Journal Description
Inventions
Inventions
is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal published bimonthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q1 (General Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.5 (2022)
Latest Articles
Experimental Investigation into the Performance of PEMFCs with Three Different Hydrogen Recirculation Schemes
Inventions 2024, 9(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020033 - 13 Mar 2024
Abstract
Hydrogen recirculation systems (HRSs) are vital components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), and it is necessary to investigate different HRS schemes to meet the needs of high-power PEMFCs. PEMFCs are developing in the direction of low cost, high power, wide working
[...] Read more.
Hydrogen recirculation systems (HRSs) are vital components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), and it is necessary to investigate different HRS schemes to meet the needs of high-power PEMFCs. PEMFCs are developing in the direction of low cost, high power, wide working conditions, low noise, compact structure, etc. Currently, it is difficult for hydrogen recirculation pumps (HRPs) to meet the flow requirements of high-power PEMFCs. HRPs inevitably have high parasitic energy consumption, loud noise output, high cost, easy leakage, and high failure rates. Therefore, it is necessary to study different HRS schemes to develop a better solution for high-power PEMFCs. In this study, the functional prototype of a piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) based on three HRSs of HRPs was designed, and a functional prototype was built. Working according to the analysis and comparison of PEMFC performance test data, we find that the net power trend of PEMFC systems using three different HRS technology schemes is consistent. The ejector scheme and the combination scheme do not reduce the performance of PEMFCs and have advantages in different power ranges, such as 24 A, 48 A, and other small current points. The PEFMC system net power order is as follows: ejector scheme > HRP scheme > combination scheme. At about 120 A, the net power outputs of the three HRS schemes in the PEMFC system coincide. From around 180 A onwards, the PEMFC system power of the combined HRS scheme gradually dominates. At 320 A, the PEFMC system net power order is as follows: combined HRS scheme > HRP scheme > ejector scheme.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development and Optimization of Innovative Systems, Processes, and Materials for the Production, Conversion, and Storage of Energy, 3rd Edition)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
A Novel Safety Holder Device Designed for Securing the Endotracheal Tube in Neonates with Severe Respiratory Conditions
by
Nittalin Phunapai, Parkpoom Sriromreun, Paranee Sriromreun, Jantana Panburana, Sudaruch Rearkyai, Sittinun Tawkaew and Teerapath Limboonruang
Inventions 2024, 9(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020032 - 12 Mar 2024
Abstract
This article introduces an inventive holder for endotracheal tubes designed specifically to support neonates with severe respiratory conditions during ventilation. Its primary goal is to minimize the risk of slippage of ventilator tubes in newborns, a critical concern that can lead to complications
[...] Read more.
This article introduces an inventive holder for endotracheal tubes designed specifically to support neonates with severe respiratory conditions during ventilation. Its primary goal is to minimize the risk of slippage of ventilator tubes in newborns, a critical concern that can lead to complications in their respiratory health. The innovation accommodates endotracheal tube equipment by offering adjustable sizing to match different dimensions. The development process employs computer-aided design (CAD) principles, while prototypes are crafted using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Comprising four main components—a support for the endotracheal tube header, a support for the tube unit itself, a flexible structure for tube positioning, and a stabilizing base—the innovation demonstrates structural strength and suitability within predefined parameters. It effectively supports the endotracheal tube apparatus while providing flexibility in positioning and distance adjustments. Importantly, its height can be tailored to suit the newborn’s head, offering adaptability for optimal usage. This research supports Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 9 relating to “Good health and well-being” and “Industry, innovation and infrastructure”.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inventions and Innovation in Design, Modeling and Computing Methods)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Static Robust Design Optimization Using the Stochastic Frontier Method: A Case Study of Pulsed EPD Process on TiO2 Films
by
Mohamed Ali Rezgui, Ali Trabelsi, Nesrine Barbana, Adel Ben Youssef and Mohammad Al-Addous
Inventions 2024, 9(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020031 - 08 Mar 2024
Abstract
This paper aims to optimize a pulsed electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process for TiO2 films. This is accomplished by determining the optimal configuration of the coating parameters from a robust optimization perspective. The experimental study uses a composite central design (CCD) with four
[...] Read more.
