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Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System
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Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2018) | Viewed by 109041

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Po Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Computer Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2ET, UK
Interests: Internet of Things; pervasive computing; personalised healthcare
Prof. Dr. Manolis Tsiknakis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electric and Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediteranean University and Computational BioMedicine Laboratory (CBML), Institute of Computer Science (ICS), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
Interests: biomedical Informatics; ehealth; mhealth; affective computing; biomedical signal processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Wenyan Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
Interests: smart sensor and sensor network; energy efficiency; water distribution system; water quality modelling and calibration
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Zofia Lukszo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Engineering Systems and Services, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Interests: smart energy systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Li Da Xu

grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Information Technology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
Interests: industrial information integration engineering; industrial information systems; industrial informatics; enterprise systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to the rapid proliferation of smart sensors and meters, wearable devices and smartphone, the Internet of Things enabled technology is evolving infrastructure from conventional operation and maintenance business model to more efficient, sustainable, and smart and resilience system. Currently there are IoT smart applications in energy, home, building, water and cities. Such as smart devices are already being used at home, building and infrastructure without human intervention. However, empowering the utility of IoT enabled technology in infrastructure is still significantly challenging in the area considering shortage of cost-effective and accurate smart sensors and meters, unstandardized IoT system architectures, heterogeneity of wearable devices connected, high demand for interoperability. Also, complexity will be an important factor to study and control: The behaviour of every single node in IoT will need to be considered to determine its potential impact on the whole system. These above challenges and needs grant a lot of opportunities to explore and investigate new concepts, algorithms and applications in IoT enabled smart infrastructure. The central theme of the proposed special issue is on the development and application of advanced internet of things technologies for smart infrastructure, where smart sensing technologies, IoT architectures, services, applications, and data analytics for infrastructure applications are the focus areas, and broad aspects and issues will be well discussed. The theme of the special issue (SI) is especially focused on the three major aspects of IoT for infrastructure: (1) intelligent monitoring with increased reliability and validity by using a variety of IoT assets or technologies, including sensors, devices and mobile applications. (2) Development of specifications for interoperability and data sharing across services and infrastructures, An interoperable and internet-based IoT infrastructure supporting heterogeneous devices to access, share, (3) Creation of ecosystems of "Platforms for Connected Smart Objects", integrating the future generations of smart devices (i.e. sensors) and network technologies and other evolving ICT advances.

Dr. Po Yang  
Prof. Manolis Tsiknakis
Prof. Wenyan Wu
Prof. Zofia Lukszo
Prof. Li Da Xu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Internet of Things

  • Smart Infrastructure

  • Data sharing

  • Smart Sensors

  • Interoperability

Published Papers (18 papers)

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16 pages, 3404 KiB  
Article
Tongue–Computer Interface Prototype Design Based on T-Type Magnet Localization for Smart Environment Control
by Hui-Min Shen, Yang Yue, Chong Lian, Di Ge and Geng Yang
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(12), 2498; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122498 - 05 Dec 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2641
Abstract
The interactions between paralyzed individuals with severe physical disabilities and smart infrastructure need to be facilitated, and the tongue–computer interface (TCI) provides an efficient and feasible solution. By attaching a permanent magnet (PM) on the apex of the tongue, the real-time tongue motion [...] Read more.
The interactions between paralyzed individuals with severe physical disabilities and smart infrastructure need to be facilitated, and the tongue–computer interface (TCI) provides an efficient and feasible solution. By attaching a permanent magnet (PM) on the apex of the tongue, the real-time tongue motion tracking can be switching to solve a nonlinear inverse magnetic problem. This paper presents a proof-of-concept prototype TCI system utilizing a combined T-type PM marker for potential environment control. The introduction of the combined T-type PM promotes the anisotropy of the magnetic field distribution. A comprehensive calibration method for the sensing system is proposed to figure out the bias in the magnetic moment of the PM marker and the sensing axis rotation of the sensors. To address the influence of initialization in solving the overdetermined inverse magnetic problem, an adaptive Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is designed utilizing real-time measurements. Bench-top experiments were carried out based on a high-precision three-dimensional (3D) translation platform, and the feasibility of the proposed TCI system in magnetic localization accuracy and efficiency is fully assessed. The mean localization error is 1.65 mm with a mean processing time of 65.7 ms, and a mean improvement of 54.7% can be achieved compared with a traditional LM algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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19 pages, 5287 KiB  
Article
A Novel Gesture Recognition System for Intelligent Interaction with a Nursing-Care Assistant Robot
by Geng Yang, Honghao Lv, Feiyu Chen, Zhibo Pang, Jin Wang, Huayong Yang and Junhui Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(12), 2349; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122349 - 22 Nov 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5492
Abstract
The expansion of nursing-care assistant robots in smart infrastructure has provided more applications for homecare services, which has raised new demands for smart and natural interaction between humans and robots. This article proposed an innovative hand motion trajectory (HMT) gesture recognition system based [...] Read more.
