Journal Description
ChemEngineering
ChemEngineering
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of chemical engineering, published bimonthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q1 (General Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 6.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.5 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.7 (2022)
Latest Articles
Formulation and Characterization of Double Emulsions W/O/W Stabilized by Two Natural Polymers with Two Manufacturing Processes (Comparative Study)
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8020034 (registering DOI) - 14 Mar 2024
Abstract
Four distinct types of multiple emulsions were synthesized using xanthan gum and pectin through two distinct manufacturing processes. The assessment encompassed the examination of morphology, stability, and rheological properties for the resulting water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions. Formulations were meticulously crafted with emulsifiers that
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Four distinct types of multiple emulsions were synthesized using xanthan gum and pectin through two distinct manufacturing processes. The assessment encompassed the examination of morphology, stability, and rheological properties for the resulting water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions. Formulations were meticulously crafted with emulsifiers that were compatible with varying compositions. Remarkably stable multiple emulsions were achieved with a 0.5 wt% xanthan concentration, demonstrating resilience for nearly two months across diverse storage temperatures. In contrast, multiple emulsions formulated with a higher pectin concentration (2.75 wt%) exhibited instability within a mere three days. All multiple emulsions displayed shear-thinning behavior, characterized by a decline in apparent viscosity with escalating shear rates. Comparatively, multiple emulsions incorporating xanthan gum showcased elevated viscosity at low shear rates in contrast to those formulated with pectin. These results underscore the pivotal role of the stepwise process over the direct approach and emphasize the direct correlation between biopolymer concentration and emulsion stability. This present investigation demonstrated the potential use of pectin and xanthan gum as stabilizers of multiple emulsions with potential application in the pharmaceutical industry for the formulation of topical dosage forms.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process Intensification for Chemical Engineering and Processing)
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An Industrial Control System for Cement Sulfates Content Using a Feedforward and Feedback Mechanism
by
Dimitris Tsamatsoulis
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8020033 - 07 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study examines the design and long-term implementation of a feedforward and feedback (FF–FB) mechanism in a control system for cement sulfates applied to all types of cement produced in two mills at a production facility. We compared the results with those of
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This study examines the design and long-term implementation of a feedforward and feedback (FF–FB) mechanism in a control system for cement sulfates applied to all types of cement produced in two mills at a production facility. We compared the results with those of a previous controller (SC) that operated in the same unit. The Shewhart charts of the annual SO3 mean values and the nonparametric Mann–Whitney test demonstrate that, for the FF–FB controller, the mean values more effectively approach the SO3 target than the older controller in two out of the three cement types. The s-charts for the annual standard deviation of all cement types and mills indicate that the ratio of the central lines of FF–FB to SC ranges from 0.39 to 0.59, representing a significant improvement. The application of the error propagation technique validates and explains these improvements. The effectiveness of the installed system is due to two main factors. The feedforward (FF) component tracks the set point of SO3 when the mill begins grinding a different type of cement, while the feedback (FB) component effectively attenuates the fluctuations in the sulfates of the raw materials.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Chemical Engineering)
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Investigation on UV Degradation and Mechanism of 6:2 Fluorotelomer Sulfonamide Alkyl Betaine, Based on Model Compound Perfluorooctanoic Acid
by
Naveed Ahmed, Marion Martienssen, Isaac Mbir Bryant, Davide Vione, Maria Concetta Bruzzoniti and Ramona Riedel
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8020032 - 06 Mar 2024
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The UV treatment of 6:2 FTAB involves the mitigation of this persistent chemical by the impact of ultraviolet radiation, which is known for its resistance to environmental breakdown. UV treatment of PFOA and/or 6:2 FTAB, and the role of responsible species and their
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The UV treatment of 6:2 FTAB involves the mitigation of this persistent chemical by the impact of ultraviolet radiation, which is known for its resistance to environmental breakdown. UV treatment of PFOA and/or 6:2 FTAB, and the role of responsible species and their mechanism have been presented. Our investigation focused on the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkyl betaine (6:2 FTAB, Capstone B), using UV photolysis under various pH conditions. Initially, we used PFOA as a reference, finding a 90% decomposition after 360 min at the original (unadjusted) pH 5.6, with a decomposition rate constant of (1.08 ± 0.30) × 10−4 sec−1 and a half-life of 107 ± 2 min. At pH 4 and 7, degradation averaged 85% and 80%, respectively, while at pH 10, it reduced to 57%. For 6:2 FTAB at its natural pH 6.5, almost complete decomposition occurred. The primary UV transformation product was identified as 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), occasionally accompanied by shorter-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) including PFHpA, PFHxA, and PFPeA. Interestingly, the overall decomposition percentages were unaffected by pH for 6:2 FTAB, though pH influenced rate constants and half-lives. In PFOA degradation, direct photolysis and reaction with hydrated electrons were presumed mechanisms, excluding the involvement of hydroxyl radicals. The role of superoxide radicals remains uncertain. For 6:2 FTAB, both direct and indirect photolysis were observed, with potential involvement of hydroxyl, superoxide radicals, and/or other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Clarification is needed regarding the role of in the degradation of 6:2 FTAB.