This paper aims to optimize a pulsed electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process for TiO2 films. This is accomplished by determining the optimal configuration of the coating parameters from a robust optimization perspective. The experimental study uses a composite central design (CCD) with four control factors, i.e., the initial concentration (x1 in g/L), the deposition time (x2 in s), the duty cycle (x3 in %), and the voltage (x4 in V). The process responses that should all be maximized are the photocatalytic efficiency of the thin film (De) and three critical charges, which characterize the adhesion failure, i.e., LC1: the load at which the first cracks occurred; LC2: the load at which the film starts to delaminate at the edge level of the scratch track; and LC3: the load when the damage of the film exceeds 50%. This paper compares the robust optimization design of the EPD process using two methods: the robust design of processes and products using the stochastic frontier (RDPP-SF) and the surface response and desirability function methods. The findings show that the RDPP-SF method is superior to the response surface–desirability method for the process responses De and LC2 because of non-natural sources of variation; however, both methods perform comparably well while analyzing the LC1 and LC3 responses, which are subjected to pure random variability. The parameters setting for the process robust optimization are met in run 25 (x1 = 14 g/L, x2 = 150 s, x3 = 50%, and x4 40 V).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inventions and Innovation in Design, Modeling and Computing Methods)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Modeling and Optimization of Interior Ballistics within Pneumatic Underwater Launchers
by
Haixia Gong, Zhuoran Ping, Fance Meng and Shuping Hou
Inventions 2024, 9(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020030 - 08 Mar 2024
Abstract
A new area of underwater equipment research focus is the use of underwater unmanned vehicles (UUVs) with launch mechanisms to deploy lightweight and small-sized robots for functions including communication, exploration, and detection. The internal ballistic mathematical model of the underwater launch system for
[...] Read more.
A new area of underwater equipment research focus is the use of underwater unmanned vehicles (UUVs) with launch mechanisms to deploy lightweight and small-sized robots for functions including communication, exploration, and detection. The internal ballistic mathematical model of the underwater launch system for small robots is established in this paper. The internal ballistic parameters and the robot displacement and velocity change rule over time are obtained. The optimization calculation of the crucial parameters to be determined by the particle swarm algorithm is completed. Following optimization, the gas cylinder’s initial pressure is 2 MPa, its capacity is 30 L, its opening area is 9.683 × 10−5 m2, and its opening time is 0.02 s. A numerical simulation is performed for the small robot’s underwater launch process, based on the mathematical and physical model supplied by Fluent 2020 software. The results yield the robot’s motion law and the properties of the flow field during the launch process. The purpose of the underwater launcher experiment is to determine the robot’s motion characteristics. The accuracy of the theoretical model is confirmed by comparing and analyzing the numerical simulation results with the actual data.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research and Applications in Hydrodynamics and Flow Control, 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Enhancing Tractor Stability and Safety through Individual Actuators in Active Suspension
by
Jinho Son, Yeongsu Kim, Seokho Kang and Yushin Ha
Inventions 2024, 9(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020029 - 06 Mar 2024
Abstract
Tractor overturning accidents are a prominent safety concern in the field of agriculture. Many studies have been conducted to prevent tractor overturning accidents. Rollover protective structures and seat belts currently installed on tractors cannot prevent them from overturning. The posture of a tractor
[...] Read more.
Tractor overturning accidents are a prominent safety concern in the field of agriculture. Many studies have been conducted to prevent tractor overturning accidents. Rollover protective structures and seat belts currently installed on tractors cannot prevent them from overturning. The posture of a tractor was controlled by installing individual actuators. The overturning angles of the tractor equipped with an actuator were compared with those of a tractor with no actuator. For the overturning angles in all directions of the tractor, it rotated 15° from 0° to 345°, and the actuator height suitable for the tractor posture was controlled by establishing an equation according to the tractor posture. Consequently, posture control using actuators was noticeably improved. This study proposes that tractors operating on irregular and sloping terrain be equipped with individual actuators. These results prevent tractor rollover accidents and improve safety and driving stability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inventions and Innovation in Smart Sensing Technologies for Agriculture)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Effects of Perforated Plates on Shock Structure Alteration for NACA0012 Airfoils
by
Mihnea Gall, Oana Dumitrescu, Valeriu Drăgan and Daniel Eugeniu Crunțeanu
Inventions 2024, 9(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020028 - 05 Mar 2024
Abstract
This research investigated a passive flow control technique to mitigate the adverse effects of shock wave–boundary layer interaction on a NACA 0012 airfoil. A perforated plate with a strategically positioned cavity beneath the shock wave anchoring spot was employed. Airfoils with perforated plates
[...] Read more.
