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Tsunami Science and Engineering II

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A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2019) | Viewed by 46705

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Valentin Heller

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Environmental Fluid Mechanics and Geoprocesses Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
Interests: coastal engineering; computational fluid dynamics; experimental fluid dynamics; fuid-structure interaction; granular slides; hydraulic structures; landslide-tsunamis; scale effects; similarity
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Dear Colleagues,

Earthquake-tsunamis, including the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, with over 230,000 casualties, and the 2011 Tōhoku Tsunami in Japan, with over 18,400 people missing or dead, serve as tragic reminders that such waves pose a major natural hazard to human beings. Landslide-tsunamis, including the 1958 Lituya Bay case, may exceed 150 m in height and, if similar waves are generated in lakes or reservoirs (so-called impulse waves), then they may overtop dams and cause significant devastation downstream, such as in the 1963 Vaiont case with around 2000 casualties.

The after-effects caused by such catastrophes are not limited to the region immediately impacted by the wave; for example, the 1963 Vaiont case affected hydropower plant planning and management globally, and the 2011 Tōhoku Tsunami initiated changes to nuclear power plant policies worldwide. Active prevention of the wave generation is extremely unlikely and limited to rare cases where creeping slides were stabilized. Scientists and engineers thus work mainly on passive methods to deal with tsunamis. Such methods include early warning systems, sea walls, reinforced infrastructure and the provision of adequate freeboards of dam reservoirs. The latter methods require detailed knowledge of: (i) wave features as a function of the generation mechanism; (ii) wave propagation; (iii) the shoreline run-up; and (iv) wave–structure interaction. Despite a significant increase in research activities after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, there is certainly scope for—and the necessity of—more research with the aim to reduce the destruction caused by tsunamis to us and our environment.

This Special Issue aims to repeat the success of “Tsunami Science and Engineering” where 12 articles of the 21 full length submissions were published between 2014 and early 2016, after a rigorous peer-review process. Within a relatively short period, these articles were cited four times on average, up to 4.4 thousand times accessed, and released as a Printed Edition. This relaunch “Tsunami Science and Engineering II” aims to reflect our current understanding of tsunamis and tsunami mitigation, irrespective of the mechanism by which they are generated: earthquakes, landslides, underwater slumps, asteroids, etc. We welcome research papers, reviews (state of the art) and case studies addressing tsunamis and/or impulse waves theoretically, experimentally, numerically and/or based on field studies. I sincerely look forward to receiving your original and exciting contributions.

Dr. Valentin Heller
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Earthquake-tsunamis
Landslide-generated impulse waves
Landslide-tsunamis
Long wave run-up
Seismic tsunamis
Tsunami early warning system
Tsunami forecasting
Tsunami hazard assessment and mitigation
Tsunami-induced overland flow
Tsunami loading on structures

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 172 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Tsunami Science and Engineering II

by Valentin Heller

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(9), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7090319 - 13 Sep 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2100

Abstract

Earthquake-tsunamis, including the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, with approximately 227,898 casualties, and the 2011 Tōhoku Tsunami in Japan, with 18,550 people missing or dead [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tsunami Science and Engineering II)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

17 pages, 5450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Extreme Hydrodynamic Loading on Pipelines Part 2: Induced Force Analysis

by Behnaz Ghodoosipour, Jacob Stolle, Ioan Nistor, Abdolmajid Mohammadian and Nils Goseberg

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(8), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7080262 - 09 Aug 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2943

Abstract

Adequate design of pipelines used for oil, gas, water, and wastewater transmission is essential not only for their proper operation but particularly to avoid failure and the possible extreme consequences. This is even more drastic in nearshore environments, where pipelines are potentially exposed to extreme hydrodynamic events, such as tsunami- or storm-surge-induced inundation. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), in its ASCE7 Chapter 6 on Tsunami Loads and Effects which is the new standard for tsunami impacts and loading, specifically stresses the need to study loads on pipelines located in tsunami-prone areas. To address this issue, this study is the first of its kind to investigate loading on pipelines due to tsunami-like bores. A comprehensive program of physical model experiments was conducted in the Dam-Break Hydraulic Flume at the University of Ottawa, Canada. The tests simulated on-land tsunami flow inundation propagating over a coastal plain. This allowed to record and investigate the hydrodynamic forces exerted on the pipe due to the tsunami-like, dam-break waves. Different pipe configurations, as well as various flow conditions, were tested to investigate their influence on exerted forces and moments. The goal of this study was to propose, based on the results of this study, resistance and lift coefficients which could be used for the design of pipelines located in tsunami-prone areas. The values of the resistance and lift coefficients investigated were found to be in the range of 1 <

