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Appl. Syst. Innov., Volume 1, Issue 4 (December 2018) – 16 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The main goal of Wireless Body Area Networks (BANs), is to provide continuously medical data to the physician. A WBAN can monitor vital signs, providing real-time feedback to allow many patient diagnostics procedures using continuous monitoring of chronic conditions. If the Wireless WBAN is part of the medical system, the medical system can alert medical stuff when life-threatening events occur. In addition, patients may benefit from continuous long-term monitoring as a part of a diagnostic procedure. Patients and physician may achieve optimal maintenance of a chronic condition and can monitor the recovery period after the acute event or surgical procedure. WBAN may be attached to cotton shirts to measure respiratory activity, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and body posture. The recorded data and patient data may be stored and analyzed by employing cloud storage and cloud computing services. View [...] Read more.
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12 pages, 4366 KiB  
Article
A Multiprotocol Wireless Sensor Network for High Performance Sport Applications
by Vincenzo Bonaiuto, Paolo Boatto, Nunzio Lanotte, Cristian Romagnoli and Giuseppe Annino
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040052 - 19 Dec 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4188
Abstract
The use of a network of wearable sensors placed on the athlete or installed into sport equipment is able to offer, in a real sport environment rather than in the unspecific spaces of a laboratory, a valuable real-time feedback to the coach during [...] Read more.
The use of a network of wearable sensors placed on the athlete or installed into sport equipment is able to offer, in a real sport environment rather than in the unspecific spaces of a laboratory, a valuable real-time feedback to the coach during practice. This is made possible today by the coordinate use of a wide range of kinematic, dynamic, and physiological sensors. Using sensors makes training more effective, improves performance assessment, and can help in preventing injuries. In this paper, a new wireless sensor network (WSN) system for elite sport applications is presented. The network is made up of a master node and up to eight peripheral nodes (slave nodes), each one containing one or more sensors. The number of nodes can be increased with second level slave nodes; the nature of sensors varies depending on the application. Communication between nodes is made via a high performance 2.4 GHz transceiver; the network has a real-life range in excess of 100 m. The system can therefore be used in applications where the distance between nodes is long, for instance, in such sports as kayaking, sailing, and rowing. Communication with user and data download are made via a Wi-Fi link. The user communication interface is a webpage and is therefore completely platform (computer, tablet, smartphone) and operating system (Windows, iOS, Android, etc.) independent. A subset of acquired data can be visualized in real time on multiple terminals, for instance, by athlete and coach. Data from kayaking, karting, and swimming applications are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Networks on Internet of Things and Intelligent System)
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16 pages, 4724 KiB  
Article
Interconnecting Haptic Interfaces with High Update Rates through the Internet
by George Kokkonis, Kostas E. Psannis, Sotirios Kontogiannis, Petros Nicopolitidis, Manos Roumeliotis and Yutaka Ishibashi
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040051 - 18 Dec 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3341
Abstract
Real-time transferring of the haptic sense over the Internet is quite a challenging task. This paper outlines the proposed protocols for transferring haptic streams over the Internet. Moreover, it describes the Quality of Service requirements that a network has to fulfill in order [...] Read more.
Real-time transferring of the haptic sense over the Internet is quite a challenging task. This paper outlines the proposed protocols for transferring haptic streams over the Internet. Moreover, it describes the Quality of Service requirements that a network has to fulfill in order to successfully use haptic interfaces with high update rates over the Internet. Extensive simulations and experiments for the performance evaluation of transport protocols for real-time transferring haptic data are carried out. Complements between simulation and real world experiments are discussed. The metrics that are measured for the performance evaluation are delay, jitter, throughput, efficiency, packet loss and one proposed by the authors, packet arrival deviation. The simulation tests reveal which protocols could be used for the transfer of real-time haptic data over the Internet. Full article
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16 pages, 2415 KiB  
Review
Optimized Passive Defense Measures via IR Imaging
by Bhupendra Nath Tiwari, Elena Hadzieva and Ivan Pogarcic
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040050 - 17 Dec 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3258
Abstract
In this paper, we study IR spectroscopy system design by optimizing the radiation energy in the plane of the surface temperature and wavelength. We provide infrared system designing criteria towards the formation of the optimized image of an arbitrary radiating body. As per [...] Read more.