This research investigated a passive flow control technique to mitigate the adverse effects of shock wave–boundary layer interaction on a NACA 0012 airfoil. A perforated plate with a strategically positioned cavity beneath the shock wave anchoring spot was employed. Airfoils with perforated plates of varying orifice sizes (ranging from 0.5 to 1.2 mm) were constructed using various manufacturing techniques. Experimental analysis utilized an “Eiffel”-type open wind tunnel and a Z-type Schlieren system for flow visualization, along with static pressure measurements obtained from the bottom wall. Empirical observations were compared with steady 3D density-based numerical simulations conducted in Ansys FLUENT for comprehensive analysis and validation. The implementation of the perforated plate induced a significant alteration in shock structure, transforming it from a strong normal shock wave into a large lambda-type shock. The passive control case exhibited a 0.2% improvement in total pressure loss and attributed to the perforated plate’s capability to diminish the intensity of the shock wave anchored above. Significant fluctuations in shear stress were introduced by the perforated plate, with lower stress observed in the plate area due to flow detachment from cavity blowing. Balancing shock and viscous losses proved crucial for achieving a favorable outcome with this passive flow control method.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sights in Fluid Mechanics and Transport Phenomena)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
From Sparse to Dense Representations in Open Channel Flow Images with Convolutional Neural Networks
by
Filippos Sofos, George Sofiadis, Efstathios Chatzoglou, Apostolos Palasis, Theodoros E. Karakasidis and Antonios Liakopoulos
Inventions 2024, 9(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020027 - 04 Mar 2024
Abstract
Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been widely adopted in fluid dynamics investigations over the past few years due to their ability to extract and process fluid flow field characteristics. Both in sparse-grid simulations and sensor-based experimental data, the establishment of a dense flow
[...] Read more.
Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been widely adopted in fluid dynamics investigations over the past few years due to their ability to extract and process fluid flow field characteristics. Both in sparse-grid simulations and sensor-based experimental data, the establishment of a dense flow field that embeds all spatial and temporal flow information is an open question, especially in the case of turbulent flows. In this paper, a deep learning (DL) method based on computational CNN layers is presented, focusing on reconstructing turbulent open channel flow fields of various resolutions. Starting from couples of images with low/high resolution, we train our DL model to efficiently reconstruct the velocity field of consecutive low-resolution data, which comes from a sparse-grid Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), and focus on obtaining the accuracy of a respective dense-grid DNS. The reconstruction is assessed on the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), which is found to be high even in cases where the ground truth input is scaled down to 25 times.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research and Applications in Hydrodynamics and Flow Control, 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Experimental Research into an Innovative Green Propellant Based on Paraffin–Stearic Acid and Coal for Hybrid Rocket Engines
by
Grigore Cican, Alexandru Paraschiv, Adrian Nicolae Buturache, Andrei Iaroslav Hapenciuc, Alexandru Mitrache and Tiberius-Florian Frigioescu
Inventions 2024, 9(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020026 - 29 Feb 2024
Abstract
This study focuses on an innovative green propellant based on paraffin, stearic acid, and coal, used in hybrid rocket engines. Additionally, lab-scale firing tests were conducted using a hybrid rocket motor with gaseous oxygen as the oxidizer, utilizing paraffin-based fuels containing stearic acid
[...] Read more.
This study focuses on an innovative green propellant based on paraffin, stearic acid, and coal, used in hybrid rocket engines. Additionally, lab-scale firing tests were conducted using a hybrid rocket motor with gaseous oxygen as the oxidizer, utilizing paraffin-based fuels containing stearic acid and coal. The mechanical performance results revealed that the addition of stearic acid and coal improved the mechanical properties of paraffin-based fuel, including tensile, compression, and flexural strength, under both ambient and sub-zero temperatures (−21 °C). Macrostructural and microstructural examinations, conducted through optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), highlighted its resilience, despite minimal imperfections such as impurities and micro-voids. These characteristics could be attributed to factors such as raw material composition and the manufacturing process. Following the mechanical tests, the second stage involved conducting a firing test on a hybrid rocket motor using the new propellant and gaseous oxygen. A numerical simulation was carried out using ProPEP software to identify the optimal oxidant-to-fuel ratio for the maximum specific impulse. Following simulations, it was observed that the specific impulse for the paraffin and for the new propellant differs very little at each oxidant-to-fuel (O/F) ratio. It is noticeable that the maximum specific impulse is achieved for both propellants around the O/F value of 2.2. It was observed that no hazardous substances were present, unlike in traditional solid propellants based on ammonium perchlorate or aluminum. Consequently, there are no traces of chlorine, ammonia, or aluminum-based compounds after combustion. The resulting components for the simulated motor include H2, H2O, O2, CO2, CO, and other combinations in insignificant percentages. It is worth noting that the CO concentration decreases with an increase in the O/F ratio for both propellants, and the differences between concentrations are negligible. Additionally, the CO2 concentration peaks at an O/F ratio of around 4.7. The test proceeded under normal conditions, without compromising the integrity of the test stand and the motor. These findings position the developed propellant as a promising candidate for applications in low-temperature hybrid rocket technology and pave the way for future advancements.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Innovation and Inventions in Aerospace and UAV Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Optimization of Laser-Based Method to Conduct Skin Ablation in Zebrafish and Development of Deep Learning-Based Method for Skin Wound-Size Measurement
by
Petrus Siregar, Yi-Shan Liu, Franelyne P. Casuga, Ching-Yu Huang, Kelvin H.-C. Chen, Jong-Chin Huang, Chih-Hsin Hung, Yih-Kai Lin, Chung-Der Hsiao and Hung-Yu Lin
Inventions 2024, 9(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020025 - 27 Feb 2024
Abstract
Skin plays an important role as a defense mechanism against environmental pathogens in organisms such as humans or animals. Once the skin integrity is disturbed by a wound, pathogens can penetrate easily into a deeper part of the body to induce disease. By
[...] Read more.
