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Fatigue and Wear for Steels

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A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2018) | Viewed by 60761

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Sabine Weiß

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Lehrstuhl Metallkunde und Werkstofftechnik, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 17, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
Interests: materials characterization; electron microscopy; tribological behavior of biomedical steels; monotonic and cyclic deformation of oligocrystalline structures; high temperature stable intermetallic titanium aluminides; development of wear resistant coatings
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Dear Colleagues,

Steel is well known for its diversity. Depending on the alloying elements tensile strengths between 300 MPa and more than 1000 MPa can be reached. Steels can be very brittle or extremely ductile, some of them are corrosion-, fatigue- or wear resistant, others not. This broad range of properties and applications of steels, combined with comparably low productions costs, qualify them to be, perhaps, the most important industrial alloys used by man.

In this Special Issue, we would like to provide a wide set of articles on various aspects of fatigue and/or wear resistance of steels, possibly with respect to the similarities between these two natures of load. Experimental results, as well as numerical and analytical models, can describe the complexity of microstructure characteristics and mechanical phenomena interacting during load and influencing fatigue or tribological properties of steels.

For this purpose, the Special Issue covers all articles on the fatigue and/or tribological behavior, microstructure, defect structure, and performance in final products of all types of steels.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sabine Weiß
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Steel
High Cycle Fatigue
Low Cycle Fatigue
Tribology
Wear
Microstructure

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 11815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Roughness of Ploughshare Working Surface and Mechanisms of Wear during Operation in Various Soils

by Tomasz Stawicki, Piotr Kostencki and Beata Białobrzeska

Metals 2018, 8(12), 1042; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8121042 - 08 Dec 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2407

Abstract

The condition of working surfaces of ploughshares used in two soils with different granulometric condition (one containing large portion of coarse fractions and one containing increased portion of fine fractions) was evaluated. The soil cultivated for the research was characterised by high moisture content. In the tests, divided ploughshares were used, composed of separate parts: a share-points and a trapezoidal part. The aim of the research was to determine, on the grounds of scanning microscopy of working surfaces and their roughness measurements, wear processes occurring during operation of the ploughshare. It was found from the scanning photography that the main mechanism for material wear in soils containing an increased portion of coarse grains was microcutting and grooving, but in soils containing increased portion of fine fractions, microcutting dominated. Surface roughness of ploughshares used in soil with increased portion of coarse grains was higher than that of ploughshares working in soil with higher portion of fine fractions. It was found by statistical analysis that in soil with an increased portion of coarse grains, values of the parameters Ra (arithmetical mean deviation of the assessed profile), Rt (maximum height of the profile), Rv (maximum valley depth) and Rp (maximum peak height), most often occurring on ploughshare rake face, were 1.13, 10.50, 7.60, 2.74 µm respectively and, in soil with an increased portion of fine fractions, these values were 0.80, 6.86, 4.78 and 2.32 µm respectively. On working surfaces of ploughshares operating in both types of soil, higher values Rv in relation to Rp were found. In average, ratio of these parameters for ploughshares in both soils was ca. 2.7. This indicated that microcutting and scratching occurred in the process of material wear of a ploughshare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Wear for Steels)

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18 pages, 4142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Critical Resolved Shear Stress and Its Importance in the Fatigue Performance of Steels and Other Metals with Different Crystallographic Structures

by Marijo Mlikota and Siegfried Schmauder

Metals 2018, 8(11), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8110883 - 29 Oct 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7905

Abstract

This study deals with the numerical estimation of the fatigue life represented in the form of strength-life (S-N, or Wöhler) curves of metals with different crystallographic structures, namely body-centered cubic (BCC) and face-centered cubic (FCC). Their life curves are determined by analyzing the initiation of a short crack under the influence of microstructure and subsequent growth of the long crack, respectively. Micro-models containing microstructures of the materials are set up by using the finite element method (FEM) and are applied in combination with the Tanaka-Mura (TM) equation in order to estimate the number of cycles required for the crack initiation. The long crack growth analysis is conducted using the Paris law. The study shows that the crystallographic structure is not the predominant factor that determines the shape and position of the fatigue life curve in the S-N diagram, but it is rather the material parameter known as the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS). Even though it is an FCC material, the investigated austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 shows an untypically high fatigue limit (208 MPa), which is higher than the fatigue limit of the BCC vanadium-based micro-alloyed forging steel AISI 1141 (152 MPa). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Wear for Steels)

