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Grid-Scale Energy Storage Management

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 February 2019) | Viewed by 37827

Special Issue Editors

School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
Interests: power system planning and stability; smart grid/micro-grid; load modeling; renewable energy grid connection; electricity market; smart city; computational methods applications in power engineering problems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Electric Power Research Institute, CSG, Guangzhou 510080, China
Interests: planning and operation of smart distribution network
College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410077, China
Interests: power system analysis; power markets; new energy; energy storage
School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
Interests: planning and operation of power grid; new energy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Energy supply networks are beginning to undergo a radical transformation into an integrated energy system. This revolution significantly increase the system flexibility and complexity which makes the role of energy storage more and more important. Energy storage system is a special technology that can provide fast response for power charging and discharging. The potential advantages of the BESS must be exploited in future power systems to facilate large-scale penetration of both centralized and distributed renewable generation. Utilizing grid-scale energy storage is attracting more research to address the problem of operating future grids with high renewables. Although the application of grid-scale BESS is considered as a promising future, some key issues, like frequency regulation mechnism, coordinated control of distributed energy storage, high-performance materials of energy storage, investment cost and etc.  are not fully addressed. The optimal management of energy storage is the main challenge as it requires new mathematic models and coordination methods. How to develop a new operation structures and new market mechanism that can be cost effective and reliable over coming decades should be answered.

This Special Issue will address this promising and dynamic area of research and development, while focusing on the new theoretical insights, innovative modeling technique and novel optimizing methodologies. Submitted papers should have original contributions to the studies of grid-scale and/or large-scale distributed energy storage management. Survey/review papers are also welcome. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • Structural design and application of high-performance materials for energy storage systems
  • Modelling and analysis methods of grid-scale energy storage systems
  • The role of energy storage in future integrated energy systems
  • Energy management for grid-scale energy storage systems to increase renewable integration level in the future energy systems
  • Coordinated control strategy for large-scale distributed generation and hybrid energy storage
  • Markets and regulatory frameworks design for grid-scale energy storage to provide anxiliary services
  • Stability assessment and control of the power system integrated with grid scale energy storage systems
  • New concepts and solutions, e.g., multi-vector energy systems, virtual energy storage systems

Prof. Z.Y. Dong
Dr. Yu Zheng
Prof. Hongming Yang
Dr. Ke Meng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Structural design and application of high-performance materials for energy storage systems
  • Modelling and analysis methods of grid-scale energy storage systems
  • The role of energy storage in future integrated energy systems
  • Energy management for grid-scale energy storage systems to increase renewable integration level in the future energy systems
  • Coordinated control strategy for large-scale distributed generation and hybrid energy storage
  • Markets and regulatory frameworks design for grid-scale energy storage to provide anxiliary services
  • Stability assessment and control of the power system integrated with grid scale energy storage systems
  • New concepts and solutions, e.g. multi-vector energy systems, virtual energy storage systems

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 1697 KiB  
Article
Data-Driven Mitigation of Energy Scheduling Inaccuracy in Renewable-Penetrated Grids: Summerside Electric Use Case
by Mostafa Farrokhabadi
Energies 2019, 12(12), 2228; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122228 - 12 Jun 2019
Viewed by 2859
Abstract
This paper presents findings on mitigating the negative impact of renewable energy resources variability on the energy scheduling problem, in particular for island grids and microgrids. The methods and findings presented in this paper are twofold. First, data obtained from the City of [...] Read more.
This paper presents findings on mitigating the negative impact of renewable energy resources variability on the energy scheduling problem, in particular for island grids and microgrids. The methods and findings presented in this paper are twofold. First, data obtained from the City of Summerside in the province of Prince Edward Island, Canada, is leveraged to demonstrate the effectiveness of state-of-the-art time series predictors in mitigating energy scheduling inaccuracy. Second, the outcome of the time series prediction analysis is used to propose a novel data-driven battery energy storage system (BESS) sizing study for energy scheduling purposes. The proposed probabilistic method accounts for intra-interval variations of generation and demand, thus mitigating the trade-off between time resolution of the problem formulation and the solution accuracy. In addition, as part of the sizing study, a BESS management strategy is proposed to minimize energy scheduling inaccuracies, and is then used to obtain the optimal BESS size. Finally, the paper presents quantitative analyses of the impact of both the energy predictors and the BESS on the supplied energy cost using the actual data of the Summerside Electric grid. The paper reveals the significant potential for reducing energy cost in renewable-penetrated grids and microgrids through state-of-the-art predictors combined with applications of properly-sized energy storage systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Scale Energy Storage Management)
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32 pages, 2364 KiB  
Article
Impact of Grid-Scale Electricity Storage and Electric Vehicles on Renewable Energy Penetration: A Case Study for Italy
by Sara Bellocchi, Michele Manno, Michel Noussan and Michela Vellini
Energies 2019, 12(7), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071303 - 04 Apr 2019
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4177
Abstract
Storage technologies are progressively emerging as a key measure to accommodate high shares of intermittent renewables with a view to guarantee their effective integration towards a profound decarbonisation of existing energy systems. This study aims to evaluate to what extent electricity storage can [...] Read more.