C_{R} < 3.5

and 0.5 ≤

C_{L} < 3

, respectively. To that end, the study provides an upper envelope of resistance and lift coefficients over a wide range of Froude numbers for design purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tsunami Science and Engineering II)

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20 pages, 8231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Extreme Hydrodynamic Loading on Pipelines. Part 1: Flow Hydrodynamics

by Behnaz Ghodoosipour, Jacob Stolle, Ioan Nistor, Abdolmajid Mohammadian and Nils Goseberg

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(8), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7080251 - 31 Jul 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3706

Abstract

Over the past two decades, extreme flood events generated by tsunamis or hurricanes have caused massive damage to nearshore infrastructures and coastal communities. Utility pipelines are part of such infrastructure and need to be protected against potential extreme hydrodynamic loading. Therefore, to address the uncertainties and parameters involved in extreme hydrodynamic loading on pipelines, a comprehensive experimental program was performed using an experimental facility which is capable of generating significant hydraulic forcing, such as dam-break waves. The study presented herein examines the dam-break flow characteristics and influence of the presence of pipelines on flow conditions. To simulate conditions of coastal flooding under tsunami-induced inundation, experiments were performed on both dry and wet bed conditions to assess the influence of different impoundment depths and still water levels on the hydrodynamic features. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tsunami Science and Engineering II)

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19 pages, 5265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Case Study of Dam Overtopping from Waves Generated by Landslides Impinging Perpendicular to a Reservoir’s Longitudinal Axis

by Netsanet Nigatu Tessema, Fjóla G. Sigtryggsdóttir, Leif Lia and Asie Kemal Jabir

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(7), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7070221 - 15 Jul 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5070

Abstract

Landslide-generated impulse waves in dammed reservoirs run up the reservoir banks as well as the upstream dam slope. If large enough, the waves may overtop and even breach the dam and cause flooding of the downstream area with hazardous consequences. Hence, for reservoirs in landslide-prone areas, it is important to provide a means to estimate the potential size of an event triggered by landslides along the reservoir banks. This research deals with landslide-generated waves and the overtopping process over the dam crest in a three-dimensional (3D) physical model test, presenting a case study. The model set-up describes the landslide impacting the reservoir in a perpendicular manner, which is often the case in natural settings. Based on the experimental results, dimensionless empirical relations are derived between the overtopping volume and the governing parameters, namely the slide volume, slide release height, slide impact velocity, still-water depth, and upstream dam face slope. Predictive relations for the overtopping volume are presented as applicable for cases relating to the specific model set-up. Measured overtopping volumes are further compared to a two-dimensional (2D) case reported in the literature. An important feature regarding the overtopping process for the 3D case is the variation in time and space, resulting in an uneven distribution of the volume of water overtopping the dam crest. This observation is made possible by the 3D model set-up, and is of value for dam safety considerations as well as for foundation-related issues, including erosion and scouring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tsunami Science and Engineering II)

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21 pages, 15532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The historical reconstruction of the 1755 earthquake and tsunami in downtown Lisbon, Portugal

by Angela Santos, Mariana Correia, Carlos Loureiro, Paulo Fernandes and Nuno Marques da Costa

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(7), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7070208 - 04 Jul 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 8208