Skin plays an important role as a defense mechanism against environmental pathogens in organisms such as humans or animals. Once the skin integrity is disturbed by a wound, pathogens can penetrate easily into a deeper part of the body to induce disease. By this means, it is important for the skin to regenerate quickly upon injury to regain its protective barrier function. Traditionally, scientists use rodents or mammals as experimental animals to study skin wound healing. However, due to concerns about animal welfare and increasing costs of laboratory animals, such as rodents, scientists have considered alternative methods of implementing replace, reduce, and refine (3Rs) in experimentation. Moreover, several previous studies on skin wound healing in fish used relatively expensive medical-grade lasers with a low calculation efficiency of the wound area, which led to human judgment errors. Thus, this study aimed to develop a new alternative model for skin wound healing by utilizing zebrafish together with a new rapid and efficient method as an alternative in investigating skin wound healing. First, in order to fulfill the 3Rs concept, the pain in the tested zebrafish was evaluated by using a 3D locomotion assay. Afterward, the obtained behavior data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons tests; later, 3 watts was chosen as the power for the laser, since the wound caused by the laser at this power did not significantly alter zebrafish swimming behaviors. Furthermore, we also optimized the experimental conditions of zebrafish skin wound healing using a laser engraving machine, which can create skin wounds with a high reproducibility in size and depth. The wound closure of the tested zebrafish was then analyzed by using a two-way ANOVA, and presented in 25%, 50%, and 75% of wound-closure percentages. After imparting wounds to the skin of the zebrafish, wound images were collected and used for deep-learning training by convolutional neural networks (CNNs), either the Mask-RCNN or U-Net, so that the computer could calculate the area of the skin wounds in an automatic manner. Using ImageJ manual counting as a gold standard, we found that the U-Net performance was better than the Mask RCNN for zebrafish skin wound judgment. For proof-of-concept validation, a U-Net trained model was applied to study and determine the effect of different temperatures and the administration of antioxidants on the skin wound-healing kinetics. Results showed a significant positive correlation between the speed of wound closure and the exposure to different temperatures and administration of antioxidants. Taken together, the laser-based skin ablation and deep learning-based wound-size measurement methods reported in this study provide a faster, reliable, and reduced suffering protocol to conduct skin wound healing in zebrafish for the first time.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Innovation Papers)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
A Review of Perspectives on Developing Floating Wind Farms
by
Mohamed Maktabi and Eugen Rusu
Inventions 2024, 9(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020024 - 21 Feb 2024
Abstract
Floating wind is becoming an essential part of renewable energy, and so highlighting perspectives of developing floating wind platforms is very important. In this paper, we focus on floating wind concepts and projects around the world, which will show the reader what is
[...] Read more.
Floating wind is becoming an essential part of renewable energy, and so highlighting perspectives of developing floating wind platforms is very important. In this paper, we focus on floating wind concepts and projects around the world, which will show the reader what is going on with the projects globally, and will also provide insight into the concepts and their corresponding related aspects. The main aim of this work is to classify floating wind concepts in terms of their number and manufacturing material, and to classify the floating wind projects in terms of their power capacity, their number, character (if they are installed or planned) and the corresponding continents and countries where they are based. We will classify the corresponding additional available data that corresponds to some of these projects, with reference to their costs, wind speeds, water depths, and distances to shore. In addition, the floating wind global situation and its corresponding aspects of relevance will be also covered in detail throughout the paper.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances and Challenges in Emerging Power Systems)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Anaerobic Digestion of Cuttings from Grassland in Protected Landscape Areas
by
Christina Brandhorst, Benedikt Hülsemann, Benjamin Ohnmacht and Andreas Lemmer
Inventions 2024, 9(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010023 - 17 Feb 2024
Abstract
Orchard meadows are biodiversity hotspots, as the understory often consists of species-rich lowland hay meadows. Due to the low energy density of the grass, it is not suitable as feed, but the energetic utilisation of cuttings from orchard meadows for biogas production could
[...] Read more.
