Journal Description
Agronomy
Agronomy
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on agronomy and agroecology published monthly online by MDPI. The Spanish Society of Plant Physiology (SEFV) is affiliated with Agronomy and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubAg, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Agronomy) / CiteScore - Q1 (Agronomy and Crop Science)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Agronomy include: Seeds, Agrochemicals, Grasses and Crops.
Impact Factor:
3.7 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.0 (2022)
Latest Articles
Evaluation of Quality Traits in Relation to Mechanical Harvesting for Screening Excellent Materials in Gossypium barbadense L. Germplasm Resources
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050891 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Sea Island cotton is renowned for its superior fiber quality. Although mechanical harvesting has the potential to significantly increase efficiency and reduce the production cost of Sea Island cotton, there is still little research in this area. In this study, we analyzed 240
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Sea Island cotton is renowned for its superior fiber quality. Although mechanical harvesting has the potential to significantly increase efficiency and reduce the production cost of Sea Island cotton, there is still little research in this area. In this study, we analyzed 240 Sea Island cotton germplasm resources and evaluated 19 traits related to mechanical harvesting. The coefficient of variation ranged from 5.42% to 66.96%, and the genetic diversity index spanned from 1.57 to 2.07. In most traits studied, there was a strong correlation between the height of the first fruiting branch and the defoliation rate. The 19 traits were categorized into 6 factorial groups by principal component analysis, in which the defoliation factor contributed the most (30.89%). The cluster analysis divided the 240 cotton accessions into four main groups, with the second group exhibiting favorable mechanical harvesting characteristics such as higher defoliation rate and first fruit branch height. Using stepwise regression, a model was constructed with the joint evaluation score F-value as the response variable and eight traits (X1: PH, X2: SNB, X3: SBN, X4: MBL, X5: AFBM, X7: MLIA, X8: NB, and X13: 15 d DR) as predictors: Y = −7.2 + 0.01X1 + 0.23X2 + 0.192X3 + 0.038X4 + 0.007X5 + 0.014X7 + 0.025X8 + 2.952X13. Selected materials suitable for machine harvesting, such as MoShi729, were identified. This study provides valuable theoretical insights into the mechanical harvesting of Sea Island cotton germplasm resources and identifies promising materials for targeted breeding and improvement programs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilizing Genetic Resources for Agronomic Traits Improvement: Series II)
Open AccessArticle
Developing an Effective Push–Pull System for Managing Outbreaks of the Invasive Pest Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Nephelium lappaceum Orchards
by
Jian Wen, Zhe Shan, Yan Zou, Xianwu Lin, Zhifu Cui, Rihui Yan and Fengqin Cao
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050890 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Outbreaks of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), present significant challenges to global fruit production, necessitating effective control measures that minimize environmental risks and pesticide resistance. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of four distinct push–pull control strategies for
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Outbreaks of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), present significant challenges to global fruit production, necessitating effective control measures that minimize environmental risks and pesticide resistance. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of four distinct push–pull control strategies for managing B. dorsalis outbreaks in a Nephelium lappaceum orchard. These strategies involved the inclusion of low-concentration abamectin, spraying repellent with a drone or manually, using methyl eugenol (ME) or food bait and employing either two types of attractants and repellents or a single type. The findings indicated that incorporating the low-concentration abamectin into the push–pull system, utilizing ME as an attractant instead of food lures and manually applying abamectin and attractants were all effective in reducing the B. dorsalis population size and minimizing fruit damage. While increasing the diversity of repellents and attractants enhanced the long-term effectiveness of the system, it did not result in a significant decrease in B. dorsalis population size or fruit damage rate compared to using a single repellent or attractant. In conclusion, the push–pull strategy emerged as a viable method for managing B. dorsalis outbreaks, offering potential benefits in reducing environmental risks and pesticide resistance. However, the study underscored the importance of the context-specific construction of push–pull strategies to optimize their effectiveness in orchard settings.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pests, Pesticides, Pollinators and Sustainable Farming)
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Open AccessArticle
Biochar Application Combined with Water-Saving Irrigation Enhances Rice Root Growth and Nitrogen Utilization in Paddy Fields
by
Zuohe Zhang, Zhongxue Zhang, Zhenping Gong, Tiecheng Li, Tangzhe Nie, Peng Chen, Yu Han and Li Xue
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050889 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
To improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) during rice cultivation, it is essential to comprehend the morphological and physiological traits of rice roots. However, in high-fertility black soil regions of Northeast China, the effects of combining biochar application with water-saving irrigation (WSI)
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To improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) during rice cultivation, it is essential to comprehend the morphological and physiological traits of rice roots. However, in high-fertility black soil regions of Northeast China, the effects of combining biochar application with water-saving irrigation (WSI) conditions on rice root development and nitrogen utilization are still unknown. To address this knowledge gap, a combination of field experiments and 15N tracer micro-area investigations was conducted in this study. Four treatments were implemented: (i) controlled irrigation without biochar application (CB0); (ii) controlled irrigation with 2.5 t ha−1 biochar application (CB1); (iii) controlled irrigation with 12.5 t ha−1 biochar application (CB2); and (iv) controlled irrigation with 25 t ha–1 biochar application (CB3). Flooded irrigation conditions without biochar treatment (FB0) were used as the control. The primary objective of this research was to identify the mechanisms by which combined WSI conditions and biochar application affect rice root development and nitrogen utilization. Biochar application enhanced rice root morphological and physiological characteristics. Optimal biochar application increased the longest root length (RL), root volume (RV), root fresh weight (RFW), root active absorption area, root bleeding intensity, and root activity (RA) of rice while also optimizing the root–shoot ratio and facilitating nitrogen absorption by roots. These changes in root morphological and physiological characteristics facilitated the absorption of fertilizer-15N and soil nitrogen by rice roots, ultimately leading to improvements in rice yields and NUEs. Notably, the rice yields, NUE, nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE), and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) of CB2 plants were 16.45%, 39.42%, 24.48%, and 16.45% higher than those of FB0 plants, respectively. These results highlight the effectiveness of biochar application as a strategy to ensure food security and enhance NUE under WSI conditions. Furthermore, this study suggests that the recommended optimal application amount of biochar for the black soil area of Northeast China is 12.5 t ha−1.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Biochar Application on Crop Productivity, Soil Carbon Sequestration, and Others)