Abstract

The historical accounts of the 1755 earthquake and tsunami in Lisbon are quite vast providing a general overview of the disaster in the city. However, the details remain unknown. Therefore, the objective of this research is to understand and reconstruct the impact of the 1755 event (earthquake, tsunami, and fire) in downtown Lisbon. Thus, the historical data has been compiled and analyzed, to complement tsunami modeling and a field survey. Although census data are not very accurate, before the disaster there were about 5500 buildings and about 26,200 residents in downtown Lisbon; after the disaster, no records of the buildings were found and there were about 6000–8800 residents. There were about 1000 deaths in the study area. The results also show that the earthquake did not cause significant damage to most of the study area, which contradicts general knowledge. After the earthquake, a fire started that quickly spread throughout the city causing most damage to property. The tsunami hit mostly the west and central parts of the study area. The numerical model results show the tsunami hit the studied area about 60 min after the earthquake, inundating the seafront streets and squares up to 200 m inland. In addition, two major waves were calculated, which are in agreement with the historical accounts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tsunami Science and Engineering II)

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20 pages, 2441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parametric Study of Tsunamis Generated by Earthquakes and Landslides

by Natalia Perez del Postigo Prieto, Alison Raby, Colin Whittaker and Sarah J. Boulton

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(5), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050154 - 17 May 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3953

Abstract

Tsunami generation and propagation mechanisms need to be clearly understood in order to inform predictive models and improve coastal community preparedness. Physical experiments, supported by mathematical models, can potentially provide valuable input data for standard predictive models of tsunami generation and propagation. A unique experimental set-up has been developed to reproduce a coupled-source tsunami generation mechanism: a two-dimensional underwater fault rupture followed by a submarine landslide. The test rig was located in a 20 m flume in the COAST laboratory at the University of Plymouth. The aim of the experiments is to provide quality data for developing a parametrisation of the initial conditions for tsunami generation processes which are triggered by a dual-source. During the test programme, the water depth and the landslide density were varied. The position of the landslide model was tracked and the free surface elevation of the water body was measured. Hence the generated wave characteristics were determined. For a coupled-source scenario, the generated wave is crest led, followed by a trough of smaller amplitude decreasing steadily as it propagates along the flume. The crest amplitude was shown to be influenced by the fault rupture displacement scale, whereas the trough was influenced by the landslide’s relative density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tsunami Science and Engineering II)

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15 pages, 6494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impulse Wave Runup on Steep to Vertical Slopes

by Frederic M. Evers and Robert M. Boes

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7010008 - 07 Jan 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4789

Abstract

Impulse waves are generated by landslides or avalanches impacting oceans, lakes or reservoirs, for example. Non-breaking impulse wave runup on slope angles ranging from 10° to 90° (V/H: 1/5.7 to 1/0) is investigated. The prediction of runup heights induced by these waves is an important parameter for hazard assessment and mitigation. An experimental dataset containing 359 runup heights by impulse and solitary waves is compiled from several published sources. Existing equations, both empirical and analytical, are then applied to this dataset to assess their prediction quality on an extended parameter range. Based on this analysis, a new prediction equation is proposed. The main findings are: (1) solitary waves are a suitable proxy for modelling impulse wave runup; (2) commonly applied equations from the literature may underestimate the runup height of small wave amplitudes; (3) the proposed semi-empirical equations predict the overall dataset within ±20% scatter for relative wave crest amplitudes ε, i.e., the wave crest amplitude normalised with the stillwater depth, between 0.007 and 0.69. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tsunami Science and Engineering II)

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35 pages, 7678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deciphering the Tsunami Wave Impact and Associated Connection Forces in Open-Girder Coastal Bridges

by Denis Istrati, Ian Buckle, Pedro Lomonaco and Solomon Yim

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2018, 6(4), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040148 - 05 Dec 2018