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11 pages, 4884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Tempering Temperatures on Tensile Properties and Rotary Bending Fatigue Behaviors of 17Cr2Ni2MoVNb Steel

by Sheng-Guan Qu, Ya-Long Zhang, Fu-Qiang Lai and Xiao-Qiang Li

Metals 2018, 8(7), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8070507 - 02 Jul 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3000

Abstract

With the rapid development of the automotive industry in China, the common gear steels no longer meet the high speed and heavy load requirements of the automotive industry. 17Cr2Ni2MoVNb steel is a new type of gear steel in the automotive industry, but the mechanical properties of 17Cr2Ni2MoVNb are not well documented. In this study, the tensile properties and rotary bending fatigue behaviors of 17Cr2Ni2MoVNb were investigated, (quenched at 860 °C and tempered at 180, 400, 620 °C); the microstructures and fracture surface were analyzed using an optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that at higher tempering temperatures, the tissue was denser, and the residual austenite transformed into lower bainite or tempered martensite. Dislocation density reduced while tempering temperature increased. Moreover, the samples with a tempering temperature of 180 °C exhibited the highest tensile strength of 1456 MPa, in addition to fatigue limits of 730, 700 and 600 MPa at temperatures of 180, 400, and 620 °C, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Wear for Steels)

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12 pages, 2128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatigue Behavior of Cold-Worked High-Interstitial Steels

by Sedat Güler and Alfons Fischer

Metals 2018, 8(6), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8060442 - 11 Jun 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3414

Abstract

The austenitic high-nitrogen (AHNS) and high-interstitial steels (AHIS) with more than 0.6 weight-% N allow for a yield strength above 1.1 GPa and a tensile strength above 1.5 GPa by maintaining an elongation to fracture markedly above 30%. These steels gain their prominent mechanical properties from the fact that at the chosen sum of C+N and C/N-ratios, the concentration of free electrons is higher compared to that of other steels. Thus, the capacity to dissipate plastic work under monotonic tensile loading is unique. Now, the fatigue limit of austenitic steels in general is mainly governed by the sum of interstitials and should be further improved by cold working. Unfortunately, this is not the case for the AHNS and AHIS and is in contrast to the classical CrNiC- or CrMnC-steels. Thus, tensile and fatigue tests of cold-worked samples were conducted and analyzed by scanning- and transmission-electron microscopy. This paper tries to elucidate the metallurgical reasons, as well as the material engineering aspects, of such peculiar behavior of AHNS and AHIS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Wear for Steels)

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19 pages, 47256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogen Embrittlement Mechanism in Fatigue Behavior of Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steels

by Sven Brück, Volker Schippl, Martina Schwarz, Hans-Jürgen Christ, Claus-Peter Fritzen and Stefan Weihe

Metals 2018, 8(5), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8050339 - 10 May 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8891

Abstract

In the present study, the influence of hydrogen on the fatigue behavior of the high strength martensitic stainless steel X3CrNiMo13-4 and the metastable austenitic stainless steels X2Crni19-11 with various nickel contents was examined in the low and high cycle fatigue regime. The focus of the investigations were the changes in the mechanisms of short crack propagation. Experiments in laboratory air with uncharged and precharged specimen and uncharged specimen in pressurized hydrogen were carried out. The aim of the ongoing investigation was to determine and quantitatively describe the predominant processes of hydrogen embrittlement and their influence on the short fatigue crack morphology and crack growth rate. In addition, simulations were carried out on the short fatigue crack growth, in order to develop a detailed insight into the hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms relevant for cyclic loading conditions. It was found that a lower nickel content and a higher martensite content of the samples led to a higher susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. In addition, crack propagation and crack path could be simulated well with the simulation model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Wear for Steels)

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15 pages, 6086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatigue Strength Assessment of Welded Mild Steel Joints Containing Bulk Imperfections

by Martin Leitner, Yukitaka Murakami, Majid Farajian, Heikki Remes and Michael Stoschka

Metals 2018, 8(5), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8050306 - 29 Apr 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4498