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Mild Organic Substitution on Soil Quality and Microbial Community
by
Yijun Wang, Yu Xu, Lihua Jiang, Yan Yang, Jing Shi, Xilin Guan, Tao Sun, Huanyu Zhao, Yafei Wang and Yumin Liu
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050888 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Mild organic substitution is advantageous for sustainable agricultural development. In order to determine the proper fertilization strategy, it is essential to investigate the impact of substituting chemical fertilizers with varying levels of organic manure on soil nutrients, microbial communities, and crop productivity. Four
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Mild organic substitution is advantageous for sustainable agricultural development. In order to determine the proper fertilization strategy, it is essential to investigate the impact of substituting chemical fertilizers with varying levels of organic manure on soil nutrients, microbial communities, and crop productivity. Four treatments were implemented: no fertilizer, sole chemical fertilizer, 20% organic manure substitution, and 40% organic manure substitution. Bacterial and fungal communities were characterized through high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3–V4 region and the V4 region, respectively. The 20% and 40% organic manure substitutions increased soil organic matter (SOM) content, total nitrogen (TN) content, and reduced soil pH compared to the control (CK). The 20% organic manure substitution showed the most significant improvements in soil alkaline phosphatase, urease, and invertase activities. Soil nutrient enhancement increased bacterial alpha diversity, with a milder impact on fungal alpha diversity compared to bacteria. Different fertilization treatments elevated the relative abundance of bacterial Bacteroidetes (8.11%, 21.25%, and 1.88%), Actinomycetes (12.65%, 26.36%, and 15.33%), and fungal Ascomycota (16.19%, 10.44%, and 12.69%), known for degrading recalcitrant organic matter. The sole chemical fertilizer treatment increased the pathogenic Cheatotryiales. Shared species, primarily from bacterial Actinomycetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and fungal Ascomycota phyla, were found at 20% and 40% organic manure substitution levels. Specifically, the 20% organic manure substitution level promoted the relative abundance of beneficial plant growth-promoting taxa, Oxalobacteraceae and Massilia, and suppressed pathogens, with an increase in the relative abundance of the Purpureocillium genus and Mortierellomycota. These findings suggest that a 20% OF substitution can maintain crop yield, enhance soil nutrients and enzyme activities by fostering beneficial soil bacteria, inhibiting soil-borne pathogens, and refining microbial community structure.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Fertilization on Soil Quality)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Straw Amendment in Combination with Synthetic N Fertilizer Addition on N2O, N2, and Their Stoichiometric Ratios in Three Different Agro-Ecosystems
by
Fiston Bizimana, Wenxu Dong, Arbindra Timilsina, Md Raseduzzaman, Xiaoxin Li, Yuming Zhang and Chunsheng Hu
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050887 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer and crop residue amendments are important agricultural practices that could increase soil health, fertility, and crop yield. Such practices may also change soil denitrification processes where contradictory observations have been reported on soil N2O emissions with fewer studies
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Nitrogen (N) fertilizer and crop residue amendments are important agricultural practices that could increase soil health, fertility, and crop yield. Such practices may also change soil denitrification processes where contradictory observations have been reported on soil N2O emissions with fewer studies on N2 emissions due to its large atmospheric background concentrations limiting its soil-borne measurement. This study aims to investigate N2O production and reduction of N2 emissions under a conducive denitrifying environment (like anaerobic microsites, 80% WFPS, available N and C) after rice straw amendment and KNO3 application to three different soil types (fluvo-aquic, black, and paddy soils). In this regard, three treatments for three different soil types were set consisting of (a) a non-amended treatment (control), (b) a KNO3 treatment (KNO3, 20 mM KNO3), and (c) a straw plus KNO3 treatment (2.5 g rice straw kg−1 dry soil and 20 mM KNO3), which were incubated under 80% WFPS. Moreover, direct N2O and N2 fluxes were measured over 17 days in the current incubation experiment with a robotized incubation system using a helium atmosphere. Results showed that rice straw amendment combined with N fertilizer increased both N2O and N2 fluxes compared with control or KNO3 treatments in all three soil types. Overall, compared with the black and paddy soils, the N2O and N2 fluxes were higher in the fluvo-aquic soil, with a maximum of 234.2 ± 6.3 and 590.1 ± 27.3 g N ha−1 from F_SK treatment, respectively, during the incubation period. The general trends in three soil types of both N2O and N2 emissions were control < KNO3 < rice straw plus KNO3 treatments. Straw amendment in combination with KNO3 can stimulate a high denitrification rate (less N2O and higher N2), whereas their effect on stoichiometric ratios of N2O/(N2O + N2) highly depends on soil nitrate concentration, oxygen level, soil moisture content, and labile C. The current study underscores that the rice straw amendment in combination with N fertilizer can trigger denitrification with less increment on soil N2O but higher N2 emissions under conditions favoring denitrification.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agroecology Innovation: Achieving System Resilience)
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Open AccessArticle
Soil Fertility and Bacterial Community Composition in Response to the Composting of Biochar-Amended Chicken Manure
by
Longjun Chen, Hui Zhang, Xianbo Jia, Yu Fang and Chenqiang Lin
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050886 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Amidst the burgeoning expanse of the poultry sector, the escalation of chicken manure production has ensued, potentially exacerbating ecological contamination. However, the application of chicken manure is bound to transmute the habitat of edaphic microorganisms, precipitating an alteration in the soil’s microbial consortium.