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Open AccessArticle
Comprehensive Modeling of Vacuum Systems Using Process Simulation Software
by
Eduard Vladislavovich Osipov, Daniel Bugembe, Sergey Ivanovich Ponikarov and Artem Sergeevich Ponikarov
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8020031 - 06 Mar 2024
Abstract
Traditional vacuum system designs often rely on a 100% reserve, lacking precision for accurate petrochemical computations under vacuum. This study addresses this gap by proposing an innovative modeling methodology through the deconstruction of a typical vacuum-enabled process. Emphasizing non-prescriptive pressure assignment, the approach
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Traditional vacuum system designs often rely on a 100% reserve, lacking precision for accurate petrochemical computations under vacuum. This study addresses this gap by proposing an innovative modeling methodology through the deconstruction of a typical vacuum-enabled process. Emphasizing non-prescriptive pressure assignment, the approach ensures optimal alignment within the vacuum system. Utilizing process simulation software, each component was systematically evaluated following a proposed algorithm. The methodology was applied to simulate vacuum-driven separation in phenol and acetone production. Quantifying the vacuum system’s load involved constructing mathematical models in Unisim Design R451 to determine the mixture’s volume flow rate entering the vacuum pump. A standard-sized vacuum pump was then selected with a 40% performance margin. Post-reconstruction, the outcomes revealed a 22.5 mm Hg suction pressure within the liquid-ring vacuum pump, validating the efficacy of the devised design at a designated residual pressure of 40 mm Hg. This study enhances precision in vacuum system design, offering insights that are applicable to diverse petrochemical processes.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Chemical and Biochemical Processes for Energy Sources)
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Open AccessArticle
Influence of Raw Materials and Technological Factors on the Sorption Properties of Blast-Fuel Coke
by
Denis Miroshnichenko, Kateryna Shmeltser, Maryna Kormer, Daryna Sahalai, Serhiy Pyshyev, Oleg Kukhar, Bohdan Korchak and Taras Chervinskyy
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8020030 - 05 Mar 2024
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The influence of raw material factors (component composition of batches, petrographic characteristics, indicators of proximate and plastometric analyses, granulometric composition) and technological factors (coking period, process temperature) on the sorption properties of the carbonized product (coke) was studied. Based on the research results,
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The influence of raw material factors (component composition of batches, petrographic characteristics, indicators of proximate and plastometric analyses, granulometric composition) and technological factors (coking period, process temperature) on the sorption properties of the carbonized product (coke) was studied. Based on the research results, it is shown that such characteristics of coke as low humidity and ash, minimal yield of volatile matters, developed pore system and low cost make its use as a sorbent promising and economically justified. The obtained equations for predicting the sorption capacity by alkali and acid and adsorption activity by iodine, taking into account the content of vitrinite and the yield of volatile matters coal batch. They are characterized by high approximation coefficients r (0.912 and 0.927 and 0.937, respectively), so they can be recommended for predicting the indicated indicators.
