Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
5.5
4.8
Journals
Antibiotics
Special Issues
Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria
share announcement

Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanism and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2019) | Viewed by 88626

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Yuji Morita

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Infection Control Science, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
Interests: antimicrobial resistance; antimicrobial action; development of antimicrobial agents or adjuvant; microbial transporter; microbial molecular genetics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gram-negative bacteria possess an intrinsic resistance to many antimicrobials because of the bacterium's outer-membrane barrier, the presence of multidrug efflux transporters, and endogenous antimicrobial inactivation etc. Moreover, Gram-negative bacteria readily acquire resistance to antimicrobial agents via chromosomal mutations and lateral gene transfers. In order to overcome this problem, it is necessary to tackle the development of antibacterial agents, drug resistance inhibitors, anti-pathogenic factors and vaccines. Thus, this Special Issue features interdisciplinary studies that build our understanding of the underlying antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. It also covers studies on development of antibacterial agents and adjuvant against antimicrobial resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

Prof. Yuji Morita
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • antimicrobial resistance
  • antimicrobial response
  • development of antimicrobial agents or adjuvant

Published Papers (15 papers)

Download All Papers
Order results
Result details
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review, Other

7 pages, 764 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Resistance and Incidence of Integrons in Aeromonas Species Isolated from Diseased Freshwater Animals and Water Samples in Iran
by Reza Ranjbar, Reza Salighehzadeh and Hassan Sharifiyazdi
Antibiotics 2019, 8(4), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040198 - 28 Oct 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3612
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. is one of the major pathogens of freshwater animals. There has been little research on the genetics of antimicrobial resistance associated with it in Iranian aquaculture. To remedy this lack in research, 74 multi-drug-resistant Aeromonas spp. were isolated from farmed diseased [...] Read more.
Aeromonas spp. is one of the major pathogens of freshwater animals. There has been little research on the genetics of antimicrobial resistance associated with it in Iranian aquaculture. To remedy this lack in research, 74 multi-drug-resistant Aeromonas spp. were isolated from farmed diseased carp, trout, sturgeon, ornamental fish, crayfish, and corresponding water samples and examined for genomic integron sequences. Class 1 integrons, containing seven types of integron cassette arrays (dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA1-orfC, dfrA12-aadA2, dfrA12-orfF-aadA2, dfrA15, dfrB4-catB3-aadA1, aac(6’)-Ib-cr-arr3-dfrA27) were found in 15% of the resistant isolates; no class 2 integrons were detected in any of the resistant isolates. As some tested isolates were resistant to more than two groups of antibiotics, our results demonstrated that freshwater animals in Iran could be a source of multiply drug-resistant Aeromonas spp. This finding suggests that the origin of the antimicrobial resistance of these animals be placed under increased surveillance in the future and that the use of antimicrobials be limited in aquaculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 606 KiB  
Article
Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Posing a Dilemma in Effective Healthcare Delivery
by Angus Nnamdi Oli, Chimaobi Johnpaul Itumo, Princeston Chukwuemeka Okam, Ifeanyichukwu U. Ezebialu, Kenneth Nchekwube Okeke, Christian Chukwuemeka Ifezulike, Ifeanyi Ezeobi, George Ogonna Emechebe, Ugochukwu Moses Okezie, Samson A. Adejumo and Jude Nnaemeka Okoyeh
Antibiotics 2019, 8(4), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040156 - 20 Sep 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6556
Abstract
The emergence and spread of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is seriously posing threats in effective healthcare delivery. The aim of this study was to ascertain the emergence of CRE at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital (COOUTH) Awka. Biological samples were collected from 153 [...] Read more.