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Amidst the burgeoning expanse of the poultry sector, the escalation of chicken manure production has ensued, potentially exacerbating ecological contamination. However, the application of chicken manure is bound to transmute the habitat of edaphic microorganisms, precipitating an alteration in the soil’s microbial consortium. The composting of biochar-amended chicken manure and wood chips (biochar composting products, BCPs) was used to improve Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) production and regulate soil properties and bacterial community structure. On the 40th day of Chinese cabbage growth, soil and Chinese cabbage were collected for laboratory analysis. The effects of different proportions of BCPs (0, 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% biochar) on soil fertility, enzyme activity, the microbial community and the growth of Chinese cabbage were studied under facility conditions. The results showed that the growth performance and quality of Chinese cabbage were significantly increased with increasing BCP ratios. Soil fertility indicators including pH, AN, AP, AK and SOM were significantly increased, except for the pH value in the 1% BCP group. The activities of phosphatase, catalase and urease were increased for all groups of BCP treatment. The soil microbial community response was significantly different, and the application of 5% and 7% BCPs reduced the abundance, diversity and evenness of soil bacteria. Chinese cabbage growth performance was positively correlated with an increase in BCP supplemental levels in the range of 3–5%. Also, the abundance, diversity and uniformity of the soil microbial community were improved in the 3% BCP treatment group. Therefore, the dominant bacterial phyla were Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteriota, Gemmatimonadota, Myxococcota, Bdellovibrionota and Firmicutes, especially the Bradyrhizobium of Proteobacteria. BCP treatment reduced the degradation of soil organic matter. In addition, it also improved the relative abundance of sequences associated with improving soil fertility. Collectively, these findings offer insights for the re-evaluation of application management strategies for BCP organic fertilizers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)
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Open AccessArticle
Herbicidal Activity of Cinmethylin against Grass Weeds and Its Safety for Use with Different Wheat Varieties
by
Hongle Xu, Qiuli Leng, Wangcang Su, Lanlan Sun, Jingping Cheng and Renhai Wu
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050885 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Cinmethylin is a potential pre-emergence herbicide that could be used to control grass weeds in winter cereals. To determine the herbicidal activity of cinmethylin against common gramineous weeds in wheat fields in China and its level of safety on wheat, we conducted the
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Cinmethylin is a potential pre-emergence herbicide that could be used to control grass weeds in winter cereals. To determine the herbicidal activity of cinmethylin against common gramineous weeds in wheat fields in China and its level of safety on wheat, we conducted the following experiments: (i) assessing the efficacy of cinmethylin against 11 grass weeds and (ii) determining its safety against 19 wheat varieties. The results showed that cinmethylin had good herbicidal efficacy against annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), shortawn foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.), slender meadow foxtail (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.), Japanese foxtail (Alopecurus japonicus Steud.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), British timothy (Phleum paniculatum Huds.), Asia Minor bluegrass (Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud.), Helictotrichon tibeticum (Roshev.) Holub., and wild oat (Avena fatua L.), with a GR50 (the herbicide dose resulting in 50% growth inhibition) value of 4.50–99.21 g a.i. ha−1 in plant height and 1.43–70.34 g a.i. ha−1 in fresh weight. However, cinmethylin cannot control Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus L.) or Tausch’s goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii Coss.) at a dose of 200 g a.i. ha−1. Different wheat varieties varied in their phytotoxicity to cinmethylin. Overall, there is a phytotoxicity risk when using cinmethylin on wheat, mainly to wheat roots, with a reduction in root length of 40.81–64.09% at a dose of 400 g a.i. ha−1. These findings indicate that the pre-emergence herbicide cinmethylin provides good efficacy against most grass weeds and may possess potential for weed management in wheat fields. However, attention should be given to the application dosage and the sensitivity of wheat varieties when using cinmethylin in wheat fields.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicides Toxicology and Weeds Herbicide-Resistant Mechanism—Series II)
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Open AccessArticle
Study on the Mechanism of Slow-Release Fertilizer and Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Senescence Characteristics of Quinoa Leaves
by
Jingying Lu, Qi Zhang, Xiaojing Sun, Yan Deng, Hongxia Guo, Chuangyun Wang and Li Zhao
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050884 - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate how nitrogen and slow-release fertilizers affect the traits of leaf senescence and quinoa production in order to explore the optimal slow-release fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer ratios suitable for quinoa production, as well as to provide