Orchard meadows are biodiversity hotspots, as the understory often consists of species-rich lowland hay meadows. Due to the low energy density of the grass, it is not suitable as feed, but the energetic utilisation of cuttings from orchard meadows for biogas production could facilitate the protection of these semi-natural grasslands. Here, lowland hay meadows and extensively used orchards were investigated to assess their potential for anaerobic digestion in biogas plants. Aboveground biomass was harvested weekly from three lowland hay meadows differing in conservation statuses and analysed for cell wall components (aNDF, ADF, and ADL), nutritional values (XF, XL, XP), and methane formation potential by anaerobic digestion. Further, orchard meadows were harvested twice during summer and analysed in the same way. Specific methane yield decreased linearly with cutting dates from 0.325 m3 kg−1(oDM) to 0.237 m3 kg−1(oDM). The cumulated area-related methane yields of the orchards ranged from 818 m3 ha−1 to 1036 m3 ha−1. Specific methane yields were linearly correlated with XL, aNDF, ADF, and ADL.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research and Applications of Biofuels and Bioplastics)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Numerical Study of a Model and Full-Scale Container Ship Sailing in Regular Head Waves
by
Andreea Mandru, Liliana Rusu, Adham Bekhit and Florin Pacuraru
Inventions 2024, 9(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010022 - 12 Feb 2024
Abstract
In the present study, the added resistance, heave, and pitch of the KRISO Container Ship (KCS) in waves, at both model scale and full scale, are predicted numerically in regular head waves, for four wavelengths and three wave heights. The ISIS-CFD viscous flow
[...] Read more.
In the present study, the added resistance, heave, and pitch of the KRISO Container Ship (KCS) in waves, at both model scale and full scale, are predicted numerically in regular head waves, for four wavelengths and three wave heights. The ISIS-CFD viscous flow solver, implemented in the Fidelity Fine Marine software provided by CADENCE, was employed for the numerical simulations. The spatial discretization was based on the finite volume method using an unstructured grid. The unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations were solved numerically, with the turbulence modeled by shear stress transport (k-ω) (SST). The free-surface capturing was based on the volume-of-fluid method. The computed solutions were validated through comparisons with towing test data available in the public domain. To predict the uncertainties in the numerical solution, a systematic grid convergence study based on the Richardson extrapolation method was performed for a single wave case on three different grid resolutions. Specific attention was given to the free-surface and wake flow in the propeller plane. The purpose was to compare the numerical results from the model- and full-scale tests to examine the scale’s effect on the ship’s performance in regular head waves. The comparison between the model scale and full scale showed obvious differences, less accentuated for the free-surface topology and clearly observed in terms of boundary layer formation in the propeller’s vicinity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives and Challenges in Doctoral Research—Selected Papers from the 11th Edition of the Scientific Conference of the Doctoral Schools of “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati (SCDS-UDJG))
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Defining Data Model Quality Metrics for Data Vault 2.0 Model Evaluation
by
Heli Helskyaho, Laura Ruotsalainen and Tomi Männistö
Inventions 2024, 9(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010021 - 09 Feb 2024
Abstract
Designing a database is a crucial step in providing businesses with high-quality data for decision making. The quality of a data model is the key to the quality of its data. Evaluating the quality of a data model is a complex and time-consuming
[...] Read more.
Designing a database is a crucial step in providing businesses with high-quality data for decision making. The quality of a data model is the key to the quality of its data. Evaluating the quality of a data model is a complex and time-consuming task. Having suitable metrics for evaluating the quality of a data model is an essential requirement for automating the design process of a data model. While there are metrics available for evaluating data warehouse data models to some degree, there is a distinct lack of metrics specifically designed to assess how well a data model conforms to the rules and best practices of Data Vault 2.0. The quality of a Data Vault 2.0 data model is considered suboptimal if it fails to adhere to these principles. In this paper, we introduce new metrics that can be used for evaluating the quality of a Data Vault 2.0 data model, either manually or automatically. This methodology involves defining a set of metrics based on the best practices of Data Vault 2.0, evaluating five representative data models using both metrics and manual assessments made by a human expert. Finally, a comparative analysis of both evaluations was conducted to validate the consistency of the metrics with the judgments made by a human expert.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inventions and Innovation in Design, Modeling and Computing Methods)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Innovative Maritime Uncrewed Systems and Satellite Solutions for Shallow Water Bathymetric Assessment
by
Laurențiu-Florin Constantinoiu, António Tavares, Rui Miguel Cândido and Eugen Rusu
Inventions 2024, 9(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010020 - 05 Feb 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
Shallow water bathymetry is a topic of significant interest in various fields, including civil construction, port monitoring, and military operations. This study presents several methods for assessing shallow water bathymetry using maritime uncrewed systems (MUSs) integrated with advanced and innovative sensors such as
[...] Read more.