Storage technologies are progressively emerging as a key measure to accommodate high shares of intermittent renewables with a view to guarantee their effective integration towards a profound decarbonisation of existing energy systems. This study aims to evaluate to what extent electricity storage can contribute to a significant renewable penetration by absorbing otherwise-curtailed renewable surplus and quantitatively defines the associated costs. Under a Smart Energy System perspective, a variety of future scenarios are defined for the Italian case based on a progressively increasing renewable and storage capacity feeding an ever-larger electrified demand mostly made up of electric vehicles and, to some extent, heat pumps and power-to-gas/liquid technologies. Results are compared in terms of crucial environmental and techno-economic indicators and discussed with respect to storage operating parameters. The outcome of this analysis reveals the remarkable role of electricity storage in increasing system flexibility and reducing, in the range 24–44%, the renewable capacity required to meet a given sustainability target. Nonetheless, such achievements become feasible only under relatively low investment and operating costs, condition that excludes electrochemical storage solutions and privileges low-cost alternatives that at present, however, exist only at a pilot or demonstration scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Scale Energy Storage Management)
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13 pages, 810 KiB  
Article
Incorporating State-of-Charge Balancing into the Control of Energy Storage Systems for Smoothing Renewable Intermittency
by Jae Woong Shim, Heejin Kim and Kyeon Hur
Energies 2019, 12(7), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071190 - 27 Mar 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2935
Abstract
This paper proposes an effective control methodology for the Energy Storage System (ESS), compensating for renewable energy intermittency. By connecting generation variability and the preset service range of the State of Charge (SOC), this methodology successfully secures the desired SOC range while smoothing [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an effective control methodology for the Energy Storage System (ESS), compensating for renewable energy intermittency. By connecting generation variability and the preset service range of the State of Charge (SOC), this methodology successfully secures the desired SOC range while smoothing out power fluctuations. Adaptive to grid conditions, it can adjust response time (control bandwidth) of the ESS via energy feedback coefficients subject to the ESS capacity and its SOC range. This flexibility facilitates the process of developing ESS operation and planning strategies. Mathematical analysis proves that the proposed method controls the ESS to perform best for specific frequency bands associated with power fluctuation. Time-domain simulation studies along with power-spectrum analysis using PSCAD and MATLAB demonstrate the excellent power-smoothing performance to the power grid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Scale Energy Storage Management)
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13 pages, 6015 KiB  
Article
Modeling the Performance of a Zinc/Bromine Flow Battery
by Boram Koo, Dongcheul Lee, Jaeshin Yi, Chee Burm Shin, Dong Joo Kim, Eun Mi Choi and Tae Hyuk Kang
Energies 2019, 12(6), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061159 - 25 Mar 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5101
Abstract
The zinc/bromine (Zn/Br2) flow battery is an attractive rechargeable system for grid-scale energy storage because of its inherent chemical simplicity, high degree of electrochemical reversibility at the electrodes, good energy density, and abundant low-cost materials. It is important to develop a [...] Read more.