In this paper, we study IR spectroscopy system design by optimizing the radiation energy in the plane of the surface temperature and wavelength. We provide infrared system designing criteria towards the formation of the optimized image of an arbitrary radiating body. As per this formulation, we find that an optimal image arises via an intrinsic statistical measure as late time thermal effects. We also outline the qualitative characteristics of the thermal radiation energy and associated quantities undermining its stability. This classifies (un)stable radiation zone detection towards cutting edge IR based information theory research & development in designing of thermal detectors. Finally, we discuss perspective applications of the IR technology, ensemble averaging, digital coding, and formation of an optimal thermal image. Full article
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12 pages, 1795 KiB  
Communication
Feasibility Analysis of a LoRa-Based WSN Using Public Transport
by Silvano Bertoldo, Lorenzo Carosso, Emanuele Marchetta, Miryam Paredes and Marco Allegretti
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040049 - 10 Dec 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3754
Abstract
LoRa (Long Range) is a proprietary radio communication technology exploiting license-free frequency bands, allowing low-rate information exchange over long distances with very low power consumption. Conventional environmental monitoring sensors have the disadvantage of being in fixed positions and distributed over wide areas, thus [...] Read more.
LoRa (Long Range) is a proprietary radio communication technology exploiting license-free frequency bands, allowing low-rate information exchange over long distances with very low power consumption. Conventional environmental monitoring sensors have the disadvantage of being in fixed positions and distributed over wide areas, thus providing measurements with a spatially insufficient level of detail. Since public transport vehicles travel continuously within cities, they are ideal to house portable monitoring systems for environmental pollution and meteorological parameters. The paper presents a feasibility analysis of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to collect this information from the vehicles conveying it to a central node for processing. The communication system is realized by deploying a layer-structured, fault-resistant, multi-hop Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) based on the LoRa technology. Both a theoretical study about electromagnetic propagation and network architecture are addressed with consideration of potential practical network realization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Networks on Internet of Things and Intelligent System)
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9 pages, 1473 KiB  
Article
A Fuzzy Inference System for Unsupervised Deblurring of Motion Blur in Electron Beam Calibration
by Salaheddin Hosseinzadeh
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040048 - 04 Dec 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3037
Abstract
This paper presents a novel method of restoring the electron beam (EB) measurements that are degraded by linear motion blur. This is based on a fuzzy inference system (FIS) and Wiener inverse filter, together providing autonomy, reliability, flexibility, and real-time execution. This system [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel method of restoring the electron beam (EB) measurements that are degraded by linear motion blur. This is based on a fuzzy inference system (FIS) and Wiener inverse filter, together providing autonomy, reliability, flexibility, and real-time execution. This system is capable of restoring highly degraded signals without requiring the exact knowledge of EB probe size. The FIS is formed of three inputs, eight fuzzy rules, and one output. The FIS is responsible for monitoring the restoration results, grading their validity, and choosing the one that yields to a better grade. These grades are produced autonomously by analyzing results of a Wiener inverse filter. To benchmark the performance of the system, ground truth signals obtained using an 18 μm wire probe were compared with the restorations. Main aims are therefore: (a) Provide unsupervised deblurring for device independent EB measurement; (b) improve the reliability of the process; and (c) apply deblurring without knowing the probe size. These further facilitate the deployment and manufacturing of EB probes as well as facilitate accurate and probe-independent EB characterization. This paper’s findings also makes restoration of previously collected EB measurements easier where the probe sizes are not known nor recorded. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fuzzy Decision Making and Soft Computing Applications)
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15 pages, 2916 KiB  
Article
Design and Development of a Web Application for Matching Drug Addiction Treatment Services with Substance Users
by Sachin Hiriyanna, Miyuki F. Tedor, Patricia A. Stoddard-Dare and Wenbing Zhao
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040047 - 30 Nov 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3000
Abstract
One of the current and biggest problems in the system of emergency care for the drug overdose epidemic is the failure of information delivery on nearby treatment facilities. Even though some initiatives have tried to solve this issue, they either failed in delivering [...] Read more.
