Photon-Counting Image Sensors

© 2017 MDPI; under CC BY-NC-ND license

avalanche photodiodes; light detection and ranging (LIDAR); single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD); time-of-flight (TOF); depth sensor; rangefinder; 3-D imaging; single-photon detector; advanced driver assistance system (ADAS); photon-counting sensors; visual recognition; low-light computer vision; imagers; imaging; avalanche photodiodes; Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes; lidar; ladar; wavefront sensing; photon counting; CMOS; image sensors; temporal read noise; 1/f noise; thermal noise; correlated multiple sampling; deep sub-electron noise; CMOS; image sensor; photon counting; read noise; DEPFET; photon detection; sub-electron precision; charge measurement; pixel detector; X-ray spectroscopy; photon counting; electron-bombarded sensor; single photon detection; low light level imaging; EBCCD; EBCMOS; CMOS image sensor; 3-transistor scheme; reset noise; subthreshold current; hard reset; soft reset; feedback reset; tapered reset; ultra low noise; CCD; CMOS; imagers; single-photon avalanche diode; SPAD; time-resolved imaging; time-gating photon counting; X-ray photon counting; scintillator; color X-ray; spectral X-ray; ultraviolet; quantum efficiency; MBE; ALD; EMCCD; APD; ROIC; Avalanche; visible rejection; MOCVD; GaN; single-photon avalanche diode; SPAD; fluorescence; fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy; FLIM; fluorescence correlation spectroscopy; FCS; QRNG; random number generator; QIS; quanta image sensor; photon counting; jot; entropy; randomness; single photon avalanche diode; SPAD; CMOS image sensor; CIS; single photon counting; SPC; quanta image sensor; QIS; spatio-temporal oversampling; axially distributed sensing; photon counting imaging; statistical estimation; Poisson distribution; photon counting; image sensor; quanta image sensor; QIS; low read noise; low power; APD; avalanche photodiode; CIS; CMOS; high-speed; image sensor; PAPD; pinned; pixel; graphene; single photon; photodetector; visible; terahertz; cryogenic; X-ray; CMOS avalanche photodiodes; highly sensitivity photodetectors; fluorescence imaging; photon timing; rangefinder; single photon detectors; SPAD arrays; time-correlated measurements; 3-D image sensor; lifetime microscopy; low power imaging; point-of-care; lab-on-chip; in-vitro; exponential decay; fill-factor; SPAD; photo-detector; ultra low noise; multiple correlated double sampling; correlated multiple sampling; correlated double sampling; differential averager; CMOS image sensor; readout noise; 1/f noise; RTS noise; noise analysis; single-photon image sensor; quanta image sensor (QIS); image reconstruction; quantized Poisson statistics; image denoising; Anscombe Transform; maximum likelihood estimation (MLE)