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Diagnostics
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Functional and Molecular Imaging of Kidney and Urogenital Disease
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Functional and Molecular Imaging of Kidney and Urogenital Disease

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Imaging and Theranostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2018) | Viewed by 43017

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Iosif A. Mendichovszky

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge; NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue on “Functional and Molecular Imaging of Kidney and Urogenital Disease” will cover advances in the fields of ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET/CT or PET/MR), focusing on the role of functional imaging techniques in evaluating oncological and non-oncological urogenital diseases. Submission are invited for papers covering the role of imaging in the early detection, characterization, monitoring and treatment-response evaluation of urogenital tumors and the clinical utility of functional imaging techniques for the assessment of diffuse renal disease including, but not limited to, renal transplantation, renovascular and systemic diseases affecting the kidney (such as diabetes or vasculopathies).

Dr. Iosif A. Mendichovszky
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Keywords

  • urogenital cancer detection
  • therapy monitoring and outcome evaluation
  • contrast-enhanced US
  • CT and MRI
  • diffusion weighted (DW)
  • blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) and arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI
  • kidney cancer
  • hypoxia
  • inflammation
  • theranostics

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 2057 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of 2D Imaging Schemes for Pulsed Arterial Spin Labeling of the Human Kidney Cortex
by Charlotte E. Buchanan, Eleanor F. Cox and Susan T. Francis
Diagnostics 2018, 8(3), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics8030043 - 28 Jun 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4994
Abstract
A number of imaging readout schemes are proposed for renal arterial spin labeling (ASL) to quantify kidney cortex perfusion, including gradient echo-based methods of balanced fast field echo (bFFE) and gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (GE-EPI), or spin echo-based schemes of spin-echo echo-planar imaging (SE-EPI) [...] Read more.
A number of imaging readout schemes are proposed for renal arterial spin labeling (ASL) to quantify kidney cortex perfusion, including gradient echo-based methods of balanced fast field echo (bFFE) and gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (GE-EPI), or spin echo-based schemes of spin-echo echo-planar imaging (SE-EPI) and turbo spin-echo (TSE). Here, we compare these two-dimensional (2D) imaging schemes to evaluate the optimal imaging scheme for pulsed ASL (PASL) assessment of human kidney cortex perfusion at 3 T. Ten healthy volunteers with normal renal function were scanned using each 2D multi-slice imaging scheme, in combination with a respiratory triggered flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) ASL scheme on a 3 T Philips Achieva scanner. All volunteers returned for a second identical scan session within two weeks of the first scan session. Comparisons were made between the imaging schemes in terms of perfusion-weighted image (PWI) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and perfusion quantification, temporal SNR (tSNR), spatial coverage, and repeatability. For each imaging scheme, the renal cortex perfusion was calculated (bFFE: 276 ± 29 mL/100g/min, GE-EPI: 222 ± 18 mL/100g/min, SE-EPI: 201 ± 36 mL/100g/min, and TSE: 200 ± 20 mL/100g/min). Perfusion was found to be higher for GE-based readouts when compared with SE-based readouts, with significantly higher measured perfusion for the bFFE readout when compared with all other schemes (p < 0.05), attributed to the greater vascular signal present. Despite the PWI-SNR being significantly lower for SE-EPI when compared with all other schemes (p < 0.05), the SE-EPI readout gave the highest tSNR, and was found to be the most reproducible scheme for the assessment of kidney cortex, with a coefficient of variation (CoV) of 17.2%, whilst minimizing variability of the perfusion-weighted signal across slices for whole-kidney perfusion assessment. For the assessment of kidney cortex perfusion using 2D readout schemes, SE-EPI provides optimal tSNR, minimal variability across slices, and repeatable data acquired in a short scan time with low specific absorption rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional and Molecular Imaging of Kidney and Urogenital Disease)
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5410 KiB  
Article
Incorporating Oxygen-Enhanced MRI into Multi-Parametric Assessment of Human Prostate Cancer
by Heling Zhou, Rami R. Hallac, Qing Yuan, Yao Ding, Zhongwei Zhang, Xian-Jin Xie, Franto Francis, Claus G. Roehrborn, R. Douglas Sims, Daniel N. Costa, Ganesh V. Raj and Ralph P. Mason
Diagnostics 2017, 7(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics7030048 - 24 Aug 2017
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8265
Abstract
Hypoxia is associated with prostate tumor aggressiveness, local recurrence, and biochemical failure. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers insight into tumor pathophysiology and recent reports have related transverse relaxation rate (R2*) and longitudinal relaxation rate (R1) measurements to tumor hypoxia. [...] Read more.
Hypoxia is associated with prostate tumor aggressiveness, local recurrence, and biochemical failure. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers insight into tumor pathophysiology and recent reports have related transverse relaxation rate (R2*) and longitudinal relaxation rate (R1) measurements to tumor hypoxia. We have investigated the inclusion of oxygen-enhanced MRI for multi-parametric evaluation of tumor malignancy. Multi-parametric MRI sequences at 3 Tesla were evaluated in 10 patients to investigate hypoxia in prostate cancer prior to radical prostatectomy. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD), tissue oxygen level dependent (TOLD), dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE), and diffusion weighted imaging MRI were intercorrelated and compared with the Gleason score. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was significantly lower in tumor than normal prostate. Baseline R2* (BOLD-contrast) was significantly higher in tumor than normal prostate. Upon the oxygen breathing challenge, R2* decreased significantly in the tumor tissue, suggesting improved vascular oxygenation, however changes in R1 were minimal. R2* of contralateral normal prostate decreased in most cases upon oxygen challenge, although the differences were not significant. Moderate correlation was found between ADC and Gleason score. ADC and R2* were correlated and trends were found between Gleason score and R2*, as well as maximum-intensity-projection and area-under-the-curve calculated from DCE. Tumor ADC and R2* have been associated with tumor hypoxia, and thus the correlations are of particular interest. A multi-parametric approach including oxygen-enhanced MRI is feasible and promises further insights into the pathophysiological information of tumor microenvironment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional and Molecular Imaging of Kidney and Urogenital Disease)
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Review

