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Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena

A special issue of Entropy (ISSN 1099-4300). This special issue belongs to the section "Complexity".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2018) | Viewed by 74469

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Nicholas Vassiliou Sarlis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Section of Condensed Matter Physics and Solid Earth Physics Institute, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografos, 157 84 Athens, Greece
Interests: earthquake precursory phenomena; physics of earthquakes; earthquake prediction; natural time analysis; thermodynamics of point defects; complex systems physics; nonlinear dynamics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

During the last decade, considerable progress has been made towards the understanding of pre-seismic processes. In this direction, the physics of critical phenomena, information entropy, and methods of complex systems have been applied for the study of rupture in the Solid Earth crust.

From another point of view, during the 21st century, many very strong earthquakes took place (e.g., the 2011 M9.1 Tohoku, the 2004 M9.0 Sumatra, Andaman, or the 2010 M8.8 Chile earthquakes). Since the instrumentation in our days is much better than that of the previous century, the study of various physical (or geophysical) observables before these earthquakes may provide useful precursory signals. When combined with and studied within the aforementioned frame of modern methods, such signals may lead to more efficient earthquake prediction methods than ever before.

The scope of this special issue is to strengthen and present the most recent attempts in both theoretical and experimental methods for understanding the physics of earthquakes and hence foresee their occurrence.

Prof. Dr. Nicholas V Sarlis
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Earthquakes
  • Rupture
  • Seismicity
  • Entropy
  • Nonlinear dynamics
  • Complex systems
  • Time series analysis
  • Natural time analysis
  • Electromagnetic phenomena
  • Earthquake prediction
  • Earthquake forecasting
  • Applications

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Published Papers (20 papers)

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30 pages, 3212 KiB  
Article
Geosystemics View of Earthquakes
by Angelo De Santis, Cristoforo Abbattista, Lucilla Alfonsi, Leonardo Amoruso, Saioa A. Campuzano, Marianna Carbone, Claudio Cesaroni, Gianfranco Cianchini, Giorgiana De Franceschi, Anna De Santis, Rita Di Giovambattista, Dedalo Marchetti, Luca Martino, Loredana Perrone, Alessandro Piscini, Mario Luigi Rainone, Maurizio Soldani, Luca Spogli and Francesca Santoro
Entropy 2019, 21(4), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/e21040412 - 18 Apr 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4963
Abstract
Earthquakes are the most energetic phenomena in the lithosphere: their study and comprehension are greatly worth doing because of the obvious importance for society. Geosystemics intends to study the Earth system as a whole, looking at the possible couplings among the different geo-layers, [...] Read more.
Earthquakes are the most energetic phenomena in the lithosphere: their study and comprehension are greatly worth doing because of the obvious importance for society. Geosystemics intends to study the Earth system as a whole, looking at the possible couplings among the different geo-layers, i.e., from the earth’s interior to the above atmosphere. It uses specific universal tools to integrate different methods that can be applied to multi-parameter data, often taken on different platforms (e.g., ground, marine or satellite observations). Its main objective is to understand the particular phenomenon of interest from a holistic point of view. Central is the use of entropy, together with other physical quantities that will be introduced case by case. In this paper, we will deal with earthquakes, as final part of a long-term chain of processes involving, not only the interaction between different components of the Earth’s interior but also the coupling of the solid earth with the above neutral or ionized atmosphere, and finally culminating with the main rupture along the fault of concern. Particular emphasis will be given to some Italian seismic sequences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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16 pages, 1003 KiB  
Article
Identifying the Occurrence Time of the Deadly Mexico M8.2 Earthquake on 7 September 2017
by Nicholas V. Sarlis, Efthimios S. Skordas, Panayiotis A. Varotsos, Alejandro Ramírez-Rojas and Elsa Leticia Flores-Márquez
Entropy 2019, 21(3), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/e21030301 - 20 Mar 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3255
Abstract
It has been shown that some dynamic features hidden in the time series of complex systems can be unveiled if we analyze them in a time domain termed natural time. In this analysis, we can identify when a system approaches a critical point [...] Read more.