The expansion of nursing-care assistant robots in smart infrastructure has provided more applications for homecare services, which has raised new demands for smart and natural interaction between humans and robots. This article proposed an innovative hand motion trajectory (HMT) gesture recognition system based on background velocity features. Here, a new wearable wrist-worn camera prototype for gesture’s video collection was designed, and a new method for the segmentation of continuous gestures was shown. Meanwhile, a nursing-care assistant robot prototype was designed for assisting the elderly, which is capable of carrying the elderly with omnidirectional motion and grabbing the specified object at home. In order to evaluate the performance of the gesture recognition system, 10 special gestures were defined as the move commands for interaction with the robot, and 1000 HMT gesture samples were obtained from five subjects for leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) cross-validation classification with an average recognition accuracy of up to 97.34%. Moreover, the performance and practicability of the proposed system were further demonstrated by controlling the omnidirectional movement of the nursing-care assistant robot using the predefined gesture commands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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27 pages, 34951 KiB  
Article
Design and Implementation of a Smart IoT Based Building and Town Disaster Management System in Smart City Infrastructure
by Sangmin Park, Soung Hoan Park, Lee Won Park, Sanguk Park, Sanghoon Lee, Tacklim Lee, Sang Hyeon Lee, Hyeonwoo Jang, Seung Min Kim, Hangbae Chang and Sehyun Park
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(11), 2239; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8112239 - 13 Nov 2018
Cited by 71 | Viewed by 12982
Abstract
Recently, fire accidents in buildings have become bigger around the world, and it has become necessary to build an efficient building disaster management system suitable for fires in a Smart City. As building fires increase the number of casualties and property damage, it [...] Read more.
Recently, fire accidents in buildings have become bigger around the world, and it has become necessary to build an efficient building disaster management system suitable for fires in a Smart City. As building fires increase the number of casualties and property damage, it is necessary to take appropriate action accordingly. There has been an increasing effort to develop such disaster management systems worldwide by applying information communication technology (ICT), and many studies have been conducted in practice. In this paper, an augmented reality (AR)-based Smart Building and Town Disaster Management System is suggested in order to acquire visibility and to grasp occupants in case of fire disasters in buildings. This system provides visualization information and optimal guide for quick initial response by utilizing smart element AR-based disaster management service through linkage of physical virtual domain in the building. Additionally, we show a scenario flow chart of the fire extinguishment process according to the time from the ignition stage to the extinguishment stage in the building. Finally, we introduce the related sensors, the actuators, and a small test-bed for AR-based disaster management service. This test-bed was designed for interlocking and interoperability test of the system between the sensors and the actuators. It is expected that the proposed system can provide a quick and safe rescue guideline to the occupants and rescuers in the building where fire is generated and in regions of poor visibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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19 pages, 743 KiB  
Article
Enabling Technologies for Operator 4.0: A Survey
by Tamás Ruppert, Szilárd Jaskó, Tibor Holczinger and János Abonyi
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(9), 1650; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091650 - 13 Sep 2018
Cited by 156 | Viewed by 11622
Abstract
The fast development of smart sensors and wearable devices has provided the opportunity to develop intelligent operator workspaces. The resultant Human-Cyber-Physical Systems (H-CPS) integrate the operators into flexible and multi-purpose manufacturing processes. The primary enabling factor of the resultant Operator 4.0 paradigm is [...] Read more.
