: 100, 100 Well: 300, 400 | - | 2 day | 150 | - | 2.5 × 106 | - | Flat bottom microwells | - | 1575 |
Xu et al. [95] | 2012 | P19 cells | - | - | 1 day | 100 to 450 | - | 2–20 × 104 cells mL−1 | 2 mm/ to rinse excess cells, 6 or 0.5 mm/sec for spheroid retrieval | Concave bottom microwells | - | 880 |
Zhang et al. [97] | 2009 | BALB/3T3 (murine embryonic fibroblast) cell line. | - | - | - | 90 | 85 ± 6.3 | 107 | 1 µL/min for 10 min every 6 h | U-shaped microstructures | - | 512 totally (8 in each chamber) |
Chien-Yu Fu et al. [90] | 2014 | HepG2 and Balb/c 3T3 fibroblast cells | - | - | 1 day | - | - | 8.4 × 106 | 1.5 µL/min for long-term perfusion | U-shaped microstructures | - | 56 |
Tung et al. [52] | 2011 | COS7, ES-D3 and human epithelial carcinoma cell | - | - | 1 day | - | 300, 1500 and 7500 | - | - | Novel Hanging droplet method (3d-biomatrix, perfecta 3d) | - | 384 |
Santo et al. [42] | 2016 | MCF7, H1650, H157, HT29, Human Dermal Fibroblasts (hDFs) | - | - | - | 100 to 800 | - | 0.2 × 106 & 0.5 × 106 | - | Stirred tank | Up to about 40% | - |
Torisawa et al. [132] | 2009 | Fibroblast COS-7; HepG2; ATCC; Breast cancer MDA-MB-231 | - | - | - | - | - | 105 | Hydrostatic-driven flow, medium daily exchanged | Patterning on semi-porous membranes | - | - |
Hsiao et al. [105] | 2009 | prostate cancer cells osteoblasts and endothelial cells | - | - | 1 day | 86 | - | - | Hydrostatic-driven flow, medium daily exchanged | Patterning on semi-porous membranes | 12 µm | 28 |
Chen et al. [104] | 2016 | HEK 293, SH-FY5Y, HepG2 and HeLa cells | - | - | 1 day | 30 to 100 | - | 2–17 × 106 | medium daily exchanged in Petri dish | Acoustic tweezers | - | 150 |
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Moshksayan, K.; Kashaninejad, N.; Saidi, M.S. Inventions and Innovations in Preclinical Platforms for Cancer Research. Inventions 2018, 3, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions3030043
Moshksayan K, Kashaninejad N, Saidi MS. Inventions and Innovations in Preclinical Platforms for Cancer Research. Inventions. 2018; 3(3):43. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions3030043
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoshksayan, Khashayar, Navid Kashaninejad, and Mohammad Said Saidi. 2018. "Inventions and Innovations in Preclinical Platforms for Cancer Research" Inventions 3, no. 3: 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions3030043