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Open AccessCommunication
Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Mexican Sargassum Seaweed—An Analysis of Hydrocarbon Fractions and Elemental Composition
by
Michael J. Allen and Matthew Pearce
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8020029 - 04 Mar 2024
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is often mooted as a promising and sustainable processing methodology for converting biomass into usable products, including bio-oils, which can potentially alleviate humanity’s reliance on fossil fuels. To date, most HTL development work with novel biomasses has been undertaken at
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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is often mooted as a promising and sustainable processing methodology for converting biomass into usable products, including bio-oils, which can potentially alleviate humanity’s reliance on fossil fuels. To date, most HTL development work with novel biomasses has been undertaken at the laboratory scale in batch processes, and the results have been extrapolated to the theoretical continuous flow processes required for industrial uptake. Here, we assess the use of a novel continuous flow HTL system, applying it to Sargassum (seaweed) material and generating a bio-oil, which is assessed against typical crude oil fractions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrotreating Catalyst Synthesis for Fuel and Chemical Production Processes)
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Open AccessArticle
Facile Synthesis Method of Zeolite NaY and Zeolite NaY-Supported Ni Catalyst with High Catalytic Activity for the Conversion of CO2 to CH4
by
Somkiat Krachuamram, Pinit Kidkhunthod, Yingyot Poo-arporn and Kingkaew Chayakul Chanapattharapol
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8020028 - 01 Mar 2024
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In this work, the facile reflux method was used as a crystallization procedure for zeolite NaY synthesis. The zeolite mixture was aged for 7 days and then refluxed for crystallization at 100 °C for 12 h. The synthesized zeolite NaY was impregnated with
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In this work, the facile reflux method was used as a crystallization procedure for zeolite NaY synthesis. The zeolite mixture was aged for 7 days and then refluxed for crystallization at 100 °C for 12 h. The synthesized zeolite NaY was impregnated with 10, 20 and 30 wt%Ni solution to use as a catalyst for CO2 methanation. The 30 wt% of Ni on the zeolite NaY catalyst showed the highest CO2 methanation catalytic activity, with almost 100% CH4 selectivity. This can be explained by an appropriate H2 and CO2 adsorption amount on a catalyst surface being able to facilitate the surface reaction between them and further react to form products. The oxidation state of Ni and the stability of the catalyst were monitored by time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The oxidation state of Ni2+ was reduced during the catalyst reduction prior to the CO2 methanation and it was completely reduced to Ni° at 600 °C. During CO2 methanation, Ni° remained unchanged. In addition, the stability test of the catalyst was conducted by exposing the catalyst to a fluctuating condition (CO2 + H2 and only CO2). The oxidation state of Ni° remained unchanged under the fluctuating condition. This indicated that the Ni/zeolite catalyst has high stability, which can be attributed to an appropriate binding strength between Ni and the zeolite support.
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Open AccessArticle
Use of Lignite Processing Products as Additives to Road Petroleum Bitumen
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Serhiy Pyshyev, Denis Miroshnichenko, Taras Chipko, Myroslava Donchenko, Olena Bogoyavlenska, Liudmyla Lysenko, Mykhailo Miroshnychenko and Yuriy Prysiazhnyi
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8020027 - 01 Mar 2024
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It is known that there are significant deposits of lignite (brown coal) in Ukraine, particularly in categories A + B + C1. At the same time, certain technical and legal obstacles limit its use as an energy carrier. Therefore, new methods of using
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It is known that there are significant deposits of lignite (brown coal) in Ukraine, particularly in categories A + B + C1. At the same time, certain technical and legal obstacles limit its use as an energy carrier. Therefore, new methods of using lignite and processing its products are necessary. The latter includes humic acids. It was suggested that these acids could be used to stop road bitumens from breaking down. This is because they are antioxidants that contain functional phenolic and carboxyl groups. In particular, this article analyses the nature of the influence of humic acids on the physical and mechanical properties of road petroleum bitumen and its resistance to technological aging. It was found that at a modification temperature of 120 °C (duration-60 min., consumption of humic acids-2.0 wt.%), this additive has a slight negative effect (changes are within permissible limits) on the plastic properties of bitumen and slightly improves its elasticity. The main reason for adding humic acids to road bitumen under the specified conditions is to improve its resistance to technological aging compared to the original binder.
