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377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Synthesis, Molecular Characterization and Associative Behavior of Some Gemini Surfactants without a Spacer Group

by Carla Villa, Sara Baldassari, Delia F. Chillura Martino, Alberto Spinella and Eugenio Caponetti

Materials 2013, 6(4), 1506-1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6041506 - 12 Apr 2013

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6135

A series of new gemini surfactants without a spacer group, disodium 2,3-dialkyl-1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylates, were synthesized in a green chemistry context minimizing the use of organic solvents and applying microwaves (MW) when activation energy was required. Once the desired architecture was confirmed by means of [...] Read more.

A series of new gemini surfactants without a spacer group, disodium 2,3-dialkyl-1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylates, were synthesized in a green chemistry context minimizing the use of organic solvents and applying microwaves (MW) when activation energy was required. Once the desired architecture was confirmed by means of the nuclear magnetic resonance technique (¹H-NMR, ¹H-¹H COSY) for all the studied surfactants, the critical micellization concentration was determined by conductance measurements. The diffusion coefficient of micelles formed by the four compounds was characterized using pulsed field gradient (PFG)-NMR. Diffusion coefficients were found to be dependent on the concentration and on the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. The absence of the spacer group, peculiar to this new series of gemini surfactants, may confer relatively low flexibility to the molecules, with potential implications on the interfacial properties, namely on micellization. These gemini surfactants might have interesting applications in the preparation of composite materials, in nanotechnology, in gene transfection and mainly, due to the low CMCs, as new interesting ingredients of cosmetics and toiletries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cosmetics)

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297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosonic^® Acid as a Novel Cosmetic Ingredient: Evaluation of its Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Hydration Activities

by Shu-Mei Lee, Kun-Ho Liu, Yen-Yu Liu, Yen-Po Chang, Chih-Chien Lin and Yi-Shyan Chen

Materials 2013, 6(4), 1391-1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6041391 - 28 Mar 2013

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7165

Abstract

Chitosonic^® Acid, carboxymethyl hexanoyl chitosan, is a novel chitosan material that has recently been accepted by the Personal Care Products Council as a new cosmetic ingredient with the INCI (International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients) name Carboxymethyl Caprooyl Chitosan. In this study, we [...] Read more.

Chitosonic^® Acid, carboxymethyl hexanoyl chitosan, is a novel chitosan material that has recently been accepted by the Personal Care Products Council as a new cosmetic ingredient with the INCI (International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients) name Carboxymethyl Caprooyl Chitosan. In this study, we analyze several important cosmetic characteristics of Chitosonic^® Acid. Our results demonstrate that Chitosonic^® Acid is a water-soluble chitosan derivative with a high HLB value. Chitosonic^® Acid can form a nano-network structure when its concentration is higher than 0.5% and can self-assemble into a nanosphere structure when its concentration is lower than 0.2%. Chitosonic^® Acid has potent antimicrobial activities against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and fungus. Chitosonic^® Acid also has moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity. Additionally, Chitosonic^® Acid exhibits good hydration activity for absorbing and retaining water molecules with its hydrophilic groups. From a safety point of view, Chitosonic^® Acid has no cytotoxicity to L-929 cells if its concentration is less than 0.5%. Moreover, Chitosonic^® Acid has good compatibilities with various normal cosmetic ingredients. Therefore, we propose that Chitosonic^® Acid has the potential to be a widely used ingredient in various types of cosmetic products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cosmetics)

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632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cosmetic Analysis Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI-MSI)

by Diogo Noin De Oliveira, Sabrina De Bona Sartor, Mônica Siqueira Ferreira and Rodrigo Ramos Catharino

Materials 2013, 6(3), 1000-1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6031000 - 13 Mar 2013

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7953

Abstract

A new “omic” platform—Cosmetomics—that proves to be extremely simple and effective in terms of sample preparation and readiness for data acquisition/interpretation is presented. This novel approach employing Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI-MSI) for cosmetic analysis has proven to readily identify and [...] Read more.

A new “omic” platform—Cosmetomics—that proves to be extremely simple and effective in terms of sample preparation and readiness for data acquisition/interpretation is presented. This novel approach employing Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI-MSI) for cosmetic analysis has proven to readily identify and quantify compounds of interest. It also allows full control of all the production phases, as well as of the final product, by integration of both analytical and statistical data. This work has focused on products of daily use, namely nail polish, lipsticks and eyeliners of multiple brands sold in the worldwide market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cosmetics)

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932 KiB

Open AccessReview

Natural Melanogenesis Inhibitors Acting Through the Down-Regulation of Tyrosinase Activity

by Te-Sheng Chang

Materials 2012, 5(9), 1661-1685; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma5091661 - 17 Sep 2012

Cited by 194 | Viewed by 16885

Abstract

Melanogenesis is a biosynthetic pathway for the formation of the pigment melanin in human skin. A key enzyme, tyrosinase, catalyzes the first and only rate-limiting steps in melanogenesis, and the down-regulation of enzyme activity is the most reported method for the inhibition of [...] Read more.

Melanogenesis is a biosynthetic pathway for the formation of the pigment melanin in human skin. A key enzyme, tyrosinase, catalyzes the first and only rate-limiting steps in melanogenesis, and the down-regulation of enzyme activity is the most reported method for the inhibition of melanogenesis. Because of the cosmetically important issue of hyperpigmentation, there is a big demand for melanogenesis inhibitors. This encourages researchers to seek potent melanogenesis inhibitors for cosmetic uses. This article reviews melanogenesis inhibitors that have been recently discovered from natural sources. The reaction mechanisms of the inhibitors on tyrosinase activity are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cosmetics)

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