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The objective of this study was to investigate how nitrogen and slow-release fertilizers affect the traits of leaf senescence and quinoa production in order to explore the optimal slow-release fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer ratios suitable for quinoa production, as well as to provide theoretical references for the planting of quinoa fertilization methods and fertilizer amount. In this experiment, the main local strain Quinoa 77 was selected as the experimental material, and six treatments were set up: CK: no nitrogen fertilizer; T1: 100% urea (N); T2: 100% slow-release fertilizer (C); T3: 5:5 (C5N5); T4: 3:7 (C3N7); and T5: 7:3 (C7N3). This was done in order to investigate how various treatments affect the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD); malondialdehyde (MDA) content; and yield of quinoa leaves. The findings revealed the following: (1) As the reproductive period progressed, the activities of CAT, POD, and SOD in quinoa leaves treated differently showed a tendency to increase and subsequently decrease, and they reached the peak value at the early stage of filling. The activity of CAT, POD, and SOD in the T3 treatment was the highest, and the average activities were 3148.74 U·g−1, 2197.84 U·g−1, and 118.51 U·g−1, respectively, which increased by 78.90%, 101.99%, and 108.14%, respectively, compared with CK. The content of MDA continued to increase with the progress of fertility. The average T3 treatment was 36.41 nmol·g−1, which was 46.87% lower than that of CK. (2) Out of all the treatments, T3 had the highest yield with an average of 3829.43 kg·hm−2, T5 the second with an average of 3313.52 kg·hm−2, and T4 the third with 2847.47 kg·hm−2, which increased yields by 96.18%, 69.75%, and 45.87%, respectively, compared with CK. (3) Yield was highly significantly and positively correlated with thousand kernel weight; number of grains per spike per plant; and the early filling stages of CAT, POD, and SOD sports, and it had a negative, extremely significant correlation with MDA content. Comprehensive analysis showed that slow-release fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer can improve the antioxidant enzyme activity of quinoa leaves, inhibit MDA content, improve the physiological characteristics of quinoa, and delay the purpose of leaf senescence, with a better effect of yield and income, of which the T3 treatment had the high-quality impact of increasing yields and was a more scientific and reasonable fertilization method.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)
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Time Series Field Estimation of Rice Canopy Height Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based RGB/Multispectral Platform
by
Ziqiu Li, Xiangqian Feng, Juan Li, Danying Wang, Weiyuan Hong, Jinhua Qin, Aidong Wang, Hengyu Ma, Qin Yao and Song Chen
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050883 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Crop plant height is a critical parameter for assessing crop physiological properties, such as above-ground biomass and grain yield and crop health. Current dominant plant height estimation methods are based on digital surface model (DSM) and vegetation indexes (VIs). However, DSM-based methods usually
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Crop plant height is a critical parameter for assessing crop physiological properties, such as above-ground biomass and grain yield and crop health. Current dominant plant height estimation methods are based on digital surface model (DSM) and vegetation indexes (VIs). However, DSM-based methods usually estimate plant height by growth stages, which would result in some discontinuity between growth stages due to different fitting curves. Additionally, there has been limited research on the application of VI-based plant height estimation for multiple crop species. Thus, this study investigated the validity and challenges associated with these methods for estimating canopy heights of multi-variety rice throughout the entire growing season. A total of 474 rice varieties were cultivated in a single season, and RGB images including red, green, and blue bands, DSMs, multispectral images including near infrared and red edge bands, and manually measured plant heights were collected in 2022. DSMs and 26 commonly used VIs were employed to estimate rice canopy heights during the growing season. The plant height estimation using DSMs was performed using different quantiles (50th, 75th, and 95th), while two-stage linear regression (TLR) models based on each VI were developed. The DSM-based method at the 95th quantile showed high accuracy, with an R2 value of 0.94 and an RMSE value of 0.06 m. However, the plant height estimation at the early growth stage showed lower effectiveness, with an R2 < 0. For the VIs, height estimation with MTCI yielded the best results, with an R2 of 0.704. The first stage of the TLR model (maximum R2 = 0.664) was significantly better than the second stage (maximum R2 = 0.133), which indicated that the VIs were more suitable for estimating canopy height at the early growth stage. By grouping the 474 varieties into 15 clusters, the R2 values of the VI-based TLR models exhibited inconsistencies across clusters (maximum R2 = 0.984; minimum R2 = 0.042), which meant that the VIs were suitable for estimating canopy height in the cultivation of similar or specific rice varieties. However, the DSM-based method showed little difference in performance among the varieties, which meant that the DSM-based method was suitable for multi-variety rice breeding. But for specific clusters, the VI-based methods were better than the DSM-based methods for plant height estimation. In conclusion, the DSM-based method at the 95th quantile was suitable for plant height estimation in the multi-variety rice breeding process, and we recommend using DSMs for plant height estimation after 26 DAT. Furthermore, the MTCI-based TLR model was suitable for plant height estimation in monoculture planting or as a correction for DSM-based plant height estimation in the pre-growth period of rice.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI, Sensors and Robotics for Smart Agriculture—2nd Edition)
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Influence of Land Use Types on Soil Properties and Soil Quality in Karst Regions of Southwest China
by
Lei Ma, Hongtao Si, Manyi Li, Cheng Li, Dongxue Zhu, Zheng Mao, Youlong Yan, Ke Jiang and Pujia Yu
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050882 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Establishing a suitable and useful soil quality index (SQI) is the key to accurately evaluating changes in soil quality (SQ) under different land use types. In the present study, a suitable and useful SQI using a minimum data set (MDS) with two scoring