It has been shown that some dynamic features hidden in the time series of complex systems can be unveiled if we analyze them in a time domain termed natural time. In this analysis, we can identify when a system approaches a critical point (dynamic phase transition). Here, based on natural time analysis, which enables the introduction of an order parameter for seismicity, we discuss a procedure through which we could achieve the identification of the occurrence time of the M8.2 earthquake that occurred on 7 September 2017 in Mexico in Chiapas region, which is the largest magnitude event recorded in Mexico in more than a century. In particular, we first investigated the order parameter fluctuations of seismicity in the entire Mexico and found that, during an almost 30-year period, i.e., from 1 January 1988 until the M8.2 earthquake occurrence, they were minimized around 27 July 2017. From this date, we started computing the variance of seismicity in Chiapas region and found that it approached the critical value 0.070 on 6 September 2017, almost one day before this M8.2 earthquake occurrence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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10 pages, 3203 KiB  
Article
Temporal Variation and Statistical Assessment of the b Value off the Pacific Coast of Tokachi, Hokkaido, Japan
by Weiyun Xie, Katsumi Hattori and Peng Han
Entropy 2019, 21(3), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/e21030249 - 05 Mar 2019
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4433
Abstract
The Gutenberg-Richter Law describes the frequency-magnitude distribution of earthquakes. A number of studies have shown that the slope (b value) of the relationship between frequency and magnitude decreased before large earthquakes. In this paper, we investigate the temporal variation of the b [...] Read more.
The Gutenberg-Richter Law describes the frequency-magnitude distribution of earthquakes. A number of studies have shown that the slope (b value) of the relationship between frequency and magnitude decreased before large earthquakes. In this paper, we investigate the temporal variation of the b value off the Pacific coast of Tokachi, Hokkaido, Japan, during 1990–2014. The magnitude of completeness (Mc) in the catalog is evaluated by combining the maximum curvature (MAXC) technique and the bootstrap approach. Then, the b value, and its uncertainty, is computed by using the maximum likelihood estimation. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) with the bootstrap approach is introduced to statistically assess the temporal variation of b values and quantify the significance level. The results show a decrease in trends of the b value prior to two large earthquakes (26 September 2003 (M8.0) and 11 September 2008 (M7.1)) in the analyzed area. In addition, the decrease of b values shows certain statistical significance three months before the 2003 Earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tokachi (M8.0). It is concluded that the b value with statistical assessment may contain potential information for future large earthquake preparation off the Pacific coast of Tokachi, Hokkaido, Japan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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24 pages, 5793 KiB  
Article
On Possible Electromagnetic Precursors to a Significant Earthquake (Mw = 6.3) Occurred in Lesvos (Greece) on 12 June 2017
by Stelios M. Potirakis, Alexander Schekotov, Yiannis Contoyiannis, Georgios Balasis, Grigorios E. Koulouras, Nikolaos S. Melis, Adamantia Zoe Boutsi, Masashi Hayakawa, Konstantinos Eftaxias and Constantinos Nomicos
Entropy 2019, 21(3), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/e21030241 - 02 Mar 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3593
Abstract
This paper reports an attempt to use ultra-low-frequency (ULF) magnetic field data from a space weather monitoring magnetometer array in the study of earthquake (EQ) precursors in Greece. The data from four magnetometer stations of the HellENIc GeoMagnetic [...] Read more.
This paper reports an attempt to use ultra-low-frequency (ULF) magnetic field data from a space weather monitoring magnetometer array in the study of earthquake (EQ) precursors in Greece. The data from four magnetometer stations of the HellENIc GeoMagnetic Array (ENIGMA) have been analyzed in the search for possible precursors to a strong EQ that occurred south of Lesvos Island on 12 June 2017, with magnitude Mw = 6.3 and focal depth = 12 km. The analysis includes conventional statistical methods, as well as criticality analysis, using two independent methods, the natural time (NT) method and the method of critical fluctuations (MCF). In terms of conventional statistical methods, it is found that the most convincing ULF precursor was observed in the data of ULF (20–30 mHz) depression (depression of the horizontal component of the magnetic field), which is indicative of lower ionospheric perturbation just 1 day before the EQ. Additionally, there are indications of a precursor in the direct ULF emission from the lithosphere 4 days to 1 day before the EQ. Further study in terms of NT analysis identifies criticality characteristics from 8 to 2 days before the EQ both for lithospheric ULF emission and ULF depression, while MCF reveals indications of criticality in all recorded magnetic field components, extending from 10 to 3 days before the EQ. Beyond the recordings of the geomagnetic stations of ENIGMA, the recordings of the fracto-electromagnetic emission stations of the HELlenic Seismo-ElectroMagnetics Network (ELSEM-Net) in Greece have been analyzed. The MHz recordings at the station that is located on Lesvos Island presented criticality characteristics (by means of both NT analysis and MCF) 11 days before the EQ, while a few days later (7–6 days before the EQ), the kHz recordings of the same station presented tricritical behavior. It is noted that the magnetosphere was quiet for a period of two weeks before the EQ and including its occurrence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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13 pages, 393 KiB  
Article
The Relevance of Foreshocks in Earthquake Triggering: A Statistical Study
by Eugenio Lippiello, Cataldo Godano and Lucilla de Arcangelis
Entropy 2019, 21(2), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020173 - 13 Feb 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3826
Abstract
An increase of seismic activity is often observed before large earthquakes. Events responsible for this increase are usually named foreshock and their occurrence probably represents the most reliable precursory pattern. Many foreshocks statistical features can be interpreted in terms of the standard mainshock-to-aftershock [...] Read more.