One of the current and biggest problems in the system of emergency care for the drug overdose epidemic is the failure of information delivery on nearby treatment facilities. Even though some initiatives have tried to solve this issue, they either failed in delivering the information or in providing good usability. This paper presents the design and development of a web application that we refer to as DrugHelp.Care. This application delivers highly accurate, easy-to-understand, and targeted information in a timely manner for substance users and their well-wishers. It also provides an ecosystem for the treatment facilities with an easy-to-use interface to constantly update their complex information along with automatic email reminders and data completion progress indicators. Based on the requirements we have collected from substance users and treatment facilities, the application is designed and developed using the LAMP stack. A search engine for the substance users and their well-wishers preserves complete anonymity, which is very important to ensure the confidentiality of substance users. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthcare System Innovation)
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20 pages, 8777 KiB  
Article
Active Compact Wearable Body Area Networks for Wireless Communication, Medical and IoT Applications
by Albert Sabban
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040046 - 23 Nov 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4435
Abstract
The development of compact wearable antennas and transceivers for communication, IoT (Internet of Things), and biomedical systems will be presented in this paper. Development of Compact efficient wearable antennas is one of the major challenges in development of wearable communication, IoT, and medical [...] Read more.
The development of compact wearable antennas and transceivers for communication, IoT (Internet of Things), and biomedical systems will be presented in this paper. Development of Compact efficient wearable antennas is one of the major challenges in development of wearable communication, IoT, and medical systems. The main goal of wireless body area networks (BANs), WBANs, is to provide continuously medical data to the physician. Body area network (BAN) antennas should be flexible, lightweight, compact, and have low production cost. However, low efficiency is the major disadvantage of small printed antennas. Microstrip antennas resonant frequency is altered, due to environment conditions, different antenna locations, and different system operation modes. These disadvantages may be solved by using compact active and tunable antennas. A new class of wideband active wearable antennas for medical applications is presented in this paper. Amplifiers may be connected to the wearable antenna feed line to increase the system dynamic range. Small lightweight batteries supply the bias voltage to the active components. An active dual polarized antenna is presented in this paper. The active dual polarized antenna gain is 14 ± 3 dB for frequencies ranging from 380 to 600 MHz. The active transmitting dual polarized antenna output power is around 18 dBm. A voltage-controlled diode, varactor, may be used to control the antenna electrical performance at different environments. For example, an antenna located in patient stomach area has VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) better than 2:1 at 434 MHz. However, if the antenna will be placed on the patient back, it may resonate at 420 MHz. By varying the varactor bias voltage, the antenna resonant frequency may be shifted from 420 to 434 MHz. An ultra-wideband passive and active printed slot antenna may be employed in wideband wearable communication systems. The active slot antenna gain is 13 ± 2 dB for frequencies from 800 MHz to 3 GHz. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthcare System Innovation)
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13 pages, 4960 KiB  
Article
Chaos Synchronization in Visible Light Communications with Variable Delays Induced by Multipath Fading
by Pep Canyelles-Pericas, Paul Anthony Haigh, Zabih Ghassemlooy, Andrew Burton, Xuewu Dai, Tran The Son, Hoa Le-Minh, Richard Binns and Krishna Busawon
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040045 - 09 Nov 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3233
Abstract
Visible Light Communication (VLC) uses light-emitting diodes to provide wireless connectivity in public environments. Transmission security in this emerging channel is not trivial. Chaotic modulation techniques can provide encryption directly in the physical layer based on the random-alike evolution and strong synchronization prospect [...] Read more.