The zinc/bromine (Zn/Br2) flow battery is an attractive rechargeable system for grid-scale energy storage because of its inherent chemical simplicity, high degree of electrochemical reversibility at the electrodes, good energy density, and abundant low-cost materials. It is important to develop a mathematical model to calculate the current distributions in a Zn/Br2 flow cell in order to predict such quantities as current, voltage, and energy efficiencies under various charge and discharge conditions. This information can be used to design both of bench and production scale cells and to select the operating conditions for optimum performance. This paper reports a modeling methodology to predict the performance of a Zn/Br2 flow battery. The charge and discharge behaviors of a single cell is calculated based on a simple modeling approach by considering Ohm’s law and charge conservation on the electrodes based on the simplified polarization characteristics of the electrodes. An 8-cell stack performance is predicted based on an equivalent circuit model composed of the single cells and the resistances of the inlet and outlet streams of the positive and negative electrolytes. The model is validated by comparing the modeling results with the experimental measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Scale Energy Storage Management)
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19 pages, 4279 KiB  
Article
Long Term Impact of Grid Level Energy Storage on Renewable Energy Penetration and Emissions in the Chilean Electric System
by Serguey A. Maximov, Gareth P. Harrison and Daniel Friedrich
Energies 2019, 12(6), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061070 - 20 Mar 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3951
Abstract
Chile has abundant solar and wind resources and renewable generation is becoming competitive with fossil fuel generation. However, due to renewable resource variability their large-scale integration into the electricity grid is not trivial. This study evaluates the long-term impact of grid level energy [...] Read more.
Chile has abundant solar and wind resources and renewable generation is becoming competitive with fossil fuel generation. However, due to renewable resource variability their large-scale integration into the electricity grid is not trivial. This study evaluates the long-term impact of grid level energy storage, specifically Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES), on the penetration of solar and wind energies and on CO2 emissions reduction in Chile. A cost based linear optimization model of the Chilean electricity system is developed and used to analyse and optimize different renewable generation, transmission and energy storage scenarios until 2050. For the base scenario of decommissioning ageing coal plants and no new coal and large hydro generation, the generation gap is filled by solar photovoltaic (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP) and flexible gas generation with the associated drop of 78% in the CO2 emission factor. The integration of on-grid 8h capacity storage increases the solar PV fraction which leads to a 6% reduction in operation and investment costs by 2050. However, this does not necessarily lead to further reductions in the long term emissions. Thus, it is crucial to consider all aspects of the energy system when planning the transition to a low carbon electricity system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Scale Energy Storage Management)
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17 pages, 5678 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of a 1 MW, 250 kW-hr Battery Energy Storage System for Grid Services for the Island of Hawaii
by Karl Stein, Moe Tun, Keith Musser and Richard Rocheleau
Energies 2018, 11(12), 3367; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123367 - 01 Dec 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4910
Abstract
Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are being deployed on electrical grids in significant numbers to provide fast-response services. These systems are normally procured by the end user, such as a utility grid owner or independent power producer. This paper introduces a novel research [...] Read more.
Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are being deployed on electrical grids in significant numbers to provide fast-response services. These systems are normally procured by the end user, such as a utility grid owner or independent power producer. This paper introduces a novel research project in which a research institution has purchased a 1 MW BESS and turned ownership over to a utility company under an agreement that allowed the institution to perform experimentation and data collection on the grid for a multi-year period. This arrangement, along with protocols governing experimentation, has created a unique research opportunity to actively and systematically test the impact of a BESS on a live island grid. The 2012 installation and commissioning of the BESS was facilitated by a partnership between the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI) and the utility owner, the Hawaiian Electric and Light Company (HELCO). After the test period ended, HELCO continued to allow data collection (including health testing). In 2018, after 8500 equivalent cycles, the BESS continues to operate within specifications. HNEI continues to provide HELCO with expertise to aid with diagnostics as needed. Details about the BESS design, installation, experimental protocols, initial results, and lessons learned are presented in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Scale Energy Storage Management)
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12 pages, 2017 KiB  
Article
Characterization of a Fast Battery Energy Storage System for Primary Frequency Response
by Karl Stein, Moe Tun, Marc Matsuura and Richard Rocheleau
Energies 2018, 11(12), 3358; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123358 - 01 Dec 2018
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4803
Abstract
In response to increasing integration of renewable energy sources on electric grid systems, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are being deployed world-wide to provide grid services, including fast frequency regulation. Without mitigating technologies, such as BESSs, highly variable renewables can cause operational and [...] Read more.