An increase of seismic activity is often observed before large earthquakes. Events responsible for this increase are usually named foreshock and their occurrence probably represents the most reliable precursory pattern. Many foreshocks statistical features can be interpreted in terms of the standard mainshock-to-aftershock triggering process and are recovered in the Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence ETAS model. Here we present a statistical study of instrumental seismic catalogs from four different geographic regions. We focus on some common features of foreshocks in the four catalogs which cannot be reproduced by the ETAS model. In particular we find in instrumental catalogs a significantly larger number of foreshocks than the one predicted by the ETAS model. We show that this foreshock excess cannot be attributed to catalog incompleteness. We therefore propose a generalized formulation of the ETAS model, the ETAFS model, which explicitly includes foreshock occurrence. Statistical features of aftershocks and foreshocks in the ETAFS model are in very good agreement with instrumental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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9 pages, 2406 KiB  
Article
Seismicity Pattern Changes Prior to the 2008 Ms7.3 Yutian Earthquake
by Qinghua Huang
Entropy 2019, 21(2), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020118 - 28 Jan 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2422
Abstract
Seismicity pattern changes that are associated with strong earthquakes are an interesting topic with potential applications for natural hazard mitigation. As a retrospective case study of the Ms7.3 Yutian earthquake, which was an inland normal faulting event that occurred on 21 March 2008, [...] Read more.
Seismicity pattern changes that are associated with strong earthquakes are an interesting topic with potential applications for natural hazard mitigation. As a retrospective case study of the Ms7.3 Yutian earthquake, which was an inland normal faulting event that occurred on 21 March 2008, the Region-Time-Length (RTL) method is applied to the seismological data of the China Earthquake Administration (CEA) to analyze the features of the seismicity pattern changes before the Yutian earthquake. The temporal variations of the RTL parameters of the earthquake epicenter showed that a quiescence anomaly of seismicity appeared in 2005. The Yutian main shock did not occur immediately after the local seismicity recovered to the background level, but with a time delay of about two years. The spatial variations of seismic quiescence indicated that an anomalous zone of seismic quiescence appeared near the Yutian epicentral region in 2005. This result is consistent with that obtained from the temporal changes of seismicity. The above spatio-temporal seismicity changes prior to the inland normal faulting Yutian earthquake showed similar features to those reported for some past strong earthquakes with inland strike faulting or thrust faulting. This study may provide useful information for understanding the seismogenic evolution of strong earthquakes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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11 pages, 4273 KiB  
Article
ULF Pre-Seismic Geomagnetic Anomalous Signal Related to Mw8.1 Offshore Chiapas Earthquake, Mexico on 8 September 2017
by Dragoș Armand Stănică and Dumitru Stănică
Entropy 2019, 21(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/e21010029 - 03 Jan 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3468
Abstract
In the last decade, the real time ground–based geomagnetic observations realized in correlation with the Vrancea seismicity in Romania, together with supplementary studies related to some earthquakes (Mw9.0 Tohoku, Japan on 11 March 2011 and Mw8.3 Coquimbo, Chile on 16 September 2015), enlarged [...] Read more.