The fast development of smart sensors and wearable devices has provided the opportunity to develop intelligent operator workspaces. The resultant Human-Cyber-Physical Systems (H-CPS) integrate the operators into flexible and multi-purpose manufacturing processes. The primary enabling factor of the resultant Operator 4.0 paradigm is the integration of advanced sensor and actuator technologies and communications solutions. This work provides an extensive overview of these technologies and highlights that the design of future workplaces should be based on the concept of intelligent space. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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14 pages, 2140 KiB  
Article
Cooperative Crossing Cache Placement in Cache-Enabled Device to Device-Aided Cellular Networks
by Somayeh Soleimani and Xiaofeng Tao
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(9), 1578; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091578 - 07 Sep 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2896
Abstract
In cache-enabled device-to-device (D2D) -aided cellular networks, the technique of caching contents in the cooperative crossing between base stations (BSs) and devices can significantly reduce core traffic and enhance network capacity. In this paper, we propose a scheme that establishes device availability, which [...] Read more.
In cache-enabled device-to-device (D2D) -aided cellular networks, the technique of caching contents in the cooperative crossing between base stations (BSs) and devices can significantly reduce core traffic and enhance network capacity. In this paper, we propose a scheme that establishes device availability, which indicates whether a cache-enabled device can handle the transmission of the desired content within the required sending time, called the delay, while achieving optimal probabilistic caching. We also investigate the impact of transmission device availability on the effectiveness of a scenario of cooperative crossing cache placement, where content delivery traffic can be offloaded from the local cache, a D2D transmitter’s cache via a D2D link, or else directly from a BS via a cellular link, in order to maximize the offloading probability. Further, we derive the cooperation content offloading strategy while considering successful content transmission by D2D transmitters or BSs to guarantee the delay, even though reducing the delay is not the focus of this study. Finally, the proposed problem is formulated. Owing to the non-convexity of the optimization problem, it can be rewritten as a minimization of the difference between the convex functions; thus, it can be solved by difference of convex (DC) programming using a low-complexity algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed cache placement scheme improves the offloading probability by 13.5% and 23% compared to Most Popular Content (MPC) scheme, in which both BSs and devices cache the most popular content and Coop. BS/D2D caching scheme, in which each BS tier and user tier applies cooperative content caching separately. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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23 pages, 7517 KiB  
Article
Novel Internet of Things Platform for In-Building Power Quality Submetering
by Manuel Alonso-Rosa, Aurora Gil-de-Castro, Ricardo Medina-Gracia, Antonio Moreno-Munoz and Eduardo Cañete-Carmona
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(8), 1320; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081320 - 07 Aug 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6096
Abstract
As the number of facilities adopting a Building Management System under the Industry 4.0 paradigm increases, it is critical to ensure the good health of their operations. Business continuity and uninterrupted operations are key requirements for any building, for which Power Quality and [...] Read more.
As the number of facilities adopting a Building Management System under the Industry 4.0 paradigm increases, it is critical to ensure the good health of their operations. Business continuity and uninterrupted operations are key requirements for any building, for which Power Quality and Supply Reliability sophisticated monitoring can play an extremely important role. Submetering, as opposed to bulk-metering, implies measuring power consumption for individual units or appliances in a building complex. An Internet of Things mesh network, which brings ubiquitous power quality submetering inside the entire facility, would be extremely beneficial for the management of the building thus ensuring seamless business operations. This work describes a novel low-cost Internet of Things sensor for measuring and analyzing power quality at the input of any individual Alternating Current (AC) appliance, providing an early detection and analysis system which controls those critical variables inside the facility and leads to anticipate faults with early-stage alerts based on on-time data streams treatment. Moreover, the recorded power quality parameters that are processed in the Cloud system can help to reduce energy consumption, as power quality disturbances can be automatically analyzed and even compared to standard values. The proposed Internet of Things sensor will help users to detect most power quality steady-state and events disturbances, while monitoring the energy consumption. This Internet of Things Power Quality sensor is built around a flexible microcontroller, which manages an energy metering Integrated Circuit (IC) through Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), increasing its original capabilities by including new sophisticated software functionality. Additionally, it wirelessly communicates with a cloud-based Internet of Things Platform to allow the storage and supervision of the different power quality events for the entire facility. An example of the access to the data is also included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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21 pages, 5077 KiB  
Article
A Background Subtraction Algorithm in Complex Environments Based on Category Entropy Analysis
by Sheng-Yi Chiu, Chung-Cheng Chiu and Sendren Sheng-Dong Xu
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(6), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8060885 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5954
Abstract
Background subtraction is a mainstream algorithm for moving object detection in video surveillance systems. It segments moving objects by using the difference between the background and input images. The key to background subtraction is to establish a reliable initial background. In this study, [...] Read more.