In response to increasing integration of renewable energy sources on electric grid systems, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are being deployed world-wide to provide grid services, including fast frequency regulation. Without mitigating technologies, such as BESSs, highly variable renewables can cause operational and reliability problems on isolated grids. Prior to the deployment of a BESS, an electric utility company will typically perform modeling to estimate cost benefits and determine grid impacts. While there may be a comparison of grid operations before and after BESS installation, passive monitoring typically does not provide information needed to tune the BESS such that the desired services are maintained, while also minimizing the cycling of the BESS. This paper presents the results of testing from a live grid using a method that systematically characterizes the performance of a BESS. The method is sensitive enough to discern how changes in tuning parameters effect both grid service and the cycling of the BESS. This paper discusses the application of this methodology to a 1 MW BESS regulating the entire island of Hawaii (180 MW peak load) in-situ. Significant mitigation of renewable volatility was demonstrated while minimizing BESS cycling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Scale Energy Storage Management)
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24 pages, 3265 KiB  
Article
Life Cycle Estimation of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Primary Frequency Regulation
by Natascia Andrenacci, Elio Chiodo, Davide Lauria and Fabio Mottola
Energies 2018, 11(12), 3320; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123320 - 28 Nov 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5241
Abstract
An increasing share of renewable energy sources in power systems requires ad-hoc tools to guarantee the closeness of the system’s frequency to its rated value. At present, the use of new technologies, such as battery energy storage systems, is widely debated for its [...] Read more.
An increasing share of renewable energy sources in power systems requires ad-hoc tools to guarantee the closeness of the system’s frequency to its rated value. At present, the use of new technologies, such as battery energy storage systems, is widely debated for its participation in the service of frequency containment. Since battery installation costs are still high, the estimation of their lifetime appears crucial in both the planning and operations of power systems’ regulation service. As the frequency response of batteries is strongly dependent on the stochastic nature of the various contingencies which can occur on power systems, the estimation of the battery lifetime is a very complex issue. In the present paper, the stochastic process which better represents the power system frequency is analyzed first; then the battery lifetime is properly estimated on the basis of realistic dynamic modeling including the state of the charge control strategy. The dynamic evolution of the state of charge is then used in combination with the celebrated rain-flow procedure with the aim of evaluating the number of charging/discharging cycles whose knowledge allows estimating the battery damage. Numerical simulations are carried out in the last part of the paper, highlighting the resulting lifetime probabilistic expectation and the impact of the state of the charge control strategy on the battery lifetime. The main findings of the present work are the proposed autoregressive model, which allows creating accurate pseudo-samples of frequency patterns and the analysis of the incidence of the control law on the battery lifetime. The numerical applications clearly show the prominent importance of this last aspect since it has an opposing impact on the economic issue by influencing the battery lifetime and technical effects by modifying the availability of the frequency regulation service. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Scale Energy Storage Management)
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21 pages, 13549 KiB  
Article
Bilevel Optimal Dispatch Strategy for a Multi-Energy System of Industrial Parks by Considering Integrated Demand Response
by Yuehao Zhao, Ke Peng, Bingyin Xu, Huimin Li, Yuquan Liu and Xinhui Zhang
Energies 2018, 11(8), 1942; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11081942 - 26 Jul 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3067
Abstract
To combat energy shortage, the multi-energy system has gained increasing interest in contemporary society. In order to fully utilize adjustable multi-energy resources on the demand side and reduce interactive compensation, this paper presents an integrated demand response (IDR) model in consideration of conventional [...] Read more.
To combat energy shortage, the multi-energy system has gained increasing interest in contemporary society. In order to fully utilize adjustable multi-energy resources on the demand side and reduce interactive compensation, this paper presents an integrated demand response (IDR) model in consideration of conventional load-shedding and novel resource-shifting, due to the fact that participants in IDR can use more abundant resources to reduce the consumption of energy. In the proposed IDR, cooling, heating, electricity, gas and so forth are considered, which takes the connection between compensation and load reductions into consideration. Furthermore, a bilevel optimal dispatch strategy is proposed to decrease the difficulty in coordinated control and interaction between lower-level factories and upper-level multi-energy operators in industrial parks. In this strategy, resources in both multi-energy operator and user sides are optimally controlled and scheduled to maximize the benefits under peak shifting constraint. In the normal operation mode, this strategy can maximize the benefits to users and multi-energy operators. Particularly in heavy load conditions, compared to the conventional electricity demand response, there are more types of adjustable resources, more flexibility, and lower interactive compensations in IDR. The results indicate that optimal operation for factories and multi-energy operators can be achieved under peak shifting constraint and the overall peak power value in industrial park is reduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Scale Energy Storage Management)
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