Shallow water bathymetry is a topic of significant interest in various fields, including civil construction, port monitoring, and military operations. This study presents several methods for assessing shallow water bathymetry using maritime uncrewed systems (MUSs) integrated with advanced and innovative sensors such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and multibeam echosounder (MBES). Furthermore, this study comprehensively describes satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) techniques within the same geographical area. Each technique is thoroughly outlined with respect to its implementation and resultant data, followed by an analytical comparison encompassing their accuracy, precision, rapidness, and operational efficiency. The accuracy and precision of the methods were evaluated using a bathymetric reference survey conducted with traditional means, prior to the MUS survey and with cross-comparisons between all the approaches. In each assessment of the survey methodologies, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted, explaining both the advantages and limitations for each approach, thereby enabling an inclusive understanding for the reader regarding the efficacy and applicability of these methods. The experiments were conducted as part of the Robotic Experimentation and Prototyping using Maritime Unmanned Systems 23 (REPMUS23) multinational exercise, which was part of the Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) experimentations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Sensing Technology towards Digital Twin in Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Development of Membrane Electrode Assembly with Double-Catalytic Layer for Micro Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
by
Shubin Zhang and Yanfeng Jiang
Inventions 2024, 9(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010019 - 01 Feb 2024
Abstract
This paper presents a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with a double-catalytic layered structure to improve the performance of the micro direct methanol fuel cell. The inner and outer parts of the double-catalytic layer comprise an unsupported and carbon-supported catalyst, respectively. A two-dimensional two-phase
[...] Read more.
This paper presents a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with a double-catalytic layered structure to improve the performance of the micro direct methanol fuel cell. The inner and outer parts of the double-catalytic layer comprise an unsupported and carbon-supported catalyst, respectively. A two-dimensional two-phase model of mass transport and electrochemical reaction is established and simulated to analyze the superiority of the double-catalytic layered structure. Simulation results show that this structure has a more uniform current density distribution and less over-potential across the catalyst layer. Methanol crossover is also reduced. Experimental results confirm that the MEA with the double-catalytic layered structure exhibits better performance than the traditional MEA. The adoption of a gas diffusion electrode as the outer catalytic layer and a catalyst-coated membrane as the inner layer of the double-catalytic layered structure can further improve the performance of the MEA. Both simulation and experimental results show the existence of an optimum number of metal loadings of the inner and outer parts of the double-catalytic layer.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches for Fabricating Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Fuel Cells and Water Electrolysis Applicaions)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Flexible Synthetic Inertia Optimization in Modern Power Systems
by
Peter Makolo, Ramon Zamora, Uvini Perera and Tek Tjing Lie
Inventions 2024, 9(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010018 - 26 Jan 2024
Abstract
Increasing the replacement of conventional synchronous machines by non-synchronous renewable machines reduces the conventional synchronous generator (SG) inertia in the modern network. Synthetic inertia (SI) control topologies to provide frequency support are becoming a new frequency control tactic in new networks. However, the
[...] Read more.
Increasing the replacement of conventional synchronous machines by non-synchronous renewable machines reduces the conventional synchronous generator (SG) inertia in the modern network. Synthetic inertia (SI) control topologies to provide frequency support are becoming a new frequency control tactic in new networks. However, the participation of SI in the market of RES-rich networks to provide instant frequency support when required proposes an increase in the overall marginal operation cost of contemporary networks. Consequently, depreciation of operation costs by optimizing the required SI in the network is inevitable. Therefore, this paper proposes a flexible SI optimization method. The algorithm developed in the proposed method minimizes the operation cost of the network by giving flexible SI at a given SG inertia and different sizes of contingency events. The proposed method uses Box’s evolutionary optimizer with a self-tuning capability of the SI control parameters. The proposed method is validated using the modified New England 39-bus network. The results show that provided SIs support the available SG inertia to reduce the RoCoF values and maintain them within acceptable limits to increase the network’s resilience.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distribution Renewable Energy Integration and Grid Modernization)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessBrief Report
Development of Fishcake Gripping and Classification Automation Process Based on Suction Shape Transformation Gripper
by
Seolha Kim, Jonghwan Baek, Myeongsu Jeong, Jinho Suh and Jaeyoul Lee
Inventions 2024, 9(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010017 - 19 Jan 2024
Abstract
The surge in demand for automating seafood processing necessitates the development of robotic processes for transportation, packaging, and classification. South Korean companies are actively constructing diverse robots and grippers for fishcake handling, yet small workshops face spatial constraints. To address this, the study
[...] Read more.
