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Diagnostics
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Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
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Prostate Cancer Diagnosis

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2016) | Viewed by 48782

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Stephen Assinder

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Guest Editor
1. Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
2. University of Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
Interests: mens health; endocrinology; cellular physiology; prostate disease; oxytocin

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

 

It has been estimated that globally there is a death attributable to prostate cancer every four minutes. For many men, diagnosis of prostate cancer occurs after presentation with symptoms of altered urinary dynamics. Unfortunately, these changes, whilst also associated with benign disease, are evident quite late in the aetiology of the disease. Early detection of prostate cancer provides for better management and prognosis. This special issue provides an up to date view of the advances made towards early diagnosis and prognosis. It canvasses all fields of prostate cancer diagnosis, from current best practice to cutting-edge research of prostate cancer biomarkers. It deals with: current guidelines for the diagnosis of prostate cancer; the long running debate of whether to screen or not; refinements to the PSA test and its value in early diagnosis; advanced imaging techniques (e.g. multiparametric MRI), the range of biomaterials that provide least invasive sampling sites (e.g. urine); and biomarkers currently being explored (microRNAs, circulating tumour DNAs and technologies that are revolutionizing this field, inflammatory markers) and their potential prognostic value.

Dr. Stephen Assinder
Guest Editor

dr.-stephenassinder

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • prostate cancer
  • diagnosis
  • prognosis
  • screening
  • imaging
  • mpMRI
  • biomarkers
  • miRNAs
  • proteome
  • ctDNA

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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175 KiB  
Editorial
A Promising Future for Prostate Cancer Diagnostics
by Stephen J. Assinder and Vanitha Bhoopalan
Diagnostics 2017, 7(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics7010006 - 17 Jan 2017
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6350
Abstract
It has been estimated that globally there is a death attributable to prostate cancer every four minutes. As life expectancy in all world regions increases, so too incidence of this disease of the ageing male will increase. For many men diagnosis occurs after [...] Read more.
It has been estimated that globally there is a death attributable to prostate cancer every four minutes. As life expectancy in all world regions increases, so too incidence of this disease of the ageing male will increase. For many men diagnosis occurs after presentation with symptoms of altered urinary dynamics. Unfortunately, these changes, whilst also associated with benign disease, are evident quite late in the aetiology of prostate cancer. Early detection provides for better management and prognosis. This Special Issue provides an up to date view of the advances made towards early diagnosis and prognosis. It provides reviews of advanced imaging techniques (e.g., multiparametric MRI and protocols), and of biomaterials and molecular biomarkers currently being explored (e.g., microRNAs, proteomics) and the technologies that are revolutionizing this field. It describes the multi-disciplinary approaches that are essential to inexpensive, deliverable and accurate platforms for prostate cancer diagnostics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer Diagnosis)

Research

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2206 KiB  
Article
Radium-223-Dichloride in Castration Resistant Metastatic Prostate Cancer—Preliminary Results of the Response Evaluation Using F-18-Fluoride PET/CT
by Kalevi Kairemo and Timo Joensuu
Diagnostics 2015, 5(4), 413-427; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics5040413 - 13 Oct 2015
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8374
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome after Radium-223-dichloride (223RaCl2) treatment of patients with skeletal metastases of castration resistant prostate cancer using whole-body 18F-Fluoride PET/CT. Sodium 18F-fluoride [18F]-NaF PET/CT was performed prior [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome after Radium-223-dichloride (223RaCl2) treatment of patients with skeletal metastases of castration resistant prostate cancer using whole-body 18F-Fluoride PET/CT. Sodium 18F-fluoride [18F]-NaF PET/CT was performed prior the treatment of 223RaCl2, after the first cycle and after the sixth cycle. The skeletal metastases were analyzed quantitatively using modified PET response evaluation PERCIST criteria. The patients were also analyzed for S-PSA. All ten patients responded in [18F]-NaF scans after 6 cycles, but interim analysis after the 1st cycle did not give additional information about the outcome. The S-PSA decrease correlated with [18F]-NaF response, only 1 patient demonstrated progressive disease, i.e., >25% increase in S-PSA values during 223RaCl2. Our results (although preliminary) suggest that 18F-Fluoride PET/CT is useful in the follow-up of castration resistant prostate cancer with skeletal metastases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer Diagnosis)
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Review

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3524 KiB  
Review
The Role of Proteomics in Biomarker Development for Improved Patient Diagnosis and Clinical Decision Making in Prostate Cancer
by Claire L. Tonry, Emma Leacy, Cinzia Raso, Stephen P. Finn, John Armstrong and Stephen R. Pennington
Diagnostics 2016, 6(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics6030027 - 18 Jul 2016
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 11390
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Although increased expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an effective indicator for the recurrence of PCa, its intended use as a screening marker for PCa is of considerable controversy. Recent [...] Read more.
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Although increased expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an effective indicator for the recurrence of PCa, its intended use as a screening marker for PCa is of considerable controversy. Recent research efforts in the field of PCa biomarkers have focused on the identification of tissue and fluid-based biomarkers that would be better able to stratify those individuals diagnosed with PCa who (i) might best receive no treatment (active surveillance of the disease); (ii) would benefit from existing treatments; or (iii) those who are likely to succumb to disease recurrence and/or have aggressive disease. The growing demand for better prostate cancer biomarkers has coincided with the development of improved discovery and evaluation technologies for multiplexed measurement of proteins in bio-fluids and tissues. This review aims to (i) provide an overview of these technologies as well as describe some of the candidate PCa protein biomarkers that have been discovered using them; (ii) address some of the general limitations in the clinical evaluation and validation of protein biomarkers; and (iii) make recommendations for strategies that could be adopted to improve the successful development of protein biomarkers to deliver improvements in personalized PCa patient decision making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer Diagnosis)
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Graphical abstract