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Establishing a suitable and useful soil quality index (SQI) is the key to accurately evaluating changes in soil quality (SQ) under different land use types. In the present study, a suitable and useful SQI using a minimum data set (MDS) with two scoring methods (linear scoring method and nonlinear scoring method) and two additive models (simple additive model with same weighting value and weighted additive model with significant different weighting value) was established to compare SQ under different land uses in Longtan valley. Soil samples were collected under one dryland (DRYL), one paddy (PADD), one orchard (GRA), and one natural forest (FORE), and 13 soil properties were measured. The four land use types had the same soil type and similar environmental conditions. Land use types had significant effects on the measured 12 soil properties. The top two principal components in Principal Component Analysis were chosen, and their cumulative variance was more than 90%. Soil indicators of soil labile carbon, C/N ratio, and microaggregates were chosen as members of MDS in this study. Significant (p < 0.001) positive correlations among the four establishing SQIs were found. The values of the sensitive index ranged from 47.17% to 82.12% for the four SQIs, and the SQI established using the nonlinear scoring method and weighted additive model (SQI-NLW) had the highest values. Among the four land use types, the four SQIs had similar change trends, and the average values of SQ under FORE (0.73) and PADD (0.68) were significantly higher than those under GRA (0.54) and DRYL (0.43). These results indicated that the SQI-NLW was an effective and precise tool to assess SQ under different land uses in similar regions, and the FORE and PADD were the suitable land use types for the sustainable use of soils in karst regions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)
Open AccessArticle
The Biogas Production Potential and Community Structure Characteristics of the Co-Digestion of Dairy Manure and Tomato Residues
by
Yanqin Wang, Yan Li, Li Yao, Longyun Fu and Zhaodong Liu
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 881; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050881 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion is an important means to turn agricultural waste into resources and an important way to address the challenges in treating vegetable residues in China. In this study, the co-digestion of dairy manure with tomato residue was investigated to clarify the effect
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Anaerobic digestion is an important means to turn agricultural waste into resources and an important way to address the challenges in treating vegetable residues in China. In this study, the co-digestion of dairy manure with tomato residue was investigated to clarify the effect of the total solids (TS) of the digestion substrate on methane’s production and mechanism using the self-made anaerobic digestion device. The results showed that all treatments could rapidly ferment methane and that the daily methane production showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The optimal concentrations of the digestion substrate for liquid anaerobic digestion (L-AD), hemi-solid-state anaerobic digestion (HSS-AD), and solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) were 10%, 18%, and 25%, respectively. Compared with SS-AD and HSS-AD, L-AD gas production peaked 3–6 days earlier. Treatment TS25 had the best cumulative methane production, reaching 117.4 mL/g VS. However, treatment TS6 had acid accumulation and a very unstable system. The cumulative methane production of SS-AD was higher than that of HSS-AD and L-AD. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant flora, and Methanoculleus, Methanosarcina, and Methanobrevibacter were the main archaeal groups. The TS significantly changed the microbial community composition of the digestion system, especially the low TS treatment. The results presented herein indicated that TS significantly changed the bacterial and archaeal community composition of the digestion system, and thus with the increase in TS from 6% to 25%, the methane yield increased.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Cycling and Environmental Effects on Farmland Ecosystems)
Open AccessEditorial
Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture
by
Fan Zhang and Mo Li
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050880 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
As the population continues to increase, the demand for food has never been greater, placing immense pressure on the sustainable management of land and water resources [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture)
Open AccessArticle
Effects of Different Conditioners on Soil Microbial Community and Labile Organic Carbon Fractions under the Combined Application of Swine Manure and Straw in Black Soil
by
Shuang Zheng, Jinggui Wu and Liming Sun
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050879 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
The return of straw and manure to agricultural fields can impact soil organic carbon (SOC) and biological properties. However, there is a lack of research on how using swine manure, maize straw, and various conditioners together affects soil bacterial and fungal populations. This
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The return of straw and manure to agricultural fields can impact soil organic carbon (SOC) and biological properties. However, there is a lack of research on how using swine manure, maize straw, and various conditioners together affects soil bacterial and fungal populations. This study aimed to investigate six treatments, namely, only maize straw (S00), maize straw combined with swine manure (S0Z), maize straw combined with biochar and swine manure (SCZ), maize straw combined with boron slag and swine manure (SBZ), maize straw combined with biological agent and swine manure (SJZ), and maize straw combined with bio-organic fertilizer and swine manure (SFZ). The results showed that after the two-year return, all treatments increased the SOC content in 2023, which was 12.55–26.89% higher than S00, and the SCZ treatment significantly increased the soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), easily oxidizable carbon (EOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content by 26.89%, 25.44%, 56.88%, 16.08%, and 43.54%, compared to S00. A redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the continuous application of manure, maize straw, and conditioners has a positive impact on the diversity and abundance of soil microbial communities, enhancing the accumulation of soil carbon. Furthermore, our research revealed that soil fungi exhibited higher sensitivity in soil carbon composition following the addition of manure, straw, and conditioners to agricultural fields than bacteria. In conclusion, the addition of different conditioners to the fields is beneficial to biodiversity conservation from the perspective of achieving soil carbon storage and soil protection. Our findings suggested that the combination of maize straw, biochar, and swine manure has been proven to be the most effective treatment for increasing labile organic carbon fractions and enhancing the microbial community.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)