The emergence and spread of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is seriously posing threats in effective healthcare delivery. The aim of this study was to ascertain the emergence of CRE at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital (COOUTH) Awka. Biological samples were collected from 153 consenting patient from 5 clinics in the hospital. The isolates were identified using standard microbiological protocols. Susceptibility to meropenem was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar. A total of 153 patients were recruited in this study. About one half of those from rural, 63.64% from Sub-urban and 42.27% from urban areas had significant E. coli and Klebsiella spp infections. The male: female ratio of the Enterobacteriaceae infection was 1:1. Almost as much inpatient as outpatient study participants had the infections. The infections were observed mostly on participants with lower educational status. The unmarried individuals were most infected compared to their married counterparts. Enterobacteriaceae infection rate was 50.98%. Of this, 28.21% had CRE infection while the overall prevalence of the CRE in the studied population was 14.38% (22/153). This study shows that CRE is quickly emerging in both community and hospital environments. Klebsiella spp was the most common CRE in this hospital especially Klebsiella oxytoca. Hospitalization was a strong risk factor in the CRE infections. Rapid and accurate detection is critical for their effective management and control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 209 KiB  
Communication
Carbapenemase-Producing Elizabethkingia Meningoseptica from Healthy Pigs Associated with Colistin Use in Spain
by Pedro Miguela-Villoldo, Marta Hernández, Miguel Á. Moreno, David Rodríguez-Lázaro, Alberto Quesada, Lucas Domínguez and María Ugarte-Ruiz
Antibiotics 2019, 8(3), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8030146 - 11 Sep 2019
Viewed by 3802
Abstract
Carbapenems are considered last-resort antimicrobials, especially for treating infections involving multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In recent years, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria have become widespread in hospitals, community settings, and the environment, reducing the range of effective therapeutic alternatives. The use of [...] Read more.
Carbapenems are considered last-resort antimicrobials, especially for treating infections involving multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In recent years, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria have become widespread in hospitals, community settings, and the environment, reducing the range of effective therapeutic alternatives. The use of colistin to treat infection caused by these multi-drug bacteria may favour the selection and persistence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria. In this study, it is described, for the first time to our knowledge, a carbapenemase-producing isolate of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica from healthy pigs in Spain. The isolate we report was recovered during a study to detect colistin-resistant bacteria from faecal samples of healthy food-production animals using a chromogenic selective medium. Unexpectedly, we found an isolate of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica with high Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for several antibiotics tested. Molecular analysis did not show any mcr family genes related with colistin resistance, but two carbapenemase genes, blaB-12_1 and blaGOB-17_1, were detected. This finding in healthy animals could suggest that colistin may favour the selection and persistence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)
18 pages, 1478 KiB  
Article
Longitudinal Shedding Patterns and Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant E. coli in Pastured Goats Using a Cohort Study
by Eunice Ndegwa, Hanin Almehmadi, Kim Chyer, Paul Kaseloo and Ankrah A. Ako
Antibiotics 2019, 8(3), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8030136 - 02 Sep 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4083
Abstract
There is a scarcity of information on antibiotic resistance in goats. To understand shedding of resistant Escherichia coli in pastured goats, we collected fecal samples from a mixed age cohort over a one-year period. No antibiotic had been used on the study animals [...] Read more.
There is a scarcity of information on antibiotic resistance in goats. To understand shedding of resistant Escherichia coli in pastured goats, we collected fecal samples from a mixed age cohort over a one-year period. No antibiotic had been used on the study animals one year prior to and during the study period. Resistant isolates were detected in all age groups and prevalence in goat kids was significantly higher than adults; 43–48% vs. 8–25% respectively. The proportion of resistant isolates was higher when animals were congregated near handling facility than on pasture. Most isolates were resistant to tetracycline (51%) and streptomycin (30%), but also to antibiotics that had never been used on the farm; ampicillin (19%). TetB, bla-TEM, (aadA and strpA/strpB) genes were detected in 70%, 43%, (44% and 24%) of tetracycline, ampicillin, and streptomycin resistant isolates respectively. Resistant isolates also harbored virulent genes and some belonged to D and B2 phylogenetic groups. Thus, pastured goats, despite minimal exposure to antibiotics, are reservoirs of resistant E. coli that may contaminate the environment and food chain and spread resistant genes to pathogenic bacteria and some that are potential animal and human pathogens. Environmental sources may play a role in acquisition of resistant bacteria in pastured goats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 786 KiB  
Article
Comparative Epidemiology and Resistance Trends of Proteae in Urinary Tract Infections of Inpatients and Outpatients: A 10-Year Retrospective Study
by Márió Gajdács and Edit Urbán
Antibiotics 2019, 8(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8030091 - 11 Jul 2019
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5488
Abstract
Compared with infections caused by other bacterial pathogens, urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Proteae are often more severe and associated with a higher rate of recurrence, sequelae, and pyelonephritis. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess and compare the prevalence [...] Read more.