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Open AccessArticle
Optimizing Extract Preparation from Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) Leaves Using a Pulsed Electric Field
by
Theodoros Chatzimitakos, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Dimitrios Kalompatsios, Konstantina Kotsou, Martha Mantiniotou, Eleni Bozinou and Stavros I. Lalas
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8020026 - 01 Mar 2024
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This study explores the bioactive compound extraction from laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) leaves using a pulsed electric field (PEF) as a standalone extraction technique. The primary parameters impacting the extraction process were optimized through response surface methodology. Specifically, solvent composition (ethanol and
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This study explores the bioactive compound extraction from laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) leaves using a pulsed electric field (PEF) as a standalone extraction technique. The primary parameters impacting the extraction process were optimized through response surface methodology. Specifically, solvent composition (ethanol and water mixtures) and liquid-to-solid ratio, along with other key PEF conditions (i.e., electric field intensity, pulse period, and pulse length) were examined. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated through DPPH and FRAP assays, whereas total polyphenol content was also measured. A comparison was also made between the extracts produced with and without PEF. The results showed that after 30 min of extraction, the best parameters were a pulse period of 355 μs, a pulse duration of 55 μs, and an electric field intensity of 0.6 kV/cm. A liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 mL/g was chosen, whereas the best solvent was determined to be 25% (v/v) ethanol/water mixture. The PEF-treated extract contained 77% more polyphenols compared to the untreated sample. In addition, PEF-treated samples had a rise of up to 288% for certain individual polyphenols. Correlation analyses also revealed interesting trends among bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. The effect of the investigated parameters on polyphenol recovery was demonstrated, indicating that comparable investigations should consider these parameters to optimize polyphenol extraction yield. Regarding green and non-thermal standalone techniques, PEF outshines other extraction techniques as it could also be used as a sustainable way to swiftly generate health-promoting extracts from medicinal plants.
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Open AccessCommunication
Synthesis of ZnS/Al2O3/TaSe2 Core/Shell Nanowires Using Thin Ta Metal Film Precursor
by
Boris Polyakov, Kevon Kadiwala, Edgars Butanovs, Luize Dipane, Annamarija Trausa, Dmitry Bocharov and Sergei Vlassov
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8010025 - 19 Feb 2024
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This study introduces a novel approach for fabricating ZnS/Al2O3/TaSe2 heterostructured core/shell nanowires (NWs) through the selenization of a metallic Ta thin film precursor. The synthesis process involves a meticulously designed four-step protocol: (1) generating ZnS NWs on an
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This study introduces a novel approach for fabricating ZnS/Al2O3/TaSe2 heterostructured core/shell nanowires (NWs) through the selenization of a metallic Ta thin film precursor. The synthesis process involves a meticulously designed four-step protocol: (1) generating ZnS NWs on an oxidized silicon substrate, (2) encapsulating these NWs with a precisely controlled thin Al2O3 layer via atomic layer deposition (ALD), (3) applying a Ta precursor layer by magnetron sputtering, and (4) annealing in a Se-rich environment in a vacuum-sealed quartz ampoule to transform the Ta layer into TaSe2, resulting in the final core/shell structure. The characterization of the newly produced NWs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was validated using the integrity and composition of the heterostructures. Our method not only establishes a new pathway for the synthesis of TaSe2-based core/shell NWs but also extends the potential for creating a variety of core/shell NW systems with chalcogenide shells by adapting the thin film metal precursor approach. This versatility opens the way for future advancements in nanoscale material applications, particularly in electronics and optoelectronics where core/shell geometries are increasingly important.
