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Flame Retardants
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Flame Retardants

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2010) | Viewed by 80099

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Manfred Doering

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Technical Chemistry - Division of Chemical-Physical Processing (ITC-CPV), Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A growing number of flame retardant polymers are used today in a variety of applications ranging from the electrical and electronic sector, transportation, to construction and housing. These developments are driven by the annual losses of life and property resulting from fires of polymeric materials in particular. The environmental and health properties of specific halogen flame retardants and the resulting state regulations of the last decade have promoted the demand of successful alternatives. Thus, the main goal of today’s research and development of flame retardant polymers is to integrate flame retardancy to polymers without serious change of material and processing parameters considering also environmental and health effects.

The main focuses of this special issue are advanced environmentally friendly flame retardant solutions (halogen-free, nanocomposites, synergism etc.) for different polymers, finding and elucidation of the mechanism of action, applications, and testing methods.

Prof. Dr. Manfred Doering
Guest Editor

Keywords

  • environmentally friendly flame retardants
  • fire retardant polymers (bulk, composites, textiles, foams)
  • applications
  • end of life disposal / recycling
  • testing

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Review

197 KiB  
Review
Aryl Polyphosphonates: Useful Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polymers
by Li Chen and Yu-Zhong Wang
Materials 2010, 3(10), 4746-4760; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3104746 - 11 Oct 2010
Cited by 78 | Viewed by 13238
Abstract
Aryl polyphosphonates (ArPPN) have been demonstrated to function in wide applications as flame retardants for different polymer materials, including thermosets, polycarbonate, polyesters and polyamides, particularly due to their satisfactory thermal stability compared to aliphatic flame retardants, and to their desirable flow behavior observed [...] Read more.
Aryl polyphosphonates (ArPPN) have been demonstrated to function in wide applications as flame retardants for different polymer materials, including thermosets, polycarbonate, polyesters and polyamides, particularly due to their satisfactory thermal stability compared to aliphatic flame retardants, and to their desirable flow behavior observed during the processing of polymeric materials. This paper provides a brief overview of the main developments in ArPPN and their derivatives for flame-retarding polymeric materials, primarily based on the authors’ research work and the literature published over the last two decades. The synthetic chemistry of these compounds is discussed along with their thermal stabilities and flame-retardant properties. The possible mechanisms of ArPPN and their derivatives containing hetero elements, which exhibit a synergistic effect with phosphorus, are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardants)
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460 KiB  
Review
Phosphorus-based Flame Retardancy Mechanisms—Old Hat or a Starting Point for Future Development?
by Bernhard Schartel
Materials 2010, 3(10), 4710-4745; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3104710 - 30 Sep 2010
Cited by 477 | Viewed by 20914
Abstract
Different kinds of additive and reactive flame retardants containing phosphorus are increasingly successful as halogen-free alternatives for various polymeric materials and applications. Phosphorus can act in the condensed phase by enhancing charring, yielding intumescence, or through inorganic glass formation; and in the gas [...] Read more.
Different kinds of additive and reactive flame retardants containing phosphorus are increasingly successful as halogen-free alternatives for various polymeric materials and applications. Phosphorus can act in the condensed phase by enhancing charring, yielding intumescence, or through inorganic glass formation; and in the gas phase through flame inhibition. Occurrence and efficiency depend, not only on the flame retardant itself, but also on its interaction with pyrolysing polymeric material and additives. Flame retardancy is sensitive to modification of the flame retardant, the use of synergists/adjuvants, and changes to the polymeric material. A detailed understanding facilitates the launch of tailored and targeted development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardants)
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832 KiB  
Review
The Utility of Nanocomposites in Fire Retardancy
by Linjiang Wang, Xuejun He and Charles A. Wilkie
Materials 2010, 3(9), 4580-4606; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3094580 - 03 Sep 2010
Cited by 73 | Viewed by 10582
Abstract
Nanocomposites have been shown to significantly reduce the peak heat release rate, as measured by cone calorimetry, for many polymers but they typically have no effect on the oxygen index or the UL-94 classification. In this review, we will cover what is known [...] Read more.
Nanocomposites have been shown to significantly reduce the peak heat release rate, as measured by cone calorimetry, for many polymers but they typically have no effect on the oxygen index or the UL-94 classification. In this review, we will cover what is known about the processes by which nanocomposite formation may bring this about. Montmorillonite will be the focus in this paper but attention will also be devoted to other materials, including carbon nanotubes and layered double hydroxides. A second section will be devoted to combinations of nanocomposite formation with conventional (and unconventional) fire retardants. The paper will conclude with a section attempting to forecast the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardants)
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617 KiB  
Review
New Trends in Reaction and Resistance to Fire of Fire-retardant Epoxies
by Caroline Gérard, Gaëlle Fontaine and Serge Bourbigot
Materials 2010, 3(8), 4476-4499; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3084476 - 25 Aug 2010
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 10847
Abstract
This paper focuses on current trends in the flame retardancy of epoxy-based thermosets. This review examines the incorporation of additives in these polymers, including synergism effects. Reactive flame-retardants—which are incorporated in the polymer backbone—are reported and the use of fire-retardant epoxy coatings for [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on current trends in the flame retardancy of epoxy-based thermosets. This review examines the incorporation of additives in these polymers, including synergism effects. Reactive flame-retardants—which are incorporated in the polymer backbone—are reported and the use of fire-retardant epoxy coatings for materials protection is also considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardants)
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431 KiB  
Review
Recent Developments in Halogen Free Flame Retardants for Epoxy Resins for Electrical and Electronic Applications
by Muriel Rakotomalala, Sebastian Wagner and Manfred Döring
Materials 2010, 3(8), 4300-4327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3084300 - 11 Aug 2010
Cited by 455 | Viewed by 23466
Abstract
The recent implementation of new environmental legislations led to a change in the manufacturing of composites that has repercussions on printed wiring boards (PWB). This in turn led to alternate processing methods (e.g., lead-free soldering), which affected the required physical and chemical properties [...] Read more.
The recent implementation of new environmental legislations led to a change in the manufacturing of composites that has repercussions on printed wiring boards (PWB). This in turn led to alternate processing methods (e.g., lead-free soldering), which affected the required physical and chemical properties of the additives used to impart flame retardancy. This review will discuss the latest advancements in phosphorus containing flame retardants for electrical and electronic (EE) applications and compare them with commercially available ones. The mechanism of degradation and flame retardancy of phosphorus flame retardants in epoxy resins will also be discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardants)
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