243 KiB  
Review
Limitations and Prospects for Diffusion-Weighted MRI of the Prostate
by Roger Bourne and Eleftheria Panagiotaki
Diagnostics 2016, 6(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics6020021 - 27 May 2016
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8318
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is the most effective component of the modern multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) scan for prostate pathology. DWI provides the strongest prediction of cancer volume, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) correlates moderately with Gleason grade. Notwithstanding the demonstrated cancer [...] Read more.
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is the most effective component of the modern multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) scan for prostate pathology. DWI provides the strongest prediction of cancer volume, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) correlates moderately with Gleason grade. Notwithstanding the demonstrated cancer assessment value of DWI, the standard measurement and signal analysis methods are based on a model of water diffusion dynamics that is well known to be invalid in human tissue. This review describes the biophysical limitations of the DWI component of the current standard mpMRI protocol and the potential for significantly improved cancer assessment performance based on more sophisticated measurement and signal modeling techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer Diagnosis)
823 KiB  
Review
When Prostate Cancer Circulates in the Bloodstream
by Virginie Vlaeminck-Guillem
Diagnostics 2015, 5(4), 428-474; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics5040428 - 29 Oct 2015
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7351
Abstract
Management of patients with prostate cancer is currently based on imperfect clinical, biological, radiological and pathological evaluation. Prostate cancer aggressiveness, including metastatic potential, remains difficult to accurately estimate. In an attempt to better adapt therapeutics to an individual (personalized medicine), reliable evaluation of [...] Read more.
Management of patients with prostate cancer is currently based on imperfect clinical, biological, radiological and pathological evaluation. Prostate cancer aggressiveness, including metastatic potential, remains difficult to accurately estimate. In an attempt to better adapt therapeutics to an individual (personalized medicine), reliable evaluation of the intrinsic molecular biology of the tumor is warranted, and particularly for all tumor sites (primary tumors and secondary sites) at any time of the disease progression. As a consequence of their natural tendency to grow (passive invasion) or as a consequence of an active blood vessel invasion by metastase-initiating cells, tumors shed various materials into the bloodstream. Major efforts have been recently made to develop powerful and accurate methods able to detect, quantify and/or analyze all these circulating tumor materials: circulating tumors cells, disseminating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles (including exosomes), nucleic acids, etc. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge about these circulating tumor materials and their applications in translational research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer Diagnosis)

Other

1521 KiB  
Case Report
Evaluation of Alpha-Therapy with Radium-223-Dichloride in Castration Resistant Metastatic Prostate Cancer—the Role of Gamma Scintigraphy in Dosimetry and Pharmacokinetics
by Kalevi Kairemo, Timo Joensuu, Nigora Rasulova, Timo Kiljunen and Aki Kangasmäki
Diagnostics 2015, 5(3), 358-368; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics5030358 - 30 Jul 2015
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6204
Abstract
Radium-223-dichloride (223RaCl2) is a new bone-seeking calcium analogue alpha-emitter, which has obtained marketing authorization for the treatment skeletal metastases of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. The current treatment regimen is based on six consecutive doses of 223RaCl2 at 4 [...] Read more.
Radium-223-dichloride (223RaCl2) is a new bone-seeking calcium analogue alpha-emitter, which has obtained marketing authorization for the treatment skeletal metastases of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. The current treatment regimen is based on six consecutive doses of 223RaCl2 at 4 week intervals and the administered activity dose, 50 kBq/kg per cycle is based on patient weight. We analyzed two patients using quantitative serial gamma imaging to estimate dosimetry in tumors and see possible pharmacokinetic differences in the treatment cycles. The lesions were rather well visualized in gamma scintigraphy in spite of low gamma activity (<1.1% gamma radiation) at 0, 7 and 28 days using 30–60 min acquisition times. Both our patients analyzed in serial gamma imagings, had two lesions in the gamma imaging field, the mean counts of the relative intensity varied from 27.8 to 36.5 (patient 1), and from 37.4 to 82.2 (patient 2). The half-lives varied from 1.8 days to 4.5 days during the six cycles (patient 1), and from 1.5 days to 3.6 days (patient 2), respectively. In the lesion half-lives calculated from the imaging the maximum difference between the treatment cycles in the same lesion was 2.0-fold (1.8 vs. 3.6). Of these patients, patient 1 demonstrated a serum PSA response, whereas there was no PSA response in patient 2. From our data, there were maximally up to 4.0-fold differences (62.1 vs. 246.6 ) between the relative absorbed radiation doses between patients as calculated from the quantitative standardized imaging to be delivered in only two lesions, and in the same lesion the maximum difference in the cycles was up to 2.3-fold (107.4 vs. 246.6). Our recommendation based on statistical simulation analysis, is serial measurement at days 0–8 at least 3 times, this improve the accuracy significantly to study the lesion activities, half-lives or calculated relative absorbed radiation doses as calculated from the imaging. Both our patients had originally two metastatic sites in the imaging field; the former patient demonstrated a serum PSA response and the latter demonstrated no PSA response. In these two patients there was no significant difference in the lesion activities, half-lives or calculated relative absorbed radiation doses as calculated from the quantitative imaging. Our results, although preliminary, suggest that dose monitoring can be included as a part of this treatment modality. On the other hand, from the absorbed radiation doses, the response cannot be predicted because with very similar doses, only the former patient responded. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer Diagnosis)
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