In the last decade, the real time ground–based geomagnetic observations realized in correlation with the Vrancea seismicity in Romania, together with supplementary studies related to some earthquakes (Mw9.0 Tohoku, Japan on 11 March 2011 and Mw8.3 Coquimbo, Chile on 16 September 2015), enlarged our knowledge about the relationship between the pre-seismic anomalous phenomena and the final stage of the earthquake nucleation. To identify possible ultra-low-frequency (ULF) geomagnetic signals prior to the onset of an Mw8.1 earthquake, we retroactively analyzed the data collected on the interval 1 August–16 September 2017 at the Geomagnetic Observatories in Teoloyucan (TEO), Mexico and Tucson (TUC) USA, with the last taken as a reference. Daily mean distributions of the polarization parameter BPOL (geomagnetic polarization parameter) and standard deviation are obtained for both observatories using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) band-pass filtering in the ULF range (0.001–0.083 Hz). Further on, we investigated the singularity of the pre-seismic signal associated with an Mw8.1 earthquake and applied a statistical analysis based on a standardized random variable equation; results are presented as BPOL* time series on the interval 1–26 September. Finally, the hourly mean distribution, obtained as difference BPOL (TUC-TEO) on the interval 7–9 September emphasizes an anomalous signal with five hours before the onset of the Mw8.1 earthquake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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13 pages, 2072 KiB  
Article
Multifractality of Pseudo-Velocities and Seismic Quiescence Associated with the Tehuantepec M8.2 EQ
by Carlos Carrizales-Velazquez, Adolfo Rudolf-Navarro, Israel Reyes-Ramírez, Alejandro Muñoz-Diosdado, Lev Guzmán-Vargas and Fernando Angulo-Brown
Entropy 2018, 20(12), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/e20120961 - 13 Dec 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2516
Abstract
By using earthquake catalogs, previous studies have reported evidence that some changes in the spatial and temporal organization of earthquake activity are observed before and after of a main shock. These previous studies have used different approaches for detecting clustering behavior and distance-events [...] Read more.
By using earthquake catalogs, previous studies have reported evidence that some changes in the spatial and temporal organization of earthquake activity are observed before and after of a main shock. These previous studies have used different approaches for detecting clustering behavior and distance-events density in order to point out the asymmetric behavior of foreshocks and aftershocks. Here, we present a statistical analysis of the seismic activity related to the M w = 8.2 earthquake that occurred on 7 September 2017 in Mexico. First, we calculated the inter-event time and distance between successive events for the period 1 January 1998 until 20 October 2017 in a circular region centered at the epicenter of the M w = 8.2 EQ. Next, we introduced the concept of pseudo-velocity as the ratio between the inter-event distance and inter-event time. A sliding window is considered to estimate some statistical features of the pseudo-velocity sequence before the main shock. Specifically, we applied the multifractal method to detect changes in the spectrum of singularities for the period before the main event on 7 September. Our results point out that the multifractality associated with the pseudo-velocities exhibits noticeable changes in the characteristics of the spectra (more narrower) for approximately three years, from 2013 until 2016, which is preceded and followed by periods with wider spectra. On the other hand, we present an analysis of patterns of seismic quiescence before the M w = 8.2 earthquake based on the Schreider algorithm over a period of 27 years. We report the existence of an important period of seismic quietude, for six to seven years, from 2008 to 2015 approximately, known as the alpha stage, and a beta stage of resumption of seismic activity, with a duration of approximately three years until the occurrence of the great earthquake of magnitude M w = 8.2 . Our results are in general concordance with previous results reported for statistics based on magnitude temporal sequences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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12 pages, 844 KiB  
Article
Study in Natural Time of Geoelectric Field and Seismicity Changes Preceding the Mw6.8 Earthquake on 25 October 2018 in Greece
by Nicholas V. Sarlis and Efthimios S. Skordas
Entropy 2018, 20(11), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/e20110882 - 16 Nov 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3805
Abstract
A strong earthquake of magnitude M w 6.8 struck Western Greece on 25 October 2018 with an epicenter at 37.515 ∘ N 20.564 ∘ E. It was preceded by an anomalous geolectric signal that was recorded on 2 October 2018 at a measuring [...] Read more.