Compared with infections caused by other bacterial pathogens, urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Proteae are often more severe and associated with a higher rate of recurrence, sequelae, and pyelonephritis. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess and compare the prevalence of UTIs caused by different species of the Proteae tribe (namely Proteus, Morganella and Providencia species) and the antibiotic resistance levels isolated from inpatients and outpatients in a primary- and tertiary-care teaching hospital in the Southern Great Plain of Hungary, during a 10-year study period. To evaluate the resistance trends of isolated strains, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, meropenem, ertapenem, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and fosfomycin were chosen as indicator antibiotics, based on local antibiotic utilization data. Members of Proteae were more frequently isolated in the case of inpatients (7.20 ± 1.74% vs. 5.00 ± 0.88%; p = 0.0031), P. mirabilis was the most frequently isolated member of the group. The ratio of resistant strains to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and fosfomycin was significantly higher in the inpatient group. In the case of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, the ratio of resistant isolates was markedly higher between 2013–2017 (p < 0.01). Resistance developments of Proteae, coupled with their intrinsic non-susceptibility to several antibiotics (tetracyclines, colistin, nitrofurantoin) severely limits the number of therapeutic alternatives, especially for outpatients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 245 KiB  
Article
Can Nebulised Colistin Therapy Improve Outcomes in Critically Ill Children with Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Pneumonia?
by Fatih Aygun, Fatma Deniz Aygun, Fatih Varol, Cansu Durak, Haluk Cokugraş, Yildiz Camcioglu and Halit Cam
Antibiotics 2019, 8(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8020040 - 11 Apr 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3752
Abstract
In the past decade, multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria have become a major problem, especially for patients in intensive care units. Recently, colistin became the last resort therapy for MDR gram-negative bacteria infections. However, nebulised colistin use was limited to adult patients. Thus, we [...] Read more.
In the past decade, multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria have become a major problem, especially for patients in intensive care units. Recently, colistin became the last resort therapy for MDR gram-negative bacteria infections. However, nebulised colistin use was limited to adult patients. Thus, we investigated the efficacy and safety of nebulised colistin treatment against MDR microorganisms in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Data of all patients admitted for various critical illnesses (January 2016 to January 2019) were reviewed. Differences between groups (with and without a history of nebulised colistin) were compared. Of 330 patients, 23 (6.97%) used nebulised colistin. Significant relationships were found between nebulised colistin usage and several prognostic factors (inotropic drug use (p = 0.009), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (p ≤ 0.001), duration in PICU (p ≤ 0.001), and C-reactive protein level (p = 0.003)). The most common microorganism in tracheal aspirate and sputum cultures was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13 patients). The most common underlying diagnosis was cystic fibrosis, noted in 6 patients. No serious nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity occurred. This study showed that colistin can be safely used directly in the airway of critically ill children. However, nebulised colistin use did not have a positive effect on mortality and prognosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)
8 pages, 220 KiB  
Article
Activity of Cefepime-Zidebactam against Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Gram-Negative Pathogens
by Kenneth S. Thomson, Sameh AbdelGhani, James W. Snyder and Gina K. Thomson
Antibiotics 2019, 8(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8010032 - 23 Mar 2019
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 6309
Abstract
This study compared the activity of cefepime + zidebactam (FEP-ZID) and selected currently available antibacterial agents against a panel of multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates chosen to provide an extreme challenge for antibacterial activity. FEP–ZID had a very broad and potent in vitro spectrum [...] Read more.
This study compared the activity of cefepime + zidebactam (FEP-ZID) and selected currently available antibacterial agents against a panel of multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates chosen to provide an extreme challenge for antibacterial activity. FEP–ZID had a very broad and potent in vitro spectrum of activity, and was highly active against many MDR isolates of Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Notably, it inhibited isolates producing carbapenemases of Ambler classes A, B, and D, and P. aeruginosa isolates with multiple resistance mechanisms including combinations of upregulated efflux, diminished or non-functional OprD porins, and AmpC overproduction. Its clinical role will be determined initially by the breakpoints assigned to it, comparison studies with other investigational β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, and ultimately by the developing body of therapeutic outcome data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)
18 pages, 2053 KiB  
Article
Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae on Portuguese Livestock Manure
by Paula Amador, Ruben Fernandes, Cristina Prudêncio and Isabel Duarte
Antibiotics 2019, 8(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8010023 - 13 Mar 2019
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 6867
Abstract
The exposure of both crop fields and humans to antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animal excreta is an emergent concern of the One Health initiative. This study assessed the contamination of livestock manure from poultry, pig, dairy farms and slaughterhouses in Portugal with resistance determinants. [...] Read more.