The surge in demand for automating seafood processing necessitates the development of robotic processes for transportation, packaging, and classification. South Korean companies are actively constructing diverse robots and grippers for fishcake handling, yet small workshops face spatial constraints. To address this, the study focuses on creating a gripper capable of versatile fishcake handling within compact spaces. The gripper, designed for single-robot use, employs three suction cups, adapting its grip based on fishcake shapes. Small fishcakes are gripped at the center with one suction cup, elongated ones with two cups aligned to the slope, and wider ones with three cups. A testbed with the gripper attached to a robot facilitates fishcake gripping, classification, and automation testing. Fishcake recognition and gripping tests revealed challenges based on shape, width, and material. Despite difficulties, a commendable 100% success rate was achieved for the majority of fishcakes, showcasing the gripper’s effectiveness. Identified improvements include reducing the suction cup diameter and increasing pressure for enhanced gripping and classification in confined spaces. The study demonstrates the successful development of a gripper for versatile fishcake handling, particularly beneficial for small workshops. The identified improvements offer pathways to enhance efficiency in fishcake gripping and classification within limited spaces.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inventions and Innovation in Design, Modeling and Computing Methods)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Lab Scale Investigation of Gaseous Emissions, Performance and Stability of an Aviation Turbo-Engine While Running on Biodiesel Based Sustainable Aviation Fuel
by
Radu Mirea and Grigore Cican
Inventions 2024, 9(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010016 - 19 Jan 2024
Abstract
The research experimentally examines the viability of biodiesel obtained from pork fat (BP) as a sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) when mixed with kerosene (Ke)—Jet-A aviation fuel + 5% Aeroshell 500 oil. Various blends of biodiesel and kerosene (10, 20, and 30% vol. of
[...] Read more.
The research experimentally examines the viability of biodiesel obtained from pork fat (BP) as a sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) when mixed with kerosene (Ke)—Jet-A aviation fuel + 5% Aeroshell 500 oil. Various blends of biodiesel and kerosene (10, 20, and 30% vol. of BP added in Ke) were subjected to testing in an aviation micro turbo-engine under different operational states: idle, cruise, and maximum power. During the tests, monitoring of engine parameters such as burning temperature, fuel consumption, and thrust force was conducted. The study also encompassed the calculation of crucial performance indicators like burning efficiency, thermal efficiency, and specific consumption for all fuel blends under maximum power conditions. Combustion temperatures ahead of the turbines rise with an increase in biodiesel concentration, particularly in the idle regime, without compromising engine integrity. However, for regimes 2 and 3, the temperature in front of the turbine decreases with rising biodiesel concentration, accompanied by an increase in fuel flow rate. This phenomenon is reflected in the elevated specific consumption. Notably, for regime 3, there is a noticeable rise in specific consumption, starting from S = 0.0264 kg/Nh when the turbo-engine operates solely with Ke, to S = 0.0266 kg/Nh for Ke + 10% BP, S = 0.0269 kg/Nh for Ke + 20% BP, and S = 0.0275 kg/Nh for Ke + 30% BP. Physical–chemical properties of the blends, encompassing density, viscosity, flash point, and calorific power, were determined. Furthermore, elemental analysis and FTIR were used for chemical composition determination. The amount of CO2 produced during the stoichiometric combustion reaction with air showed variations. Initially, when using only Ke, it amounted to 3.12 kg per kilogram of fuel. Upon adding 10% BP, this value decreased to 3.09 kg, further reducing to 3.05 kg with 20% BP. The lowest value was observed with 30% BP, reaching 3.04 kg. Experimental assessments were performed on the Jet Cat P80® micro-turbo-engine, covering aspects such as starting procedures, sudden acceleration, sudden deceleration, and emissions of pollutants (NOx, CO, and SO2) during several engine operational phases. The outcomes reveal that the examined fuel blends exhibited stable engine performance across all tested conditions. This indicates that these blends hold promise as sustainable aviation fuels for micro turbo-engines, presenting benefits in terms of diminished pollution and a more ecologically sound raw material base for fuel production.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermodynamic and Technical Analysis for Sustainability (Volume 3))
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Two-Phase Flow Pattern Identification in Vertical Pipes Using Transformer Neural Networks
by
Carlos Mauricio Ruiz-Díaz, Erwing Eduardo Perilla-Plata and Octavio Andrés González-Estrada
Inventions 2024, 9(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010015 - 18 Jan 2024
Abstract
The oil and gas industry consistently embraces innovative technologies due to the significant expenses associated with hydrocarbon transportation, pipeline corrosion issues, and the necessity to gain a deeper understanding of two-phase flow characteristics. These solutions involve the implementation of predictive models utilizing neural
[...] Read more.