Visible Light Communication (VLC) uses light-emitting diodes to provide wireless connectivity in public environments. Transmission security in this emerging channel is not trivial. Chaotic modulation techniques can provide encryption directly in the physical layer based on the random-alike evolution and strong synchronization prospect given by deterministic chaos. In secure chaotic inclusion or embedding methods, continuous-time chaos oscillator models need to be synchronized via a coupling carrier. Here we present a first numerical simulation study for the impact of the variable delays induced by line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight multipath fading in complete chaotic synchronization. More precisely, we analyze a chaotic Colpitts oscillator that is simultaneously transmitting the carrier to several mobile receivers via nine spotlights. Such induced delays depend on both the receiver position and the carrier frequency, influencing the complete synchronization required in modulation via chaotic inclusion. Correlation values for several receiver positions and carrier frequencies are presented, examining the progressive emergence of the multipath effect and its impact on chaotic synchronization. We show that, for the chaotic oscillator and coupling applied in the defined room settings, complete chaotic synchronization can be achieved and that it is robust up to the tens of MHz region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-linear Devices, Systems, Networks and Their Applications)
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19 pages, 7250 KiB  
Article
Development of Intelligent Drone Battery Charging System Based on Wireless Power Transmission Using Hill Climbing Algorithm
by Ali Rohan, Mohammed Rabah, Muhammad Talha and Sung-Ho Kim
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040044 - 07 Nov 2018
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5516
Abstract
In this work, an advanced drone battery charging system is developed. The system is composed of a drone charging station with multiple power transmitters and a receiver to charge the battery of a drone. A resonance inductive coupling-based wireless power transmission technique is [...] Read more.
In this work, an advanced drone battery charging system is developed. The system is composed of a drone charging station with multiple power transmitters and a receiver to charge the battery of a drone. A resonance inductive coupling-based wireless power transmission technique is used. With limits of wireless power transmission in inductive coupling, it is necessary that the coupling between a transmitter and receiver be strong for efficient power transmission; however, for a drone, it is normally hard to land it properly on a charging station or a charging device to get maximum coupling for efficient wireless power transmission. Normally, some physical sensors such as ultrasonic sensors and infrared sensors are used to align the transmitter and receiver for proper coupling and wireless power transmission; however, in this system, a novel method based on the hill climbing algorithm is proposed to control the coupling between the transmitter and a receiver without using any physical sensor. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm was checked using MATLAB. A practical test bench was developed for the system and several experiments were conducted under different scenarios. The system is fully automatic and gives 98.8% accuracy (achieved under different test scenarios) for mitigating the poor landing effect. Also, the efficiency η of 85% is achieved for wireless power transmission. The test results show that the proposed drone battery charging system is efficient enough to mitigate the coupling effect caused by the poor landing of the drone, with the possibility to land freely on the charging station without the worry of power transmission loss. Full article
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16 pages, 646 KiB  
Article
Data Governance in the Health Industry: Investigating Data Quality Dimensions within a Big Data Context
by Suraj Juddoo, Carlisle George, Penny Duquenoy and David Windridge
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040043 - 01 Nov 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6551
Abstract
In the health industry, the use of data (including Big Data) is of growing importance. The term ‘Big Data’ characterizes data by its volume, and also by its velocity, variety, and veracity. Big Data needs to have effective data [...] Read more.
In the health industry, the use of data (including Big Data) is of growing importance. The term ‘Big Data’ characterizes data by its volume, and also by its velocity, variety, and veracity. Big Data needs to have effective data governance, which includes measures to manage and control the use of data and to enhance data quality, availability, and integrity. The type and description of data quality can be expressed in terms of the dimensions of data quality. Well-known dimensions are accuracy, completeness, and consistency, amongst others. Since data quality depends on how the data is expected to be used, the most important data quality dimensions depend on the context of use and industry needs. There is a lack of current research focusing on data quality dimensions for Big Data within the health industry; this paper, therefore, investigates the most important data quality dimensions for Big Data within this context. An inner hermeneutic cycle research approach was used to review relevant literature related to data quality for big health datasets in a systematic way and to produce a list of the most important data quality dimensions. Based on a hierarchical framework for organizing data quality dimensions, the highest ranked category of dimensions was determined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthcare System Innovation)
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22 pages, 9750 KiB  
Article
Smart Home Anti-Theft System: A Novel Approach for Near Real-Time Monitoring and Smart Home Security for Wellness Protocol
by Sharnil Pandya, Hemant Ghayvat, Ketan Kotecha, Mohammed Awais, Saeed Akbarzadeh, Prosanta Gope, Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay and Wei Chen
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040042 - 23 Oct 2018
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 18595
Abstract
The proposed research methodology aims to design a generally implementable framework for providing a house owner/member with the immediate notification of an ongoing theft (unauthorized access to their premises). For this purpose, a rigorous analysis of existing systems was undertaken to identify research [...] Read more.