Background subtraction is a mainstream algorithm for moving object detection in video surveillance systems. It segments moving objects by using the difference between the background and input images. The key to background subtraction is to establish a reliable initial background. In this study, we propose a background subtraction algorithm based on category entropy analysis that dynamically creates color categories for each pixel in the images. The algorithm uses the concept of a joint category to build background categories that can adapt to the color disturbance of the background. Furthermore, in order to overcome dynamic background environments, this paper proposes the concept of color category entropy to estimate the number of necessary background categories and establish sufficient and representative background categories to adapt to dynamic background environments. In addition, recent mainstream methods for background subtraction were implemented and analyzed in comparison with our algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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23 pages, 11877 KiB  
Article
Application of Workflow Technology for Big Data Analysis Service
by Bin Zhang, Le Yu, Yunbo Feng, Lijun Liu and Shuai Zhao
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(4), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8040591 - 09 Apr 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5200
Abstract
This study presents a lightweight representational state transfer-based cloud workflow system to construct a big data intelligent software-as-a-service (SaaS) platform. The system supports the dynamic construction and operation of an intelligent data analysis application, and realizes rapid development and flexible deployment of the [...] Read more.
This study presents a lightweight representational state transfer-based cloud workflow system to construct a big data intelligent software-as-a-service (SaaS) platform. The system supports the dynamic construction and operation of an intelligent data analysis application, and realizes rapid development and flexible deployment of the business analysis process that can improve the interaction and response time of the process. The proposed system integrates offline-batch and online-streaming analysis models that allow users to conduct batch and streaming computing simultaneously. Users can rend cloud capabilities and customize a set of big data analysis applications in the form of workflow processes. This study elucidates the architecture and application modeling, customization, dynamic construction, and scheduling of a cloud workflow system. A chain workflow foundation mechanism is proposed to combine several analysis components into a chain component that can promote efficiency. Four practical application cases are provided to verify the analysis capability of the system. Experimental results show that the proposed system can support multiple users in accessing the system concurrently and effectively uses data analysis algorithms. The proposed SaaS workflow system has been used in network operators and has achieved good results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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19 pages, 3423 KiB  
Article
Finger Angle-Based Hand Gesture Recognition for Smart Infrastructure Using Wearable Wrist-Worn Camera
by Feiyu Chen, Jia Deng, Zhibo Pang, Majid Baghaei Nejad, Huayong Yang and Geng Yang
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(3), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8030369 - 03 Mar 2018
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 13416
Abstract
The arising of domestic robots in smart infrastructure has raised demands for intuitive and natural interaction between humans and robots. To address this problem, a wearable wrist-worn camera (WwwCam) is proposed in this paper. With the capability of recognizing human hand gestures in [...] Read more.
The arising of domestic robots in smart infrastructure has raised demands for intuitive and natural interaction between humans and robots. To address this problem, a wearable wrist-worn camera (WwwCam) is proposed in this paper. With the capability of recognizing human hand gestures in real-time, it enables services such as controlling mopping robots, mobile manipulators, or appliances in smart-home scenarios. The recognition is based on finger segmentation and template matching. Distance transformation algorithm is adopted and adapted to robustly segment fingers from the hand. Based on fingers’ angles relative to the wrist, a finger angle prediction algorithm and a template matching metric are proposed. All possible gesture types of the captured image are first predicted, and then evaluated and compared to the template image to achieve the classification. Unlike other template matching methods relying highly on large training set, this scheme possesses high flexibility since it requires only one image as the template, and can classify gestures formed by different combinations of fingers. In the experiment, it successfully recognized ten finger gestures from number zero to nine defined by American Sign Language with an accuracy up to 99.38%. Its performance was further demonstrated by manipulating a robot arm using the implemented algorithms and WwwCam to transport and pile up wooden building blocks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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19 pages, 7019 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Study of a Data Compression Technology-Based Intelligent Data Acquisition (IDAQ) System for Structural Health Monitoring of a Long-Span Bridge
by Gwanghee Heo, Chunggil Kim, Seunggon Jeon and Joonryong Jeon
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(3), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8030361 - 02 Mar 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2749
Abstract
There has recently been an increase in interest in structural health monitoring (SHM) using wireless sensor networks. For SHM, in particular, it is important to accurately and efficiently measure the dynamic acceleration response using wireless sensor networks in real-time. For the purpose, a [...] Read more.