A strong earthquake of magnitude M w 6.8 struck Western Greece on 25 October 2018 with an epicenter at 37.515 ∘ N 20.564 ∘ E. It was preceded by an anomalous geolectric signal that was recorded on 2 October 2018 at a measuring station 70 km away from the epicenter. Upon analyzing this signal in natural time, we find that it conforms to the conditions suggested for its identification as precursory Seismic Electric Signal (SES) activity. Notably, the observed lead time of 23 days lies within the range of values that has been very recently identified as being statistically significant for the precursory variations of the electric field of the Earth. Moreover, the analysis in natural time of the seismicity subsequent to the SES activity in the area candidate to suffer this strong earthquake reveals that the criticality conditions were obeyed early in the morning of 18 October 2018, i.e., almost a week before the strong earthquake occurrence, in agreement with earlier findings. Finally, when employing the recent method of nowcasting earthquakes, which is based on natural time, we find an earthquake potential score around 80%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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27 pages, 7605 KiB  
Article
Regional Seismic Information Entropy to Detect Earthquake Activation Precursors
by Yukio Ohsawa
Entropy 2018, 20(11), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/e20110861 - 08 Nov 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4560
Abstract
A method is presented to detect earthquake precursors from time series data on earthquakes in a target region. The Regional Entropy of Seismic Information (RESI) is an index that represents the average influence of an earthquake in a target region on the diversity [...] Read more.
A method is presented to detect earthquake precursors from time series data on earthquakes in a target region. The Regional Entropy of Seismic Information (RESI) is an index that represents the average influence of an earthquake in a target region on the diversity of clusters to which earthquake foci are distributed. Based on a simple qualitative model of the dynamics of land crust, it is hypothesized that the saturation that occurs after an increase in RESI precedes the activation of earthquakes. This hypothesis is validated by the earthquake catalog. This temporal change was found to correlate with the activation of earthquakes in Japanese regions one to two years ahead of the real activation, more reliably than the compared baseline methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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23 pages, 969 KiB  
Article
Maximum Entropy Probability Density Principle in Probabilistic Investigations of Dynamic Systems
by Jiří Náprstek and Cyril Fischer
Entropy 2018, 20(10), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/e20100790 - 15 Oct 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3088
Abstract
In this study, we consider a method for investigating the stochastic response of a nonlinear dynamical system affected by a random seismic process. We present the solution of the probability density of a single/multiple-degree of freedom (SDOF/MDOF) system with several statically stable equilibrium [...] Read more.
In this study, we consider a method for investigating the stochastic response of a nonlinear dynamical system affected by a random seismic process. We present the solution of the probability density of a single/multiple-degree of freedom (SDOF/MDOF) system with several statically stable equilibrium states and with possible jumps of the snap-through type. The system is a Hamiltonian system with weak damping excited by a system of non-stationary Gaussian white noise. The solution based on the Gibbs principle of the maximum entropy of probability could potentially be implemented in various branches of engineering. The search for the extreme of the Gibbs entropy functional is formulated as a constrained optimization problem. The secondary constraints follow from the Fokker–Planck equation (FPE) for the system considered or from the system of ordinary differential equations for the stochastic moments of the response derived from the relevant FPE. In terms of the application type, this strategy is most suitable for SDOF/MDOF systems containing polynomial type nonlinearities. Thus, the solution links up with the customary formulation of the finite elements discretization for strongly nonlinear continuous systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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19 pages, 3214 KiB  
Article
A Complexity View into the Physics of the Accelerating Seismic Release Hypothesis: Theoretical Principles
by Filippos Vallianatos and Georgios Chatzopoulos
Entropy 2018, 20(10), 754; https://doi.org/10.3390/e20100754 - 01 Oct 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2860
Abstract
Observational indications support the hypothesis that many large earthquakes are preceded by accelerating-decelerating seismic release rates which are described by a power law time to failure relation. In the present work, a unified theoretical framework is discussed based on the ideas of non-extensive [...] Read more.