Open AccessArticle
The Development of Multi-Resistant Rice Restorer Lines and Hybrid Varieties by Pyramiding Resistance Genes against Blast and Brown Planthopper
by
Zhao Deng, Peng Qin, Kaiyu Liu, Nan Jiang, Tianze Yan, Xuanwen Zhang, Chenjian Fu, Guangcun He, Kai Wang and Yuanzhu Yang
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050878 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, and brown planthopper (BPH) infestation are two of the most destructive problems of rice production in China. The development of multi-resistant varieties is widely recognized as the most efficient and environmentally friendly approach to
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Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, and brown planthopper (BPH) infestation are two of the most destructive problems of rice production in China. The development of multi-resistant varieties is widely recognized as the most efficient and environmentally friendly approach to controlling crop diseases and pests. Functional molecular markers (FMMs) have been developed from functional variants in the genic region associated with trait variation, greatly enhancing the efficiency of identifying and pyramiding valuable genes in crop breeding. In this study, two FMMs and a multiplex PCR amplification system were developed for two major broad-spectrum BPH resistance genes, Bph6 and Bph9. With the assistance of FMMs in the multi-resistant rice restorer-line development pipeline, two lines (Huahui7713 and Huahui3006) with blast and BPH resistance were developed by pyramiding three resistance genes Pigm, Bph6 and Bph9. Two new hybrid rice varieties, Weiliangyou7713 and Xuanliangyou3006, derived from Huahui7713 and Huahui3006, have been developed and commercialized in China. Weiliangyou7713 and Xuanliangyou3006 exhibit enhanced resistance to both blast and BPH, while maintaining optimal yield and grain quality. The adoption of Weiliangyou7713 continues to expand, now being cultivated on a large scale, which is promising for its future role in reducing the dependence on chemical fungicides and pesticides in rice production. This suggests that the implementation of Huahui7713 and Huahui3006 in targeted breeding programs could be highly beneficial for developing rice varieties with strong resistance to blast and BPH.
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(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)
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Open AccessArticle
Reactive Oxygen Species and Salicylic Acid Mediate the Responses of Pear to Venturia nashicola Infection
by
Yi Liu, Xinru Zheng, Peng Zhou, Yuqin Song and Liulin Li
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050877 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA) are essential signaling molecules in plant cells that participate in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Changes in ROS and SA signals during interactions between pear and the pear scab pathogen Venturia nashicola remain unclear.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA) are essential signaling molecules in plant cells that participate in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Changes in ROS and SA signals during interactions between pear and the pear scab pathogen Venturia nashicola remain unclear. Herein, we analyzed the roles of ROS in the signal transduction pathway of pear scab resistance using the highly resistant Huangguan and susceptible Xuehua cultivars of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd). Protoplasts, calluses, and leaves were obtained from 14-year-old pear trees and treated with V. nashicola for different periods. The results showed that ROS rapidly accumulated in protoplasts of both cultivars within a 120-min treatment period, but the fluorescence intensity of ROS differed between cultivars. The H2O2 content in fruit-derived calluses of Huangguan peaked at 48 h post-infection at levels 1.85 times higher than those in Xuehua. Induction of H2O2 by V. nashicola in Huangguan was more intense than in Xuehua over a 96-h treatment period. At 96 h post-infection, the malondialdehyde content in leaves of Huangguan was significantly lower than in Xuehua, while the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, and the relative expression levels of PbMnSOD, PbPOD, and PbCAT genes were higher in Huangguan than Xuehua. V. nashicola infection also caused a continuous increase in the leaf SA content of Huangguan, which was 6.76 times higher than in Xuehua at 96 h post-infection, and V. nashicola exposure upregulated the expression of PbPAL, PbICS, PbPR1, and PbPR5. In summary, both ROS and SA participated in the responses of pear trees to V. nashicola infection and played vital roles in the signal transduction pathway of pear scab resistance.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)
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Open AccessArticle
CFD Analysis and Optimization of a Plastic Greenhouse with a Semi-Open Roof in a Tropical Area
by
Haoran Yin, Kaiji Wang, Jiadong Zeng and Zhenzhen Pang
Agronomy 2024, 14(4), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040876 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
A numerical simulation model of a natural ventilation greenhouse is helpful for improving the production and quality of greenhouse crops in tropical areas. Field experiments show that the mean coefficient of variation of indoor light intensity in four seasons was lower than 10.0%.