There has recently been an increase in interest in structural health monitoring (SHM) using wireless sensor networks. For SHM, in particular, it is important to accurately and efficiently measure the dynamic acceleration response using wireless sensor networks in real-time. For the purpose, a CAFB (cochlea-inspired artificial filter bank) has been developed in a previous study, which is a dynamic data compression technology. Since the developed CAFB can select and compress only the interested range of frequency signals from an entire response of a structure, it efficiently provides a real-time dynamic response based on wireless networking. CAFB of the previous study is optimized to selectively acquire low-frequency signals of sub-10 Hz, which is required for SHM of long and large-scale structures. According to the CAFB’s optimization using an El-Centro seismic waveform, six band-pass filters, 1.0 Hz interval, and 0.6 Hz bandwidth have been adapted. This article is to evaluate dynamic acceleration response performance of civil structures using the CAFB developed in the previous study. To achieve the purpose, the optimally-designed CAFB was embedded in an intelligent data acquisition (IDAQ) system. To evaluate the performance of the IDAQ system with the embedded CAFB, the real-time dynamic response was investigated for a model cable-stayed bridge, measured by a wire-measuring system and the CAFB-based IDAQ system simultaneously. The results show excellent agreement between the compressed dynamic response acquired by the CAFB-based IDAQ system and that acquired by the wire measuring system. In addition, the measurement from the CAFB-based IDAQ system revealed the modal information of the model bridge. The developed CAFB can determine and reconstruct the entire dynamic response from compression with modal information only; its efficient operation illustrates its potential to be utilized in real-time structural health monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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13 pages, 1908 KiB  
Article
Robust Sampling Frequency Offset Estimation for OFDM over Frequency Selective Fading Channels
by Yong-An Jung and Young-Hwan You
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8020197 - 29 Jan 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3021
Abstract
Digital radio mondiale (DRM) is a terrestrial radio broadcasting standard to replace existing analogue AM and FM broadcasting, which is based on an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique. This paper focuses on the issue of estimating a sampling frequency offset (SFO) in [...] Read more.
Digital radio mondiale (DRM) is a terrestrial radio broadcasting standard to replace existing analogue AM and FM broadcasting, which is based on an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique. This paper focuses on the issue of estimating a sampling frequency offset (SFO) in OFDM-based broadcasting systems under frequency selective fading channels. In order to design a robust SFO estimation scheme and to benchmark its performance, the performance of the various conventional SFO estimation schemes is discussed and some improvements on the conventional estimation algorithms are highlighted. The simulation results show that such a design enhances the robustness of the proposed scheme against frequency selective fading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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17 pages, 3267 KiB  
Article
Placing Visual Sensors Using Heuristic Algorithms for Bridge Surveillance
by Sungbum Jun, Tai-Woo Chang and Hyuk-Jin Yoon
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8010070 - 06 Jan 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3259
Abstract
This study addresses the camera placement problem for bridge surveillance and proposes solutions that minimize the cost while satisfying the minimum coverage level. We discuss the field of view of cameras in the three-dimensional space. We also consider occlusions, the characteristics of surveillance [...] Read more.
This study addresses the camera placement problem for bridge surveillance and proposes solutions that minimize the cost while satisfying the minimum coverage level. We discuss the field of view of cameras in the three-dimensional space. We also consider occlusions, the characteristics of surveillance targets, and different pan-tilt-zoom cameras in the visibility test. To solve the camera placement problem while minimizing the total cost, we propose a genetic algorithm (GA) and a uniqueness score with a local search algorithm (ULA). Problem sets for a large-scale dimension scenario are generated based on the data of actual bridges in the Republic of Korea. For three simulation sets and a case study of Samoonjin Bridge, the proposed ULA yields better results than GA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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12 pages, 1331 KiB  
Article
Linear Approximation Signal Detection Scheme in MIMO-OFDM Systems
by Jae-Hyun Ro, Jong-Kwang Kim, Young-Hwan You and Hyoung-Kyu Song
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8010049 - 01 Jan 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3609
Abstract
In this paper, a linearly approximate signal detection scheme is proposed in multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems. The huge MIMO-OFDM system, which uses many transmit antennas and high order modulation, requires a detection scheme at the receiver with very [...] Read more.