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Open AccessArticle
Fall and Rise: Disentangling Cycle Life Trends in Atmospheric Plasma-Synthesized FeOOH/PANI Composite for Conversion Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries
by
Evgenii V. Beletskii, Alexey I. Volkov, Ksenia A. Kharisova, Oleg V. Glumov, Maksim A. Kamarou, Daniil A. Lukyanov and Oleg V. Levin
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8010024 - 10 Feb 2024
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Various iron oxides have been proven to be promising anode materials for metal-ion batteries due to their natural abundance, high theoretical capacity, ease of preparation, and environmental friendliness. However, the synthesis of iron oxide-based composites requires complex approaches, especially when it comes to
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Various iron oxides have been proven to be promising anode materials for metal-ion batteries due to their natural abundance, high theoretical capacity, ease of preparation, and environmental friendliness. However, the synthesis of iron oxide-based composites requires complex approaches, especially when it comes to composites with intrinsically conductive polymers. In this work, we propose a one-step microplasma synthesis of polyaniline-coated urchin-like FeOOH nanoparticles (FeOOH/PANI) for applications as anodes in lithium-ion batteries. The material shows excellent electrochemical properties, providing an initial capacity of ca. 1600 mA∙h∙g−1 at 0.05 A∙g−1 and 900 mA∙g−1 at 1.2 A∙g−1. Further cycling led to a capacity decrease to 150 mA∙h∙g−1 by the 60th cycle, followed by a recovery that maintained the capacity at 767 mA∙h∙g−1 after 2000 cycles at 1.2 A∙g−1 and restored the full initial capacity of 1600 mA∙h∙g−1 at a low current density of 0.05 A∙g−1. Electrochemical milling—the phenomenon we confirmed via a combination of physico-chemical and electrochemical techniques—caused the material to exhibit interesting behavior. The anodes also exhibited high performance in a full cell with NMC532, which provided an energy density of 224 Wh∙kg−1, comparable to the reference cell with a graphite anode (264 Wh∙kg−1).
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Open AccessReview
A Review on Lanthanum-Based Materials for Phosphate Removal
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Sundarakannan Rajendran, A. V. S. L. Sai Bharadwaj, Praveen Barmavatu, Geetha Palani, Herri Trilaksanna, Karthik Kannan and Nagaraj Meenakshisundaram
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8010023 - 09 Feb 2024
Abstract
In the past decade, eutrophication and phosphate recovery from surface water have become major issues. Adsorption is an effective method for phosphate removal because of its high efficiency. Even though lanthanum-based compounds are effective at removing phosphate from water, outside factors influence them.
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In the past decade, eutrophication and phosphate recovery from surface water have become major issues. Adsorption is an effective method for phosphate removal because of its high efficiency. Even though lanthanum-based compounds are effective at removing phosphate from water, outside factors influence them. Hence, it is vital to develop and employ cost-effective innovations to fulfill ever-tougher requirements and address the issue of water contamination. Adsorption technology is highly effective in phosphate removal at concentrations from wastewater. This work briefly describes the preparation of lanthanum nano-adsorbents for the removal of phosphate efficiently in water, and phosphate adsorption on La-based adsorbents in various La forms. The work presented in this study offers an outline for future phosphate adsorption studies in La-based adsorbents, resulting in La-based materials with substantial adsorption capacity and strong regeneration capability.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Green and Environmentally Sustainable Chemical Processes)
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Open AccessBrief Report
Chemical Species Formed on FeB-Fe2B Layers during Wet Sliding Wear Test
by
Ricardo Andrés García-León and Nelson Afanador-García
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8010022 - 09 Feb 2024
Abstract
In the present work, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey spectra of borided AISI 316L for two different times (1 and 6 h) of exposure to simulated body fluid (SBF) were obtained after wet sliding wear. A borided layer of ~39 microns was obtained