Observational indications support the hypothesis that many large earthquakes are preceded by accelerating-decelerating seismic release rates which are described by a power law time to failure relation. In the present work, a unified theoretical framework is discussed based on the ideas of non-extensive statistical physics along with fundamental principles of physics such as the energy conservation in a faulted crustal volume undergoing stress loading. We define a generalized Benioff strain function Ω ξ ( t ) = ∑ i = 1 n ( t ) E i ξ ( t ) , where Ei is the earthquake energy, 0 ≤ ξ ≤ 1 . and a time-to-failure power-law of Ω ξ ( t ) derived for a fault system that obeys a hierarchical distribution law extracted from Tsallis entropy. In the time-to-failure power-law followed by Ω ξ ( t ) the existence of a common exponent mξ which is a function of the non-extensive entropic parameter q is demonstrated. An analytic expression that connects mξ with the Tsallis entropic parameter q and the b value of Gutenberg—Richter law is derived. In addition the range of q and b values that could drive the system into an accelerating stage and to failure is discussed, along with precursory variations of mξ resulting from the precursory b-value anomaly. Finally our calculations based on Tsallis entropy and the energy conservation give a new view on the empirical laws derived in the literature, the associated average generalized Benioff strain rate during accelerating period with the background rate and connecting model parameters with the expected magnitude of the main shock. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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15 pages, 4583 KiB  
Article
Complexity of the Yellowstone Park Volcanic Field Seismicity in Terms of Tsallis Entropy
by Kalliopi Chochlaki, Georgios Michas and Filippos Vallianatos
Entropy 2018, 20(10), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/e20100721 - 20 Sep 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3611
Abstract
The Yellowstone Park volcanic field is one of the most active volcanic systems in the world, presenting intense seismic activity that is characterized by several earthquake swarms over the last decades. In the present work, we focused on the spatiotemporal properties of the [...] Read more.
The Yellowstone Park volcanic field is one of the most active volcanic systems in the world, presenting intense seismic activity that is characterized by several earthquake swarms over the last decades. In the present work, we focused on the spatiotemporal properties of the recent earthquake swarms that occurred on December–January 2008–2009 and the 2010 Madison Plateau swarm, using the approach of Non Extensive Statistical Physics (NESP). Our approach is based on Tsallis entropy, and is used in order to describe the behavior of complex systems where fracturing and strong correlations exist, such as in tectonic and volcanic environments. This framework is based on the maximization of the non-additive Tsallis entropy Sq, introducing the q-exponential function and the entropic parameter q that expresses the degree of non-extentivity of the system. The estimation of the q-parameters could be used as a correlation degree among the events in the spatiotemporal evolution of seismicity. Using the seismic data provided by University of Utah Seismological Stations (UUSS), we analyzed the inter-event time (T) and distance (r) distribution of successive earthquakes that occurred during the two swarms, fitting the observed data with the q-exponential function, resulting in the estimation of the Tsallis entropic parameters qT, qr for the inter-event time and distance distributions, respectively. Furthermore, we studied the magnitude-frequency distribution of the released earthquake energies E as formulated in the frame of NESP, which results in the estimation of the qE parameter. Our analysis provides the triplet (qE, qT, qr) that describes the magnitude-frequency distribution and the spatiotemporal scaling properties of each of the studied earthquake swarms. In addition, the spatial variability of qE throughout the Yellowstone park volcanic area is presented and correlated with the existence of the regional hydrothermal features. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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12 pages, 1701 KiB  
Article
The Behavior of VLF/LF Variations Associated with Geomagnetic Activity, Earthquakes, and the Quiet Condition Using a Neural Network Approach
by Irina Popova, Alexandr Rozhnoi, Maria Solovieva, Danila Chebrov and Masashi Hayakawa
Entropy 2018, 20(9), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/e20090691 - 11 Sep 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3280
Abstract
The neural network approach is proposed for studying very-low- and low-frequency (VLF and LF) subionospheric radio wave variations in the time vicinities of magnetic storms and earthquakes, with the purpose of recognizing anomalies of different types. We also examined the days with quiet [...] Read more.
The neural network approach is proposed for studying very-low- and low-frequency (VLF and LF) subionospheric radio wave variations in the time vicinities of magnetic storms and earthquakes, with the purpose of recognizing anomalies of different types. We also examined the days with quiet geomagnetic conditions in the absence of seismic activity, in order to distinguish between the disturbed signals and the quiet ones. To this end, we trained the neural network (NN) on the examples of the representative database. The database included both the VLF/LF data that was measured during four-year monitoring at the station in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and the parameters of seismicity in the Kuril-Kamchatka and Japan regions. It was shown that the neural network can distinguish between the disturbed and undisturbed signals. Furthermore, the prognostic behavior of the VLF/LF variations indicative of magnetic and seismic activity has a different appearance in the time vicinity of the earthquakes and magnetic storms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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14 pages, 3923 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Observations of Linkage of Preslip Zones Prior to Stick-Slip Instability
by Yan-Qun Zhuo, Yanshuang Guo, Shunyun Chen, Yuntao Ji and Jin Ma
Entropy 2018, 20(9), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/e20090629 - 24 Aug 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3129
Abstract
Field and experimental observations showed that preslip undergoes a transition from multiple to single preslip zones, which implies the existence of linkage of preslip zones before the fault instability. However, the observations of the linkage process, which is significant for understanding the mechanism [...] Read more.