In this paper, a linearly approximate signal detection scheme is proposed in multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems. The huge MIMO-OFDM system, which uses many transmit antennas and high order modulation, requires a detection scheme at the receiver with very low complexity for practical implementation. In the proposed detection scheme, one N × N MIMO-OFDM system is divided into N / 2 2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM systems for linear increase of complexity. After the partial zero-forcing (ZF), decision feedback equalizer (DFE) and QR decomposition-M algorithm (QRD-M) are applied to each 2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM system. Despite nonlinear detection schemes, the overall complexity of the proposed algorithm increases almost linearly because the DFE and the QRD-M are applied to 2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM systems. Also, the value of M in the QRD-M is fixed according to position of the center point in constellation for efficient signal detection. In simulation results, the proposed detection scheme has higher error performance and lower complexity than the conventional ZF. Also, the proposed detection scheme has very lower complexity than the conventional DFE, with slight loss of error performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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2093 KiB  
Article
Low-Complexity QRD-M with Path Eliminations in MIMO-OFDM Systems
by Jae-Hyun Ro, Jong-Kwang Kim, Young-Hwan You and Hyoung-Kyu Song
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(12), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/app7121206 - 23 Nov 2017
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4198
Abstract
The QR decomposition-M algorithm (QRD-M) is a popular signal detector which has similar error performance with maximum likelihood (ML) in multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems. The QRD-M uses M candidates at each layer, unlike the [...] Read more.
The QR decomposition-M algorithm (QRD-M) is a popular signal detector which has similar error performance with maximum likelihood (ML) in multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems. The QRD-M uses M candidates at each layer, unlike the ML. However, the complexity of the QRD-M is high in huge MIMO-OFDM systems due to unnecessary survival paths at each layer. In this paper, a low-complexity QRD-M with variable number of survival paths at each layer is proposed. In the conventional QRD-M, path eliminations at the previous layer reduce the number of calculations for accumulated squared Euclidean distance (ASED) in subsequent layers. The proposed QRD-M eliminates unnecessary survival paths by comparing the ASED and the calculated threshold at each layer. The simulation results show that the proposed QRD-M maintains the error performance for the conventional QRD-M and has a very low complexity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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3913 KiB  
Article
Moving-Target Position Estimation Using GPU-Based Particle Filter for IoT Sensing Applications
by Seongseop Kim, Jeonghun Cho and Daejin Park
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(11), 1152; https://doi.org/10.3390/app7111152 - 09 Nov 2017
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4125
Abstract
A particle filter (PF) has been introduced for effective position estimation of moving targets for non-Gaussian and nonlinear systems. The time difference of arrival (TDOA) method using acoustic sensor array has normally been used to for estimation by concealing the location of a [...] Read more.
A particle filter (PF) has been introduced for effective position estimation of moving targets for non-Gaussian and nonlinear systems. The time difference of arrival (TDOA) method using acoustic sensor array has normally been used to for estimation by concealing the location of a moving target, especially underwater. In this paper, we propose a GPU -based acceleration of target position estimation using a PF and propose an efficient system and software architecture. The proposed graphic processing unit (GPU)-based algorithm has more advantages in applying PF signal processing to a target system, which consists of large-scale Internet of Things (IoT)-driven sensors because of the parallelization which is scalable. For the TDOA measurement from the acoustic sensor array, we use the generalized cross correlation phase transform (GCC-PHAT) method to obtain the correlation coefficient of the signal using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and we try to accelerate the calculations of GCC-PHAT based TDOA measurements using FFT with GPU compute unified device architecture (CUDA). The proposed approach utilizes a parallelization method in the target position estimation algorithm using GPU-based PF processing. In addition, it could efficiently estimate sudden movement change of the target using GPU-based parallel computing which also can be used for multiple target tracking. It also provides scalability in extending the detection algorithm according to the increase of the number of sensors. Therefore, the proposed architecture can be applied in IoT sensing applications with a large number of sensors. The target estimation algorithm was verified using MATLAB and implemented using GPU CUDA. We implemented the proposed signal processing acceleration system using target GPU to analyze in terms of execution time. The execution time of the algorithm is reduced by 55% from to the CPU standalone operation in target embedded board, NVIDIA Jetson TX1. Also, to apply large-scaled IoT sensing applications, we use NVIDIA Tesla K40c as target GPU. The execution time of the proposed multi-state-space model-based algorithm is similar to the one-state-space model algorithm because of GPU-based parallel computing. Experimental results show that the proposed architecture is a feasible solution in terms of high-performance and area-efficient architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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835 KiB  
Article
Localization in Low Power Wide Area Networks Using Wi-Fi Fingerprints
by Thomas Janssen, Maarten Weyn and Rafael Berkvens
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(9), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/app7090936 - 12 Sep 2017
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4117
Abstract
Supply chain management requires regular updates of the location of assets, which can be enabled by low power wide area networks, such as Sigfox. While it is useful to localize a device simply by its communication signals, this is very difficult to do [...] Read more.