The proposed research methodology aims to design a generally implementable framework for providing a house owner/member with the immediate notification of an ongoing theft (unauthorized access to their premises). For this purpose, a rigorous analysis of existing systems was undertaken to identify research gaps. The problems found with existing systems were that they can only identify the intruder after the theft, or cannot distinguish between human and non-human objects. Wireless Sensors Networks (WSNs) combined with the use of Internet of Things (IoT) and Cognitive Internet of Things are expanding smart home concepts and solutions, and their applications. The present research proposes a novel smart home anti-theft system that can detect an intruder, even if they have partially/fully hidden their face using clothing, leather, fiber, or plastic materials. The proposed system can also detect an intruder in the dark using a CCTV camera without night vision capability. The fundamental idea was to design a cost-effective and efficient system for an individual to be able to detect any kind of theft in real-time and provide instant notification of the theft to the house owner. The system also promises to implement home security with large video data handling in real-time. The investigation results validate the success of the proposed system. The system accuracy has been enhanced to 97.01%, 84.13, 78.19%, and 66.5%, in scenarios where a detected intruder had not hidden his/her face, hidden his/her face partially, fully, and was detected in the dark from 85%, 64.13%, 56.70%, and 44.01%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Networks on Internet of Things and Intelligent System)
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13 pages, 7230 KiB  
Article
Water Driven Soft Actuator
by Mitsuharu Matsumoto
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040041 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3271
Abstract
In this paper, a water driven soft actuator is introduced. Soft actuators driven by various external stimuli, such as air pressure, temperature, pH, electric field, and light have been reported in the past. Although they are very attractive, they often require hard external [...] Read more.
In this paper, a water driven soft actuator is introduced. Soft actuators driven by various external stimuli, such as air pressure, temperature, pH, electric field, and light have been reported in the past. Although they are very attractive, they often require hard external devices for driving and the response speeds are often slow. The developed water driven actuator was with sodium polyacrylate wrapped by stretchable meshed nylon. Through some experiments, it was confirmed that swell and shrink phenomena of the developed device occur depending on the fluid flow. The phenomena could be found when adequate quantity of sodium polyacrylate was inside of the nylon. The amount of sodium polyacrylate that is required for the phenomenon was investigated. Through the experiments, it was confirmed that the displacement and the response speed of the swell and shrink were large and fast, respectively, in spite of its simple implementation. Full article
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11 pages, 2608 KiB  
Article
Security Authentication of Dual Chaotic Image Watermarking in Spatial Domain with Spatial and Frequency Domain Characteristics Analysis
by Zhengmao Ye, Hang Yin and Yongmao Ye
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040040 - 17 Oct 2018
Viewed by 2515
Abstract
This article presents an advanced dual chaotic watermarking scheme to improve information security. To ensure confidentiality in digital image transmission, a secure dual watermarking scheme is proposed by applying the chaotic logistic system and hyper-chaotic dynamical system. Chaotic watermarking was conducted in the [...] Read more.
This article presents an advanced dual chaotic watermarking scheme to improve information security. To ensure confidentiality in digital image transmission, a secure dual watermarking scheme is proposed by applying the chaotic logistic system and hyper-chaotic dynamical system. Chaotic watermarking was conducted in the spatial domain, where suboptimal secure hashing with a variable length was selected in preprocessing stages. The secret key was generated by the chaotic sequence for pixel shuffling using a chaotic logistic map, so that a controlled amount of distortion was inserted into the host digital image. Watermarking was proceeded after the chaotic watermark had been embedded into the shuffled image. To strengthen the security, the hyper-chaotic system was used to generate chaotic blocks for block scrambling in order to achieve dual chaotic watermarking. Characteristics analysis was conducted for multiple examples in both spatial and frequency domains. Potential effects induced by the chaotic driving parameter on processing time and integrity authentication of chaotic dual watermarking were also analyzed in detail. Full article
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12 pages, 2270 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Building Energy Consumption for Accommodation Buildings (Lodging Sector) in Japan—Case Study
by Haitham Alkhalaf and Wanglin Yan
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040039 - 16 Oct 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2744
Abstract
The energy performance of residential and commercial buildings is a vital topic because of the rapid urbanization occurring throughout the world. Accommodation buildings are considered energy intensive compared to other commercial facilities. In addition, they are the main component of the tourism industry. [...] Read more.