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A numerical simulation model of a natural ventilation greenhouse is helpful for improving the production and quality of greenhouse crops in tropical areas. Field experiments show that the mean coefficient of variation of indoor light intensity in four seasons was lower than 10.0%. The highest indoor temperature reached 39.3 °C during summer, while the average indoor temperature ranged from 24 °C to 26 °C in the other three seasons. The average relative humidity in the greenhouse ranged from 76% to 87% annually, which was higher and more stable than that in the external environment. A three-dimensional steady-state numerical model of the greenhouse was established based on computational fluid dynamics. Under natural ventilation conditions, the maximum error between the simulated value and the measured value of the temperature in each measuring point was 5.90%. And the average relative error between the simulated and measured values was 3.0% in the range of 0.7−1.5 m of crop cultivation height. Finally, a numerical simulation of adding side windows and expanding the vents was carried out. The results show that these methods can homogenize the airflow distribution in the greenhouse and improve the utilization efficiency of natural ventilation without more mechanical system operations.
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(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)
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Open AccessArticle
Influence of Cropping Sequence and Tillage System on Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Response to Fluopyram Applied at Planting
by
Ethan Foote, David Jordan, Adrienne Gorny, Jeffrey Dunne, LeAnn Lux, Daisy Ahumada, Barbara Shew, Rick Brandenburg and Weimin Ye
Agronomy 2024, 14(4), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040875 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
Crop sequence and tillage can affect the yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and other crops. Research was conducted from 2006 through 2022 to determine the response of peanut to previous crop sequences including corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (
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Crop sequence and tillage can affect the yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and other crops. Research was conducted from 2006 through 2022 to determine the response of peanut to previous crop sequences including corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planted in continuous conventional tillage (e.g., disking, field cultivating, and bedding with in-row sub-soiling) or strip tillage (e.g., tilling a 45 cm section on rows spaced 91 cm apart using fluted coulters, rolling baskets, and in-row sub-soiling). In 2013, 2019, and 2022, the entire test area was planted with peanut. In 2019 and 2022, peanut was planted without or with fluopyram applied in the seed furrow at planting. Decreasing the number of years between peanut planting resulted in lower peanut yields compared with fewer years of peanut planting in the rotation sequence. Continuous conventional tillage and strip tillage resulted in similar peanut yields at one location, while the yield was lower at a second location when peanut was planted in continuous strip tillage. Fluopyram did not affect peanut yield regardless of previous crop rotation sequence, the number of years separating peanut plantings, or the tillage system. However, minor differences in the populations of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil were noted when comparing fluopyram treatment. The results from these experiments indicate that while fluopyram can reduce the populations of some plant-parasitic nematodes in soil, the magnitude of reduction does not translate into increases in peanut yield.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pest Control Technologies Applied in Peanut Production Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Alfalfa Cultivation Patterns in the Yellow River Irrigation Area on Soil Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency
by
Qiang Lu, Guangping Qi, Minhua Yin, Yanxia Kang, Yanlin Ma, Qiong Jia, Jinghai Wang, Yuanbo Jiang, Chen Wang, Yalin Gao, Rongrong Tian, Feng Xiao, Xiaolong Chen and Rong Zhang
Agronomy 2024, 14(4), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040874 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
Establishing lucerne field is an efficient way to protect natural steppes, alleviate conflicts between meadows and livestock, and promote the development of animal husbandry. However, problems such as extensive field management, valuing yield over quality, and low resource utilization are endemic in production.