The oil and gas industry consistently embraces innovative technologies due to the significant expenses associated with hydrocarbon transportation, pipeline corrosion issues, and the necessity to gain a deeper understanding of two-phase flow characteristics. These solutions involve the implementation of predictive models utilizing neural networks. In this research paper, a comprehensive database comprising 4864 data points, encompassing information pertaining to oil–water two-phase flow properties within vertical pipelines, was meticulously curated. Subsequently, an encoder-only type transformer neural network (TNN) was employed to identify two-phase flow patterns. Various configurations for the TNN model were proposed, involving parameter adjustments such as the number of attention heads, activation function, dropout rate, and learning rate, with the aim of selecting the configuration yielding optimal outcomes. Following the training of the network, predictions were generated using a reserved dataset, thus facilitating the creation of flow maps depicting the patterns anticipated by the model. The developed TNN model successfully predicted 9 out of the 10 flow patterns present in the database, achieving a peak accuracy of 53.07%. Furthermore, the various predicted flow patterns exhibited an average precision of 63.21% and an average accuracy of 86.51%.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research and Applications in Hydrodynamics and Flow Control)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Real-Time Object Localization Using a Fuzzy Controller for a Vision-Based Drone
by
Ping-Sheng Wang, Chien-Hung Lin and Cheng-Ta Chuang
Inventions 2024, 9(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010014 - 12 Jan 2024
Abstract
This study proposes a drone system with visual identification and tracking capabilities to address the issue of limited communication bandwidth for drones. This system can lock onto a target during flight and transmit its simple features to the ground station, thereby reducing communication
[...] Read more.
This study proposes a drone system with visual identification and tracking capabilities to address the issue of limited communication bandwidth for drones. This system can lock onto a target during flight and transmit its simple features to the ground station, thereby reducing communication bandwidth demands. RealFlight is used as the simulation environment to validate the proposed drone algorithm. The core components of the system include DeepSORT and MobileNet lightweight models for target tracking. The designed fuzzy controller enables the system to adjust the drone’s motors, gradually moving the locked target to the center of the frame and maintaining continuous tracking. Additionally, this study introduces channel and spatial reliability tracking (CSRT) switching from multi-object to single-object tracking and multithreading technology to enhance the system’s execution speed. The experimental results demonstrate that the system can accurately adjust the target to the frame’s center within approximately 1.5 s, maintaining precision within ±0.5 degrees. On the Jetson Xavier NX embedded platform, the average frame rate (FPS) for the multi-object tracker was only 1.37, with a standard deviation of 1.05. In contrast, the single-object tracker CSRT exhibited a significant improvement, achieving an average FPS of 9.77 with a standard deviation of 1.86. This study provides an effective solution for visual tracking in drone systems that is efficient and conserves communication bandwidth. The validation of the embedded platform highlighted its practicality and performance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 11th International Conference on Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Systems (ARIS 2023))
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Energies, Fluids, Materials, Processes, Modelling, Inventions
Applied Heat Transfer
Topic Editors: Lioua Kolsi, Walid Hassen, Patrice EstelléDeadline: 31 July 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Electronics, Materials, Applied Nano, Technologies, Inventions, Chips
Advances in Microelectronics and Semiconductor Engineering
Topic Editors: Gerard Ghibaudo, Francis BalestraDeadline: 30 September 2024
Topic in
Energies, JMSE, Processes, Inventions
Marine Renewable Energy, 2nd Volume
Topic Editors: Eugen Rusu, Kostas Belibassakis, George LavidasDeadline: 30 November 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Electronics, Energies, Metals, Sensors, Systems, Inventions
Advanced Systems Engineering: Theory and Applications, 2nd Volume
Topic Editors: Katarzyna Antosz, Jose Machado, Erika Ottaviano, Pierluigi Rea, Camelia Claudia Avram, Vijaya Kumar ManupatiDeadline: 31 December 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Inventions
Selected Papers from The 11th International Conference on Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Systems (ARIS 2023)
Guest Editors: Pei-Chun Lin, Shun-Feng Su, Chao-Lung Yang, Po Ting LinDeadline: 31 March 2024
Special Issue in
Inventions
Distribution Renewable Energy Integration and Grid Modernization
Guest Editors: Surya Santoso, Harsha Vardhana PadullapartiDeadline: 30 April 2024
Special Issue in
Inventions
Recent Advances in Visible Light Communication and Optical Wireless Information Systems
Guest Editor: Jupeng DingDeadline: 31 May 2024
Special Issue in
Inventions
Innovative Research and Applications of Biofuels and Bioplastics
Guest Editors: Giulia Grisolia, Umberto Lucia, Debora FinoDeadline: 30 June 2024