Field and experimental observations showed that preslip undergoes a transition from multiple to single preslip zones, which implies the existence of linkage of preslip zones before the fault instability. However, the observations of the linkage process, which is significant for understanding the mechanism of earthquake preparation, remains to be implemented due to the limitations of observation methods in previous studies. Detailed spatiotemporal evolutions of preslip were observed via a high-speed camera and a digital image correlation method in our experiments. The normalized length of preslip zones shows an increase trend while the normalized number of preslip zones (NN) shows an increase followed by a decrease trend, which indicate that the expansion of the preslip undergoes a transition from increase to linkage of the isolated preslip zones. The peak NN indicates the initiation of the linkage of preslip zones. Both the linkage of the preslip zones and the decrease in the normalized information entropy of fault displacement direction indicate the reduction of spatial complexity of preslip as the instability approaches. Furthermore, the influences of dynamic adjustment of stress along the fault and the interactions between the asperities and preslip on the spatial complexity of preslip were also observed and analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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17 pages, 2077 KiB  
Article
Study of Geo-Electric Data Collected by the Joint EMSEV-Bishkek RS-RAS Cooperation: Possible Earthquake Precursors
by Konstantina Papadopoulou, Efthimios Skordas, Jacques Zlotnicki, Toshiyasu Nagao and Anatoly Rybin
Entropy 2018, 20(8), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/e20080614 - 18 Aug 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3560
Abstract
By employing the cross-correlogram method, in geo-electric data from the area of Kyrgyzstan for the period 30 June 2014–10 June 2015, we identified Anomalous Telluric Currents (ATC). From a total of 32 ATC after taking into consideration the electric current source properties, we [...] Read more.
By employing the cross-correlogram method, in geo-electric data from the area of Kyrgyzstan for the period 30 June 2014–10 June 2015, we identified Anomalous Telluric Currents (ATC). From a total of 32 ATC after taking into consideration the electric current source properties, we found that three of them are possible Seismic Electric Signal (SES) activities. These three SES activities are likely to be linked with three local seismic events. Finally, by studying the corresponding recordings when a DC alternating source injects current into the Earth, we found that the subsurface resistivity seems to be reduced before one of these three earthquakes, but a similar analysis for the other two cannot be done due to their large epicentral distance and the lack of data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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17 pages, 1184 KiB  
Article
Statistical Significance of Earth’s Electric and Magnetic Field Variations Preceding Earthquakes in Greece and Japan Revisited
by Nicholas V. Sarlis
Entropy 2018, 20(8), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/e20080561 - 28 Jul 2018
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4364
Abstract
By analyzing the seismicity in a new time domain, termed natural time, we recently found that the change of the entropy under time reversal (Physica A2018, 506, 625–634) and the relevant complexity measures (Entropy2018, 20, [...] Read more.
By analyzing the seismicity in a new time domain, termed natural time, we recently found that the change of the entropy under time reversal (Physica A2018, 506, 625–634) and the relevant complexity measures (Entropy2018, 20, 477) exhibit pronounced variations before the occurrence of the M8.2 earthquake in Mexico on 7 September 2017. Here, the statistical significance of precursory phenomena associated with other physical properties and in particular the anomalous variations observed in the Earth’s electric and magnetic fields before earthquakes in different regions of the world and in particular in Greece since 1980s and Japan during 2001–2010 are revisited (the latter, i.e., the magnetic field variations are alternatively termed ultra low frequency (ULF) seismo-magnetic phenomena). Along these lines we employ modern statistical tools like the event coincidence analysis and the receiver operating characteristics technique. We find that these precursory variations are far beyond chance and in addition their lead times fully agree with the experimental findings in Greece since the 1980s. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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12 pages, 4375 KiB  
Article
The Complexity Measures Associated with the Fluctuations of the Entropy in Natural Time before the Deadly México M8.2 Earthquake on 7 September 2017
by Alejandro Ramírez-Rojas, Elsa Leticia Flores-Márquez, Nicholas V. Sarlis and Panayiotis A. Varotsos
Entropy 2018, 20(6), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/e20060477 - 20 Jun 2018
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3999
Abstract
We analyse seismicity during the 6-year period 2012–2017 in the new time domain termed natural time in the Chiapas region where the M8.2 earthquake occurred, Mexico’s largest earthquake in more than a century, in order to study the complexity measures associated with fluctuations [...] Read more.