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Establishing lucerne field is an efficient way to protect natural steppes, alleviate conflicts between meadows and livestock, and promote the development of animal husbandry. However, problems such as extensive field management, valuing yield over quality, and low resource utilization are endemic in production. Exploring reasonable cultivation patterns can contribute to improving the current situation of artificial grassland production and promoting the high-quality development of husbandry and prataculture. Lucerne the field experiment was carried out in Jingtai, Gansu Province, China in 2021–2022; this study compared and analyzed the effects of three cultivation patterns—ridge tillage with plastic film mulching (PM), ridge tillage with biodegradable film mulching (BM), and traditional flat planting (FP)—on soil water, heat, and fertilizer, as well as lucerne growth, yield, quality, and water and nitrogen use efficiency. The results show that: (1) during the growth period of lucerne, PM and BM treatments augment the average moisture content of the soil layer of 0–120 cm by 31.19% and 24.03% compared to the FP treatment, respectively. In the soil layer of 0–40 cm, PM and BM treatments abate the soil moisture content of the ridges by an average of 19.29% and 7.89% compared to that in the ditches, respectively. In the soil layer of 40–120 cm, PM and BM treatments elevate the soil moisture content of the ridges by 4.40% and 4.65% on average compared to that in the ditches, respectively. The average soil temperature in a soil layer of 5–25 cm shows PM > BM > FP. In contrast with the FP treatment, PM and BM treatments increase the soil temperature of the ridges by an average of 1.87 °C and 0.96 °C and decrease that of the ditches by an average of 0.47 °C and 0.46 °C, respectively. After two years of planting, the three cultivation patterns all promote the soil nutrient content. Compared to the FP treatment, PM and BM treatments increase the organic matter content by 9.94% and 19.94%, respectively. (2) Ridge tillage with film mulching can evidently stimulate the growth of lucerne and enhance yield and quality. Compared to the FP treatment, PM and BM treatments enhance plant height by an average of 15.37% and 4.04%, stem diameter by an average of 34.14% and 14.58%, yield by an average of 21.20% and 14.77%, crude protein content by an average of 13.47% and 7.68%, and relative feed value by an average of 8.71% and 4.41%, respectively. (3) During the two-year growing period, the irrigation amount of lucerne was 508.60–615.30 mm, and the evapotranspiration was 563.70–761.80 mm. Compared to the FP treatment, PM and BM treatments hoist water use efficiency by an average of 43.50% and 17.56%, nitrogen partial factor productivity by an average of 21.20% and 15.22%, and net income by an average of 14.78% and 11.05%, respectively. In summary, in ridge tillage, both ordinary film mulching and biodegradable film mulching can create a favorable soil environment for lucerne growth and heighten production effect. The former has a better effect on advancing the lucerne production effect, and the latter exhibits superior performance in improving soil fertility.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Managing the Yield and Nutritive Value of Forage and Biomass Crops)
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Genome-Wide Identification of Phytochrome-Interacting Factor (PIF) Gene Family in Potatoes and Functional Characterization of StPIF3 in Regulating Shade-Avoidance Syndrome
by
Yuwen Han, Jiangwei Yang, Ning Zhang, Yating Gong, Mei Liu, Run Qiao, Xinhong Jiao, Fengjiao Zhu, Xinxia Li and Huaijun Si
Agronomy 2024, 14(4), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040873 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
The phytochrome-interacting factor (PIF) proteins are part of a subfamily of basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors that integrate with phytochromes (PHYs) and are known to play important roles in adaptive changes in plant architecture. However, the characterization and function of PIFs in potatoes
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The phytochrome-interacting factor (PIF) proteins are part of a subfamily of basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors that integrate with phytochromes (PHYs) and are known to play important roles in adaptive changes in plant architecture. However, the characterization and function of PIFs in potatoes are currently poorly understood. In this study, we identified seven PIF members in potatoes and named them StPIF01-1, StPIF01-2, StPIF03, StPIF06-1, StPIF06-2, StPIF07, and StPIF09 based on their location in potato chromosomes. The chromosomal location, gene structures, physicochemical characteristics, phylogenetic tree, and tissue-specific expression of StPIFs were also analyzed. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the StPIF3 gene was highly induced by shade and may play a crucial regulatory role in potato responses to shade stress. Also, multiple cis-regulatory elements involved in light response were detected in the promoter of the StPIF genes. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that the StPIF3-encoding protein is mainly localized in the nucleus. Transgenic overexpression of StPIF3 in potatoes increased stem length, chlorophyll accumulation, and enhanced shade-avoidance symptoms, whereas the StPIF3-interfering lines had a lower plant height and more chlorophyll accumulation. These findings enhance our comprehension of StPIF gene roles, potentially advancing potato yield and quality research. This study provides detailed information about StPIFs and identifies the function of StPIF3, which is involved in shade-avoidance syndrome.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Genetic Studies in Potato Breeding — Series II)
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Stability Evaluation for Main Quality Traits of Soybean in the Northeast and Huang-Huai-Hai Regions
by
Jiajia Wang, Huilong Hong, Xiaojuan Yan, Jing Nan, Qian Lu, Yongzhe Gu and Lijuan Qiu
Agronomy 2024, 14(4), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040872 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
The content of protein and oil in soybeans is an important trait for evaluating quality and is regulated by genetic and environmental factors, lacking comprehensive identification under a variety of ecological conditions. Therefore, evaluating the stability of soybean quality traits under different environmental
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The content of protein and oil in soybeans is an important trait for evaluating quality and is regulated by genetic and environmental factors, lacking comprehensive identification under a variety of ecological conditions. Therefore, evaluating the stability of soybean quality traits under different environmental conditions has great significance for various applications. In this study, we compare 150 soybean varieties from Northeast China (Group A and Group B) and the Huang-Huai-Hai region (Group C). As the release time progressed, the oil content in the soybean varieties showed an upward trend in both Northeast China and the Huang-Huai-Hai region, while the protein content showed a downward trend. Additionally, the oil contents were negatively correlated with the protein contents and the sum of protein and oil contents, while the protein contents were positively correlated with the sum of protein and oil contents, with the correlation becoming stronger as the latitude decreased. Moreover, there were obvious variations in quality stability among different varieties. Hefeng 45, Jilinxiaolidou 4, and Zhonghuang 19 had relatively high protein contents and exhibited good stability across different environments, while Kenjiandou 25, Changnong 17, Dongnong 46, Kennong 17, Liaodou 14, and GR8836 had relatively high oil contents with good stability performance in varying environments.
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(This article belongs to the Section Farming Sustainability)
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