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In the present work, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey spectra of borided AISI 316L for two different times (1 and 6 h) of exposure to simulated body fluid (SBF) were obtained after wet sliding wear. A borided layer of ~39 microns was obtained on the surface of the AISI 316L stainless steel using the thermochemical treatment of boriding. As part of the mechanical and chemical characterization of sliding wear, Berkovich nanoindentation and X-ray spectroscopy tests were used to determine the main properties of the borided layer. The results of the specific wear rate values were higher at 5 mm/s sliding speed than those recorded at 30 mm/s due to the influence of the exposure time of the sample and the complex combinations of chemical reactions with boron (e.g., B2S3, Cr2O3, and Fe2O3) on the surface during the sliding during 6 h of exposure in Hank’s solution due to the formation of the passive film. The knowledge of chemical species formed during wet sliding wear tests on borided AISI 316L is essential for understanding wear mechanisms and materials’ performance and optimizing material properties and materials’ and components’ reliability in the biomedical industry for screws and fastening plates.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering)
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Insight into the Structural and Dynamical Processes of Peptides by Means of Vibrational and Ultrasonic Relaxation Spectroscopies, Molecular Docking, and Density Functional Theory Calculations
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Afrodite Tryfon, Panagiota Siafarika, Constantine Kouderis and Angelos G. Kalampounias
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8010021 - 06 Feb 2024
Abstract
We report a detailed investigation of the vibrational modes, structure, and dynamics of glutathione (GSH) solutions using ultrasonic relaxation spectroscopy, FT-IR vibrational spectroscopy, and electronic absorption measurements. The experimental data were analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking calculations. Three distinct
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We report a detailed investigation of the vibrational modes, structure, and dynamics of glutathione (GSH) solutions using ultrasonic relaxation spectroscopy, FT-IR vibrational spectroscopy, and electronic absorption measurements. The experimental data were analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking calculations. Three distinct Debye-type relaxation processes can be observed in the acoustic spectra, which are assigned to conformational changes between GSH conformers, the self-association of GSH, and protonation processes. The standard volume changes for each process were estimated both experimentally and theoretically, revealing a close resemblance among them. The higher the effect of the relaxation process in the structure, the greater the induced volume changes. From the temperature dependence of specific acoustic parameters, the thermodynamic characteristics of each process were determined. The experimental FT-IR spectra were compared with the corresponding theoretically predicted vibrational spectra, revealing that the GSH dimers and extended conformers dominate the structure of GSH solutions in the high-concentration region. The absorption spectra in the ultraviolet region confirmed the gradual aggregation mechanism that takes place in the aqueous GSH solutions. The results of the present study were discussed and analyzed in the framework of the current phenomenological status of the field.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process Intensification for Chemical Engineering and Processing)
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Open AccessArticle
Novel Bi-Functional MoS2/α-Fe2O3 Nanocomposites for High Photocatalytic Performance
by
Islam Ibrahim, Pinelopi P. Falara, Elias Sakellis, Maria Antoniadou, Chrysoula Athanasekou and Michalis K. Arfanis
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8010020 - 06 Feb 2024
Abstract
In this study, 3-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) structures, integrated with hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles, were fabricated under a convenient two-step hydrothermal route. The fabricated photocatalytic nanocomposites consist of well-arranged MoS2 flakes, resembling spherical flower-like morphology, and the
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In this study, 3-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) structures, integrated with hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles, were fabricated under a convenient two-step hydrothermal route. The fabricated photocatalytic nanocomposites consist of well-arranged MoS2 flakes, resembling spherical flower-like morphology, and the nanoparticulate α-Fe2O3 structures decorate the 3D network. By raising the α-Fe2O3 weight ratio, the composites’ specific surface area and morphology were not affected, regardless of the partial cover of the cavities for higher hematite content. Moreover, the crystallinity examination with XRD, Raman, and FTIR techniques revealed that the precursor reagents were fully transformed to well-crystalized MoS2 and Fe2O3 composites of high purity, as no organic or inorganic residues could be detected. The photocatalytic oxidation and reduction performance of these composites was evaluated against the tetracycline pharmaceutical and the industrial pollutant hexavalent chromium, respectively. The improvement in the removal efficiencies demonstrates that the superior photoactivity originates from the high crystallinity and homogeneity of the composite, in combination with the enhanced charge carriers’ separation in the semiconductors’ interface.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Novel Photocatalytic Materials)