We analyse seismicity during the 6-year period 2012–2017 in the new time domain termed natural time in the Chiapas region where the M8.2 earthquake occurred, Mexico’s largest earthquake in more than a century, in order to study the complexity measures associated with fluctuations of entropy as well as with entropy change under time reversal. We find that almost three months before the M8.2 earthquake, i.e., on 14 June 2017, the complexity measure associated with the fluctuations of entropy change under time reversal shows an abrupt increase, which, however, does not hold for the complexity measure associated with the fluctuations of entropy in forward time. On the same date, the entropy change under time reversal has been previously found to exhibit a minimum [Physica A 506, 625–634 (2018)]; we thus find here that this minimum is also accompanied by increased fluctuations of the entropy change under time reversal. In addition, we find a simultaneous increase of the Tsallis entropic index q. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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17 pages, 3502 KiB  
Article
Criticality Analysis of the Lower Ionosphere Perturbations Prior to the 2016 Kumamoto (Japan) Earthquakes as Based on VLF Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Data Observed at Multiple Stations
by Stelios M. Potirakis, Tomokazu Asano and Masashi Hayakawa
Entropy 2018, 20(3), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/e20030199 - 16 Mar 2018
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5262
Abstract
The perturbations of the ionosphere which are observed prior to significant earthquakes (EQs) have long been investigated and could be considered promising for short-term EQ prediction. One way to monitor ionospheric perturbations is by studying VLF/LF electromagnetic wave propagation through the lower ionosphere [...] Read more.
The perturbations of the ionosphere which are observed prior to significant earthquakes (EQs) have long been investigated and could be considered promising for short-term EQ prediction. One way to monitor ionospheric perturbations is by studying VLF/LF electromagnetic wave propagation through the lower ionosphere between specific transmitters and receivers. For this purpose, a network of eight receivers has been deployed throughout Japan which receive subionospheric signals from different transmitters located both in the same and other countries. In this study we analyze, in terms of the recently proposed natural time analysis, the data recorded by the above-mentioned network prior to the catastrophic 2016 Kumamoto fault-type EQs, which were as huge as the former 1995 Kobe EQ. These EQs occurred within a two-day period (14 April: M W = 6.2 and M W = 6.0 , 15 April: M W = 7.0 ) at shallow depths (~10 km), while their epicenters were adjacent. Our results show that lower ionospheric perturbations present critical dynamics from two weeks up to two days before the main shock occurrence. The results are compared to those by the conventional nighttime fluctuation method obtained for the same dataset and exhibit consistency. Finally, the temporal evolutions of criticality in ionospheric parameters and those in the lithosphere as seen from the ULF electromagnetic emissions are discussed in the context of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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8 pages, 3052 KiB  
Letter
Nucleation and Cascade Features of Earthquake Mainshock Statistically Explored from Foreshock Seismicity
by Masashi Kamogawa, Kazuyoshi Z. Nanjo, Jun Izutsu, Yoshiaki Orihara, Toshiyasu Nagao and Seiya Uyeda
Entropy 2019, 21(4), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/e21040421 - 19 Apr 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3270
Abstract
The relation between the size of an earthquake mainshock preparation zone and the magnitude of the forthcoming mainshock is different between nucleation and domino-like cascade models. The former model indicates that magnitude is predictable before an earthquake’s mainshock because the preparation zone is [...] Read more.
The relation between the size of an earthquake mainshock preparation zone and the magnitude of the forthcoming mainshock is different between nucleation and domino-like cascade models. The former model indicates that magnitude is predictable before an earthquake’s mainshock because the preparation zone is related to the rupture area. In contrast, the latter indicates that magnitude is substantially unpredictable because it is practically impossible to predict the size of final rupture, which likely consists of a sequence of smaller earthquakes. As this proposal is still controversial, we discuss both models statistically, comparing their spatial occurrence rates between foreshocks and aftershocks. Using earthquake catalogs from three regions, California, Japan, and Taiwan, we showed that the spatial occurrence rates of foreshocks and aftershocks displayed a similar behavior, although this feature did not vary between these regions. An interpretation of this result, which was based on statistical analyses, indicates that the nucleation model is dominant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy, Nonlinear Dynamics, and Methods of Complex Systems in Earthquake Physics including Precursory Phenomena)
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