The energy performance of residential and commercial buildings is a vital topic because of the rapid urbanization occurring throughout the world. Accommodation buildings are considered energy intensive compared to other commercial facilities. In addition, they are the main component of the tourism industry. Therefore, various actions and policies have been introduced to improve the energy performance of accommodation buildings. This research depends on a national scale database of energy consumption of commercial buildings in Japan. It is the main source of data to conduct this study. The Database for Energy Consumption of Commercial buildings (DECC) is a national survey that is provided by the Japan Sustainable Building Consortium (JSBC). Based on the DECC, the study presents a general benchmark which is developed by applying regression and artificial neural network (ANN) methods to assess the energy performance of accommodation buildings in the Kanto region, Japan. The study presents a broad benchmark to evaluate basic energy consumption of accommodation building with three variables. In addition, the study highlights the necessity of designing the ANN model through the choosing of hidden layers and training method. The outcomes of each learning method and hidden layer was examined using main indicators to verify its accuracy. Full article
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10 pages, 2083 KiB  
Article
Development of Lift Control System Algorithm and P-M-E Analysis in the Workplace
by Inikuro Afa Michael
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040038 - 12 Oct 2018
Viewed by 5082
Abstract
Lifts play an important role in human transportation in multi-storage buildings, which experience continuous improvements to their architecture and structure. As a result of these improvements, the development of efficient lift systems with more programs is required to meet these changes. In this [...] Read more.
Lifts play an important role in human transportation in multi-storage buildings, which experience continuous improvements to their architecture and structure. As a result of these improvements, the development of efficient lift systems with more programs is required to meet these changes. In this work, a lift control system based on a programmable logic controller (PLC) is introduced, elucidating the development of the lift control algorithm and network based on a dispatching algorithm that utilizes a fuzzy system and exploits the traffic situation and condition. The PLC language ladder logic is implemented to facilitate a reduction in the average waiting time of passengers and the power consumption. Ladder diagrams for different scenarios are compared. The analysis of personnel-machine-environment (P-M-E) system conditions was conducted, examining numerous physical factors that could pose health and safety threats to workers. The present study opens doors for future lift systems studies based on PLC and the estimation of a safe workplace for machines and operators. Full article
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17 pages, 5941 KiB  
Article
Analyzing and Comparing the Performance of National Biometric eID Card in Heavy Cryptographic Applications
by Gazmend Krasniqi, Petrit Rama and Blerim Rexha
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2018, 1(4), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi1040037 - 27 Sep 2018
Viewed by 3419
Abstract
Today, we are witnessing increased demand for more speed and capacity in the Internet, and more processing power and storage in every end user device. Demand for greater performance is present in every system. Electronic devices and their hosted applications need to be [...] Read more.
Today, we are witnessing increased demand for more speed and capacity in the Internet, and more processing power and storage in every end user device. Demand for greater performance is present in every system. Electronic devices and their hosted applications need to be fast, but not to lose their main security features. Authentication and encryption are the main processes in the security aspect, and are required for a secure communication. These processes can be executed in different devices, among them PCs, microprocessors, microcontrollers, biometric cards or mobile devices. Biometric identity cards are becoming increasingly popular, challenging traditional PC devices. This paper compares two processing systems, the efficiency of encryption and signatures on the data executed in national identity biometric card versus PC, known also as the match-on-card versus the match-off-card. It considers how different parameters impact the process and the role they play on the overall process. The results, executed with a predefined set of test vectors, determine which processing system to use in a certain situation. Final conclusions and recommendations are given taking into consideration the efficiency and security of the data. Full article
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