The exposure of both crop fields and humans to antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animal excreta is an emergent concern of the One Health initiative. This study assessed the contamination of livestock manure from poultry, pig, dairy farms and slaughterhouses in Portugal with resistance determinants. The resistance profiles of 331 Enterobacteriaceae isolates to eight β-lactam (amoxicillin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, cefpirome, aztreonam, ceftazidime, imipenem and meropenem) and to five non-β-lactam antibiotics (tetracycline (TET), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), ciprofloxacin (CIP), chloramphenicol (CHL) and gentamicin) was investigated. Forty-nine integron and non-β-lactam resistance genes were also screened for. Rates of resistance to the 13 antibiotics ranged from 80.8% to 0.6%. Multidrug resistance (MDR) rates were highest in pig farm samples (79%). Thirty different integron and resistance genes were identified. These were mainly associated with resistance to CHL (catI and catII), CIP (mainly, qnrS, qnrB and oqx), TET (mainly tet(A) and tet(M)) and SXT (mostly dfrIa group and sul3). In MDR isolates, integron presence and non-β-lactam resistance to TET, SXT and CHL were positively correlated. Overall, a high prevalence of MDR Enterobacteriaceae was found in livestock manure. The high gene diversity for antibiotic resistance identified in this study highlights the risk of MDR spread within the environment through manure use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 237 KiB  
Article
Utility of Combination Antimicrobial Therapy in Adults with Bloodstream Infections due to Enterobacteriaceae and Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli Based on In Vitro Analysis at Two Community Hospitals
by Rachel A. Foster, Casey Troficanto, P. Brandon Bookstaver, Joseph Kohn, Julie Ann Justo and Majdi N. Al-Hasan
Antibiotics 2019, 8(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8010015 - 08 Feb 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3355
Abstract
This study examined the utility of combination therapy for bloodstream isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGN) from adults at two community hospitals from January 2010 through to June 2015. Changes to in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities by adding ciprofloxacin or gentamicin to [...] Read more.
This study examined the utility of combination therapy for bloodstream isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGN) from adults at two community hospitals from January 2010 through to June 2015. Changes to in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities by adding ciprofloxacin or gentamicin to third-generation cephalosporins (3GC) were examined overall and in patients with risk factors for 3GC resistance. Overall ceftriaxone susceptibility among Enterobacteriaceae was 996/1063 (94%) and 247/295 (84%) in patients with 3GC resistance risk factors. Susceptibilities increased marginally by adding ciprofloxacin or gentamicin (mean difference 2.4% (95% CI 1.5, 3.4) and 3.0% (95% CI 2.0, 4.0), respectively, overall and 5.4% (95% CI 2.8, 8.0) and 7.1% (95% CI 4.2, 10.1), respectively, in patients with risk factors). Eighty-three of 105 (79%) NFGN were susceptible to ceftazidime overall and 20/29 (69%) in patients with prior beta-lactam use. Overall mean increase in susceptibilities was 15.2% (95% CI: 8.3, 22.2) and 17.1% (95% CI: 9.8, 24.5) for ciprofloxacin and gentamicin combinations, respectively; and 27.6% (95% CI: 10.3, 44.9) for either one with recent beta-lactam use. In this setting, empirical combination therapy had limited utility for Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream isolates but provided significant additional antimicrobial coverage to ceftazidime for NFGN, particularly in patients with prior beta-lactam use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

18 pages, 1210 KiB  
Review
Countering Gram-Negative Antibiotic Resistance: Recent Progress in Disrupting the Outer Membrane with Novel Therapeutics
by Kelly M. Lehman and Marcin Grabowicz
Antibiotics 2019, 8(4), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040163 - 24 Sep 2019
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 10170
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria shield themselves from antibiotics by producing an outer membrane (OM) that forms a formidable permeability barrier. Multidrug resistance among these organisms is a particularly acute problem that is exacerbated by the OM. The poor penetrance of many available antibiotics prevents their [...] Read more.