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15 pages, 1260 KiB  
Review
Non-Invasive Renal Perfusion Imaging Using Arterial Spin Labeling MRI: Challenges and Opportunities
by Fabio Nery, Isky Gordon and David L. Thomas
Diagnostics 2018, 8(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics8010002 - 05 Jan 2018
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 8953
Abstract
Tissue perfusion allows for delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, and in the kidneys is also a key determinant of glomerular filtration. Quantification of regional renal perfusion provides a potential window into renal (patho) physiology. However, non-invasive, practical, and robust methods to [...] Read more.
Tissue perfusion allows for delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, and in the kidneys is also a key determinant of glomerular filtration. Quantification of regional renal perfusion provides a potential window into renal (patho) physiology. However, non-invasive, practical, and robust methods to measure renal perfusion remain elusive, particularly in the clinic. Arterial spin labeling (ASL), a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique, is arguably the only available method with potential to meet all these needs. Recent developments suggest its viability for clinical application. This review addresses several of these developments and discusses remaining challenges with the emphasis on renal imaging in human subjects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional and Molecular Imaging of Kidney and Urogenital Disease)
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14119 KiB  
Review
The Usefulness of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Assessment of Early Kidney Transplant Function and Complications
by Sara Álvarez Rodríguez, Vital Hevia Palacios, Enrique Sanz Mayayo, Victoria Gómez Dos Santos, Víctor Díez Nicolás, María Dolores Sánchez Gallego, Javier Lorca Álvaro and Francisco Javier Burgos Revilla
Diagnostics 2017, 7(3), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics7030053 - 15 Sep 2017
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8435
Abstract
Objectives: The routine diagnostic method for assessment of renal graft dysfunction is Doppler ultrasound. However, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) may provide more information about parenchymal flow and vascular status of kidney allografts. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of CEUS [...] Read more.
Objectives: The routine diagnostic method for assessment of renal graft dysfunction is Doppler ultrasound. However, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) may provide more information about parenchymal flow and vascular status of kidney allografts. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of CEUS in the immediate post-transplant period, focusing on acute vascular complications. A brief review of available literature and a report of our initial experience is made. Material and methods: 15 kidney transplant (KT) cases with clinical suspicion of acute surgical complication were assessed with CEUS and conventional Doppler ultrasound (US). In addition, bibliographic review was conducted through PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalKey databases. Results: 10% of KT underwent CEUS, useful for detecting vascular complication or cortical necrosis in 4 (26%) and exclude them in 74%. Grafts with acute vascular complications have a delayed contrast-enhancement with peak intensity lower than normal kidneys. Perfusion defects can be clearly observed and the imaging of cortical necrosis is pathognomonic. Conclusions: CEUS is a useful tool in the characterization of renal graft dysfunction with special interest on acute vascular complications after renal transplant. It is a feasible technique for quantitative analysis of kidney perfusion, which provides information on renal tissue microcirculation and regional parenchymal flow. Exploration could be done by a urologist at the patient’s bedside while avoiding iodinated contrast. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional and Molecular Imaging of Kidney and Urogenital Disease)
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Other