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Open AccessCommunication
Zinc Oxide Tetrapods Doped with Silver Nanoparticles as a Promising Substrate for the Detection of Biomolecules via Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
by
Edgars Vanags, Ivita Bite, Liga Ignatane, Reinis Ignatans, Annamarija Trausa, Ciro Federiko Tipaldi, Karlis Vilks and Krisjanis Smits
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8010019 - 04 Feb 2024
Abstract
In this study, we report the fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticle-doped zinc oxide tetrapod substrates used for surface-enhanced Raman scattering to detect rhodamine B. Prior to this, silver nanoparticle-doped zinc oxide tetrapods were synthesized using the solar physical vapor deposition method. Subsequently,
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In this study, we report the fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticle-doped zinc oxide tetrapod substrates used for surface-enhanced Raman scattering to detect rhodamine B. Prior to this, silver nanoparticle-doped zinc oxide tetrapods were synthesized using the solar physical vapor deposition method. Subsequently, silver-doped zinc oxide tetrapods were applied onto silicon wafers via the droplet evaporation process. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity of the silver nanoparticle-doped zinc oxide tetrapod substrate was evaluated by detecting rhodamine B using Raman spectroscopy. Our results demonstrate that the silver nanoparticle-doped zinc oxide tetrapod substrate exhibits surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity and can detect rhodamine B at concentrations as low as 3 μg/mL. This study suggests that silver nanoparticle-doped zinc oxide tetrapod substrates have potential as surface-enhanced Raman scattering platforms as well as potential for the detection of biomolecules.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Chemical Engineering in Nanoparticles)
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Characterization and Thermal Evaluation of a Novel Bio-Based Natural Insulation Material from Posidonia oceanica Waste: A Sustainable Solution for Building Insulation in Algeria
by
Dhouha Ben Hadj Tahar, Zakaria Triki, Mohamed Guendouz, Hichem Tahraoui, Meriem Zamouche, Mohammed Kebir, Jie Zhang and Abdeltif Amrane
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8010018 - 02 Feb 2024
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Natural bio-based insulation materials have been the most interesting products for good performance and low carbon emissions, becoming widely recognized for their sustainability in the context of climate change and the environmental impact of the building industry. The main objective of this study
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Natural bio-based insulation materials have been the most interesting products for good performance and low carbon emissions, becoming widely recognized for their sustainability in the context of climate change and the environmental impact of the building industry. The main objective of this study is to characterize a new bio-sourced insulation material composed of fibers and an adhesive based on cornstarch. This innovative material is developed from waste of the marine plant called Posidonia oceanica (PO), abundantly found along the Algerian coastline. The research aims to valorize this PO waste by using it as raw material to create this novel material. Four samples with different volumetric adhesive fractions (15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) were prepared and tested. The collected fractions underwent a series of characterizations to evaluate their properties. The key characteristics studied include density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat. The results obtained for the thermal conductivity of the different composites range between 0.052 and 0.067 W.m−1.K−1. In addition, the findings for thermal diffusivity and specific heat are similar to those reported in the scientific literature. However, the capillary absorption of the material is slightly lower, which indicates that the developed bio-sourced material exhibits interesting thermal performance, justifying its suitability for use in building insulation in Algeria.