Gram-negative bacteria shield themselves from antibiotics by producing an outer membrane (OM) that forms a formidable permeability barrier. Multidrug resistance among these organisms is a particularly acute problem that is exacerbated by the OM. The poor penetrance of many available antibiotics prevents their clinical use, and efforts to discover novel classes of antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria have been unsuccessful for almost 50 years. Recent insights into how the OM is built offer new hope. Several essential multiprotein molecular machines (Bam, Lpt, and Lol) work in concert to assemble the barrier and offer a swathe of new targets for novel therapeutic development. Murepavadin has been at the vanguard of these efforts, but its recently reported phase III clinical trial toxicity has tempered the anticipation of imminent new clinical options. Nonetheless, the many concerted efforts aimed at breaking down the OM barrier provide a source of ongoing optimism for what may soon come through the development pipeline. We will review the current state of drug development against the OM assembly targets, highlighting insightful new discovery approaches and strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 915 KiB  
Review
An Approach to Measuring Colistin Plasma Levels Regarding the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infection
by Tatiana Pacheco, Rosa-Helena Bustos, Diana González, Vivian Garzón, Julio-Cesar García and Daniela Ramírez
Antibiotics 2019, 8(3), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8030100 - 24 Jul 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6686
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance to antibiotic treatment has significantly increased during recent years, causing this to become a worldwide public health problem. More than 70% of pathogenic bacteria are resistant to at least one of the currently used antibiotics. Polymyxin E (colistin) has recently been [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance to antibiotic treatment has significantly increased during recent years, causing this to become a worldwide public health problem. More than 70% of pathogenic bacteria are resistant to at least one of the currently used antibiotics. Polymyxin E (colistin) has recently been used as a “last line” therapy when treating Gram-negative multi-resistant bacteria. However, little is known about these molecules’ pharmacological use as they have been discontinued because of their high toxicity. Recent research has been focused on determining colistimethate sodium’s pharmacokinetic parameters to find the optimal dose for maintaining a suitable benefit–risk balance. This review has thus been aimed at describing the use of colistin on patients infected by multi-drug resistant bacteria and the importance of measuring this drug’s plasma levels in such patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 260 KiB  
Review
Biocidal Agents Used for Disinfection Can Enhance Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Species
by Günter Kampf
Antibiotics 2018, 7(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7040110 - 14 Dec 2018
Cited by 139 | Viewed by 11181
Abstract
Biocidal agents used for disinfection are usually not suspected to enhance cross-resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this review was therefore to evaluate the effect of 13 biocidal agents at sublethal concentrations on antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative species. A medline search was performed [...] Read more.
Biocidal agents used for disinfection are usually not suspected to enhance cross-resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this review was therefore to evaluate the effect of 13 biocidal agents at sublethal concentrations on antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative species. A medline search was performed for each biocidal agent on antibiotic tolerance, antibiotic resistance, horizontal gene transfer, and efflux pump. In cells adapted to benzalkonium chloride a new resistance was most frequently found to ampicillin (eight species), cefotaxime (six species), and sulfamethoxazole (three species), some of them with relevance for healthcare-associated infections such as Enterobacter cloacae or Escherichia coli. With chlorhexidine a new resistance was often found to ceftazidime, sulfamethoxazole and imipenem (eight species each) as well as cefotaxime and tetracycline (seven species each). Cross-resistance to antibiotics was also found with triclosan, octenidine, sodium hypochlorite, and didecyldimethylammonium chloride. No cross-resistance to antibiotics has been described after low level exposure to ethanol, propanol, peracetic acid, polyhexanide, povidone iodine, glutaraldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide. Taking into account that some biocidal agents used in disinfectants have no health benefit (e.g., in alcohol-based hand rubs) but may cause antibiotic resistance it is obvious to prefer products without them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

10 pages, 522 KiB  
Case Report
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Coharboring BlaKPC-2 and BlaVIM-2 Carbapenemase Genes
by Tatiana Pacheco, Rosa Helena Bustos-Cruz, Deisy Abril, Sara Arias, Lina Uribe, Jenny Rincón, Julio-Cesar García and Javier Escobar-Perez
Antibiotics 2019, 8(3), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8030098 - 20 Jul 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4985