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 6913

Abstract

In view of the widespread damage to coastal bridges during recent tsunamis (2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 in Japan) large-scale hydrodynamic experiments of tsunami wave impact on a bridge with open girders were conducted in the Large Wave Flume at Oregon State University. The main objective was to decipher the tsunami overtopping process and associated demand on the bridge and its structural components. As described in this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the experimental data revealed that: (a) tsunami bores introduce significant slamming forces, both horizontal (Fh) and uplift (Fv), during impact on the offshore girder and overhang; these can govern the uplift demand in connections; (b) maxFh and maxFv do not always occur at the same time and contrary to recommended practice the simultaneous application of maxFh and maxFv at the center of gravity of the deck does not yield conservative estimates of the uplift demand in individual connections; (c) the offshore connections have to withstand the largest percentage of the total induced deck uplift among all connections; this can reach 91% and 124% of maxFv for bearings and columns respectively, a finding that could explain the damage sustained by these connections and one that has not been recognized to date; (e) the generation of a significant overturning moment (OTM) at the initial impact when the slamming forces are maximized, which is the main reason for the increased uplift in the offshore connections; and (f) neither maxFv nor maxOTM coincide always with the maximum demand in each connection, suggesting the need to consider multiple combinations of forces with corresponding moments or with corresponding locations of application in order to identify the governing scenario for each structural component. In addition the paper presents “tsunami demand diagrams”, which are 2D envelopes of (Fh, Fv) and (OTM, Fv) and 3D envelopes of (Fh, Fv, OTM), as visual representations of the complex variation of the tsunami loading. Furthermore, the paper reveals the existence of a complex bridge inundation mechanism that consists of three uplift phases and one downward phase, with each phase maximizing the demand in different structural components. It then develops a new physics-based methodology consisting of three load cases, which can be used by practicing engineers for the tsunami design of bridge connections, steel bearings and columns. The findings in this paper suggest the need for a paradigm shift in the assessment of tsunami risk to coastal bridges to include not just the estimation of total tsunami load on a bridge but also the distribution of this load to individual structural components that are necessary for the survival of the bridge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tsunami Science and Engineering II)

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22 pages, 7521 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Numerical Landslide-Tsunami Hazard Assessment Technique Applied on Hypothetical Scenarios at Es Vedrà, Offshore Ibiza

by Hai Tan, Gioele Ruffini, Valentin Heller and Shenghong Chen

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2018, 6(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040111 - 28 Sep 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4563

Abstract

This study presents a numerical landslide-tsunami hazard assessment technique for applications in reservoirs, lakes, fjords, and the sea. This technique is illustrated with hypothetical scenarios at Es Vedrà, offshore Ibiza, although currently no evidence suggests that this island may become unstable. The two selected scenarios include two particularly vulnerable locations, namely: (i) Cala d’Hort on Ibiza (3 km away from Es Vedrà) and (ii) Marina de Formentera (23 km away from Es Vedrà). The violent wave generation process is modelled with the meshless Lagrangian method smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Further offshore, the simulations are continued with the less computational expensive code SWASH (Simulating WAves till SHore), which is based on the non-hydrostatic non-linear shallow water equations that are capable of considering bottom friction and frequency dispersion. The up to 133-m high tsunamis decay relatively fast with distance from Es Vedrà; the wave height 5 m offshore Cala d’Hort is 14.2 m, reaching a maximum run-up height of over 21.5 m, whilst the offshore wave height (2.7 m) and maximum inundation depth at Marina de Formentera (1.2 m) are significantly smaller. This study illustrates that landslide-tsunami hazard assessment can nowadays readily be conducted under consideration of site-specific details such as the bathymetry and topography, and intends to support future investigations of real landslide-tsunami cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tsunami Science and Engineering II)

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11 pages, 4939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Capturing Physical Dispersion Using a Nonlinear Shallow Water Model

by Rozita Kian, Juan Horrillo, Andrey Zaytsev and Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2018, 6(3), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse6030084 - 09 Jul 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3181

Abstract

Predicting the arrival time of natural hazards such as tsunamis is of very high importance to the coastal community. One of the most effective techniques to predict tsunami propagation and arrival time is the utilization of numerical solutions. Numerical approaches of Nonlinear Shallow Water Equations (NLSWEs) and nonlinear Boussinesq-Type Equations (BTEs) are two of the most common numerical techniques for tsunami modeling and evaluation. BTEs use implicit schemes to achieve more accurate results compromising computational time, while NLSWEs are sometimes preferred due to their computational efficiency. Nonetheless, the term accounting for physical dispersion is not inherited in NLSWEs, calling for their consideration and evaluation. In the present study, the tsunami numerical model NAMI DANCE, which utilizes NLSWEs, is applied to previously reported problems in the literature using different grid sizes to investigate dispersion effects. Following certain conditions for grid size, time step and water depth, the simulation results show a fairly good agreement with the available models showing the capability of NAMI DANCE to capture small physical dispersion. It is confirmed that the current model is an acceptable alternative for BTEs when small dispersion effects are considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tsunami Science and Engineering II)

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