Supply chain management requires regular updates of the location of assets, which can be enabled by low power wide area networks, such as Sigfox. While it is useful to localize a device simply by its communication signals, this is very difficult to do with Sigfox because of wide area and ultra narrowband nature. On the other hand, installing a satellite localization element on the device greatly increases its power consumption. We investigated using information about nearby Wi-Fi access points as a way to localize the asset over the Sigfox network, so without connecting to those Wi-Fi networks. This paper reports the location error that can be achieved by this type of outdoor localization. By using a combination of two databases, we could localize the device on all 36 test locations with a median location error of 39 m . This shows that the localization accuracy of this method is promising enough to warrant further study, most specifically the minimal power consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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Review

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15 pages, 9422 KiB  
Review
Towards an ICT-Based Platform for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Management
by Ignacio Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Miguel-Ángel Zamora-Izquierdo and José-Víctor Rodríguez
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(4), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8040511 - 27 Mar 2018
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5702
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1) is a metabolic disease that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to a lack of pancreatic insulin production. This forces patients to perform several blood glucose measurements per day—by means of capillary glucometers—in order to infer a trend [...] Read more.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1) is a metabolic disease that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to a lack of pancreatic insulin production. This forces patients to perform several blood glucose measurements per day—by means of capillary glucometers—in order to infer a trend and try to predict future values. In this way, a decision about the insulin dosage that has to be exogenously injected to maintain glycemia within the desirable levels is made. Unfortunately, this method usually suffers from relatively high imprecision. However, recent advances in information and communication technologies (ICT), along with novel biosensors that could provide a real-time comprehensive condition of the patient, offer a new perspective in DM1 management. In this sense, new disruptive technologies like Big Data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Cloud Computing, as well as Machine Learning (ML) can play an important role in managing DM1. In this work, firstly, an analysis of previously published ICT-based methods for the management of diabetes continuous monitoring is carried out. In this way, an assessment of the possible lack of such proposals is presented, along with the challenges to be overcome in forthcoming smart DM1 management systems. Finally, an overview of a holistic ICT-based platform for DM1 management that try to solve the limitations of previous works, while at the same time, taking advantage of the abovementioned disruptive technologies is hereby proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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11 pages, 973 KiB  
Review
New Advances and Challenges of Fall Detection Systems: A Survey
by Tao Xu, Yun Zhou and Jing Zhu
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(3), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8030418 - 12 Mar 2018
Cited by 130 | Viewed by 10694
Abstract
Falling, as one of the main harm threats to the elderly, has drawn researchers’ attentions and has always been one of the most valuable research topics in the daily health-care for the elderly in last two decades. Before 2014, several researchers reviewed the [...] Read more.
Falling, as one of the main harm threats to the elderly, has drawn researchers’ attentions and has always been one of the most valuable research topics in the daily health-care for the elderly in last two decades. Before 2014, several researchers reviewed the development of fall detection, presented issues and challenges, and navigated the direction for the study in the future. With smart sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) developing rapidly, this field has made great progress. However, there is a lack of a review and discussion on novel sensors, technologies and algorithms introduced and employed from 2014, as well as the emerging challenges and new issues. To bridge this gap, we present an overview of fall detection research and discuss the core research questions on this topic. A total of 6830 related documents were collected and analyzed based on the key words. Among these documents, the twenty most influential and highly cited articles are selected and discussed profoundly from three perspectives: sensors, algorithms and performance. The findings would assist researchers in understanding current developments and barriers in the systems of fall detection. Although researchers achieve fruitful work and progress, this research domain still confronts challenges on theories and practice. In the near future, the new solutions based on advanced IoT will sustainably urge the development to prevent falling injuries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Internet of Things for Smart Infrastructure System)
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