Bee and Wasp Venoms: Biological Characteristics and Therapeutic Application

© 2017 MDPI; under CC BY-NC-ND license

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; bee venom acupuncture; acupoint; central nervous system; bee; wasp; venom; melittin; apamin; mastoparan; honeybee venom; peptidome profiling; MALDI; sting; honeybee venom (HBV); porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV); immune enhancing effect; viral clearance effect; bee venom; renal fibrosis; inflammation; UUO; Nasonia; venom; therapeutic; reporter array; PCR array; NF-κB; venom; endoparasitoid; ectoparasitoids; parasitism; host; wasp; Bee Venom; immunological diseases; neurological diseases; phospholipase A₂; Bee Venom; oxaliplatin; neuropathic pain; noradrenergic; bee venom; spinal cord injury; mechanical allodynia; thermal hyperalgesia; glia; acupuncture; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); bee venom acupuncture (BVA); anti-inflammation; Nasonia vitripennis; Kazal-type; serine protease inhibitors; humoral immunity; neurological disease; bee venom; wasp venom; polyamine toxins; Melittin; Apamin; AvTx-7; Wasp Kinin; Mastoparan; Pompilidotoxins; cholangiopathy; melittin; DDC-fed mice; bee venom (BV); NSC34 motor neuron cell; rotenone; phospho-JNK; cleaved caspase-3; bee venom; inflammation; liver fibrosis; atherosclerosis; skin disease; n/a