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11 pages, 2758 KiB  
Technical Note
Renal Cell Carcinoma Perfusion before and after Radiofrequency Ablation Measured with Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI: A Pilot Study
by Tze Min Wah, Steven Sourbron, Daniel Jonathan Wilson, Derek Magee, Walter Martin Gregory, Peter John Selby and David L. Buckley
Diagnostics 2018, 8(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics8010003 - 08 Jan 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6050
Abstract
Aim: To investigate if the early treatment effects of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can be detected with dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI and to correlate RCC perfusion with RFA treatment time. Materials and methods: 20 patients undergoing RFA of their [...] Read more.
Aim: To investigate if the early treatment effects of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can be detected with dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI and to correlate RCC perfusion with RFA treatment time. Materials and methods: 20 patients undergoing RFA of their 21 RCCs were evaluated with DCE-MRI before and at one month after RFA treatment. Perfusion was estimated using the maximum slope technique at two independent sittings. Total RCC blood flow was correlated with total RFA treatment time, tumour location, size and histology. Results: DCE-MRI examinations were successfully evaluated for 21 RCCs (size from 1.3 to 4 cm). Perfusion of the RCCs decreased significantly (p < 0.0001) from a mean of 203 (±80) mL/min/100 mL before RFA to 8.1 (±3.1) mL/min/100 mL after RFA with low intra-observer variability (r ≥ 0.99, p < 0.0001). There was an excellent correlation (r = 0.95) between time to complete ablation and pre-treatment total RCC blood flow. Tumours with an exophytic location exhibit the lowest mean RFA treatment time. Conclusion: DCE-MRI can detect early treatment effects by measuring RCC perfusion before and after RFA. Perfusion significantly decreases in the zone of ablation, suggesting that it may be useful for the assessment of treatment efficacy. Pre-RFA RCC blood flow may be used to predict RFA treatment time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional and Molecular Imaging of Kidney and Urogenital Disease)
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1064 KiB  
Case Report
Avid 18F-FDG Uptake in Idiopathic Tumoral Calcinosis Mimicking Lymph Node Metastasis
by Jesper Strandberg and Helle D. Zacho
Diagnostics 2017, 7(4), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics7040060 - 13 Dec 2017
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5569
Abstract
Tumoral calcinosis is a benign condition characterized by periarticular calcified lesions that is frequently observed in patients with chronic renal failure. Tumoral calcinosis often presents with subcutaneous masses and joint swelling. We present a case of tumoral calcinosis with dramatically increased 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose [...] Read more.
Tumoral calcinosis is a benign condition characterized by periarticular calcified lesions that is frequently observed in patients with chronic renal failure. Tumoral calcinosis often presents with subcutaneous masses and joint swelling. We present a case of tumoral calcinosis with dramatically increased 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (18F-FDG) uptake on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) that mimicked lymphoma or lymph node metastases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional and Molecular Imaging of Kidney and Urogenital Disease)
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