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium commonly isolated from hospital settings, exhibits intrinsic resistance to a number of antibiotics and can acquire resistance during antibiotic therapy. Resistance towards carbapenems is increasing due to its overuse in the treatment of infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase [...] Read more.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium commonly isolated from hospital settings, exhibits intrinsic resistance to a number of antibiotics and can acquire resistance during antibiotic therapy. Resistance towards carbapenems is increasing due to its overuse in the treatment of infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing organisms. Nonetheless, carbapenems are essential for the treatment of high-risk infections and are one of the remaining weapons in the fight against “extreme drug resistance” of Gram-negative/positive bacilli. Herein, we describe a case report of infections caused by P. aeruginosa strains that carry blaVIM-2 and blaKPC-2 carbapenemase genes simultaneously, identified in five patients who were admitted to a high complexity health institution in Colombia. Molecular characterization included PCR screening for blaKPC, blaGES, blaOXA-48, blaIMP, blaNDM, and blaVIM carbapenemase and other resistance genes as well as analysis of the genetic relationships by genome macro-restriction and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) separation. In conclusion, these infections represent a major challenge to public health due to the risk of the infection spreading compounded by the fact that limited treatment options are available, thereby increasing the risk of increased morbidity and mortality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 203 KiB  
Case Report
Emerging Chryseobacterium indologenes Infection in Indian Neonatal Intensive Care Units: A Case Report
by Rishika Mehta and Ashish Pathak
Antibiotics 2018, 7(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7040109 - 14 Dec 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4662
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant pathogens and nosocomial infections constitute common and serious problems for neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units worldwide. Chryseobacterium indologenes is a non-lactose-fermenting, gram-negative, health care-associated pathogen (HCAP). It is ubiquitous and intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics. Despite its low virulence, C. [...] Read more.
Antibiotic-resistant pathogens and nosocomial infections constitute common and serious problems for neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units worldwide. Chryseobacterium indologenes is a non-lactose-fermenting, gram-negative, health care-associated pathogen (HCAP). It is ubiquitous and intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics. Despite its low virulence, C. indologenes has been widely reported to cause life-threatening infections. Patients on chronic immunosuppressant drugs, harboring invasive devices and indwelling catheters become the nidus for C. indologenes. Typically, C. indologenes causes major health care-associated infections such as pneumonia, empyema, pyelonephritis, cystitis, peritonitis, meningitis, and bacteremia in patients harboring central venous catheters. Management of C. indologenes infection in neonates is not adequately documented owing to underreporting, particularly in India. Because of its multidrug resistance and the scant availability of data from the literature, the effective empirical treatment of C. indologenes is challenging. We present an uncommon case of bacteremia caused by C. indologenes in a preterm newborn baby with moderate respiratory distress syndrome who was successfully treated. We also provide a review of infections in the neonatal age group. Henceforth, in neonates receiving treatments involving invasive equipment use and long-term antibiotic therapy, multidrug resistant C. indologenes should be considered an HCAP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)
11 pages, 286 KiB  
Case Report
First Description of Colistin and Tigecycline-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Producing KPC-3 Carbapenemase in Portugal
by Cátia Caneiras, Filipa Calisto, Gabriela Jorge da Silva, Luis Lito, José Melo-Cristino and Aida Duarte
Antibiotics 2018, 7(4), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7040096 - 06 Nov 2018
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4349
Abstract
Herein, we describe a case report of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that were identified from the same patient at a Tertiary University Hospital Centre in Portugal. Antimicrobial susceptibility and the molecular characterization of resistance and virulence determinants were performed. PCR [...] Read more.
Herein, we describe a case report of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that were identified from the same patient at a Tertiary University Hospital Centre in Portugal. Antimicrobial susceptibility and the molecular characterization of resistance and virulence determinants were performed. PCR screening identified the presence of the resistance genes blaKPC-3, blaTEM-1 and blaSHV-1 in both isolates. The KPC-3 K. pneumoniae isolate belonged to the ST-14 high risk clone and accumulated an uncommon resistance and virulence profile additional to a horizontal dissemination capacity. In conclusion, the molecular screening led to the first identification of the A. baumannii KPC-3 producer in Portugal with a full antimicrobial resistance profile including tigecycline and colistin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria)
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-15
Back to TopTop