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Open AccessReview
An Overview of Hydrogen Energy Generation
by
Gaydaa AlZohbi
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8010017 - 01 Feb 2024
Abstract
The global issue of climate change caused by humans and its inextricable linkage to our present and future energy demand presents the biggest challenge facing our globe. Hydrogen has been introduced as a new renewable energy resource. It is envisaged to be a
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The global issue of climate change caused by humans and its inextricable linkage to our present and future energy demand presents the biggest challenge facing our globe. Hydrogen has been introduced as a new renewable energy resource. It is envisaged to be a crucial vector in the vast low-carbon transition to mitigate climate change, minimize oil reliance, reinforce energy security, solve the intermittency of renewable energy resources, and ameliorate energy performance in the transportation sector by using it in energy storage, energy generation, and transport sectors. Many technologies have been developed to generate hydrogen. The current paper presents a review of the current and developing technologies to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels and alternative resources like water and biomass. The results showed that reformation and gasification are the most mature and used technologies. However, the weaknesses of these technologies include high energy consumption and high carbon emissions. Thermochemical water splitting, biohydrogen, and photo-electrolysis are long-term and clean technologies, but they require more technical development and cost reduction to implement reformation technologies efficiently and on a large scale. A combination of water electrolysis with renewable energy resources is an ecofriendly method. Since hydrogen is viewed as a considerable game-changer for future fuels, this paper also highlights the challenges facing hydrogen generation. Moreover, an economic analysis of the technologies used to generate hydrogen is carried out in this study.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrotreating Catalyst Synthesis for Fuel and Chemical Production Processes)
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Open AccessArticle
Enhancing Recovery Yield of Vegetable Oil Methyl Ester for Bioresin Production: A Comparison Study Using Acid Neutralization
by
Md. Sanaul Huda, Michael Odegaard, Niloy Chandra Sarker, Dean C. Webster and Ewumbua Monono
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8010016 - 01 Feb 2024
Abstract
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Vegetable oil methyl ester has promising properties for bio-based resin production due to its higher degree of unsaturation. The initial low methyl ester yield from corn oil compared to soybean and canola oils requires further investigation of the influence of neutralization at the
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Vegetable oil methyl ester has promising properties for bio-based resin production due to its higher degree of unsaturation. The initial low methyl ester yield from corn oil compared to soybean and canola oils requires further investigation of the influence of neutralization at the end of the transesterification reaction. To evaluate the neutralization effect with HCl, corn, canola, and soybean oil were transesterified using NaOH at 60 °C with a 6:1 methanol–oil ratio. This research also investigated the effect of reaction times (0.5–1.5 h) with varying neutralization levels (0–100%) on the corn oil methyl ester yield. The yield of corn, canola, and soybean methyl ester was increased significantly by 16–25% through neutralization, indicating the positive impact of neutralization. The corn oil methyl ester yield ranged from 45 to 79% across different neutralization levels and reaction times. With 25% neutralization, the yield increased by 20%. On the other hand, the yield reduced by 18–24% over time when there was no neutralization. A statistical model was developed where the yield varied significantly with the acid amount, reaction time, and their interactions. The quality of the corn methyl ester was found to be within the limits of standard pure methyl ester. Overall, the effect of neutralization showed promise in increasing the yield of quality methyl ester from commercial corn oil.
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Open AccessCommunication
Heat-Induced Fragmentation and Adhesive Behaviour of Gold Nanowires for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates
by
Annamarija Trausa, Ciro Federiko Tipaldi, Liga Ignatane, Boris Polyakov, Sven Oras, Edgars Butanovs, Edgars Vanags and Krisjanis Smits
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8010015 - 09 Jan 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
This study explores a novel approach to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate fabrication through the heat-induced fragmentation of gold nanowires (Au NWs) and its impact on gold nanoparticle adhesion/static friction using atomic force microscopy manipulations. Controlled heating experiments and scanning electron microscopy measurements
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This study explores a novel approach to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate fabrication through the heat-induced fragmentation of gold nanowires (Au NWs) and its impact on gold nanoparticle adhesion/static friction using atomic force microscopy manipulations. Controlled heating experiments and scanning electron microscopy measurements reveal significant structural transformations, with NWs transitioning into nanospheres or nanorods in a patterned fashion at elevated temperatures. These morphological changes lead to enhanced Raman signals, particularly demonstrated in the case of Rhodamine B molecules. The results underscore the critical role of NW shape modifications in augmenting the SERS effect, shedding light on a cost-effective and reliable method for producing SERS substrates.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering)
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