Abstract

This work investigates the effect of gas pores, as bulk imperfections, on the fatigue strength of welded mild steel joints. Two test series containing different butt joint geometries and weld process parameters are included in order to achieve two variable types of pore sizes. Based on the √area-parameter by Murakami, the test series can be grouped into imperfections exhibiting √area < 1000 µm and √area > 1000 µm. Fatigue tests at a load stress ratio of R = 0.1 are performed, which act as comparison for the subsequent fatigue estimation. To assess the fatigue resistance, the approaches by Murakami, De Kazinczy, and Mitchell are utilized, which highlight certain differences in the applicability depending on the imperfection size. It is found that, on one hand, Murakami’s approach is well suitable for both small and large gas pores depending on the applied model parameters. On the other hand, the fatigue concepts by De Kazinczy and Mitchell are preferably practicable for large defects with √area > 1000 µm. In addition, the method by Mitchell incorporates the stress concentration factor of the imperfection, which can be numerically computed considering the size, shape, and location of the gas pore, as presented in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Wear for Steels)

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22 pages, 10455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Angular Distortion on the Fatigue Performance of High-Strength Steel T-Joints in as-Welded and High Frequency Mechanical Impact-Treated Condition

by Markus J. Ottersböck, Martin Leitner and Michael Stoschka

Metals 2018, 8(5), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8050302 - 27 Apr 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5633

Abstract

In general, distortion has significant effects on the assembly process of welded structures and remarkable influences on the strength of the welds. Therefore, this work focuses on the effect of angular welding distortion on fatigue strength to improve transferability of specimen results to components. Experimental investigations cover manufacturing and fatigue testing of three single-sided transversal stiffeners series exhibiting different angular distortions. The fatigue test results of as-welded specimen show a distinct link between fatigue performance and initial angular distortion. However, in case of a high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI)-treated weld toe, the fatigue strength increases up to base material level and is independent of the distortion. A comprehensive numerical analysis reveals a complex interaction between the applied nominal load, initial specimen distortion and the local stress field. In this context, an engineering-feasible assessment is derived to estimate the local effective stresses featuring the acting local stress range as well as the stress ratio. The application of this distortion factor enables the set-up of a uniform S/N-curve with a significantly reduced scatter band. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Wear for Steels)

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10127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Shot Blasting on Fatigue Strength of Q345B Steel Plate with a Central Hole

by Xiang You, Zhiyu Wang, Qingyuan Wang, Mengqin Cao, Mengqin Shen and Wanqiu Huang

Metals 2017, 7(12), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/met7120517 - 23 Nov 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5499

Abstract

The fatigue strength of Q345B steel plate with a central hole after shot blasting is studied herein. The improvement of fatigue strength related to the failure behavior is highlighted with due analysis of fatigue cracks initiation at the defect below the condensed surface induced by shot blasting. The effect of stress concentration is shown to be non-ignorable in the fatigue strength analysis. Codified fatigue categories in accordance with EN 1993-1-9 are used in drawing a comparison of studied fatigue behavior. Finally, an analytical model based on a modified reference model is proposed for the evaluation of the test fatigue strength results. It is demonstrated that the predicted results agree well with test data, since the stress ratio and the size of the defect as well as the stress concentration are appropriately considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Wear for Steels)

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3458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermally-Induced Crack Evaluation in H13 Tool Steel

by Hassan Abdulrssoul Abdulhadi, Syarifah Nur Aqida Syed Ahmad, Izwan Ismail, Mahadzir Ishak and Ghusoon Ridha Mohammed

Metals 2017, 7(11), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/met7110475 - 06 Nov 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5430

Abstract

This study reported the effect of thermal wear on cylindrical tool steel (AISI H13) under aluminum die-casting conditions. The AISIH13 steels were immersed in the molten aluminum alloy at 700 °C before water-quenching at room temperature. The process involved an alternating heating and cooling of each sample for a period of 24 s. The design of the immersion test apparatus stylistically simulated aluminum alloy dies casting conditions. The testing phase was performed at 1850, 3000, and 5000 cycles. The samples were subjected to visual inspection after each phase of testing, before being examined for metallographic studies, surface crack measurement, and hardness characteristics. Furthermore, the samples were segmented and examined under optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The areas around the crack zones were additionally examined under Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS). The crack’s maximum length and Vickers hardness profiles were obtained; and from the metallographic study, an increase in the number of cycles during the testing phase resulted in an increase in the surface crack formation; suggesting an increase in the thermal stress at higher cycle numbers. The crack length of Region I (spherically shaped) was about 47 to 127 µm, with a high oxygen content that was analyzed within 140 µm from the surface of the sample. At 700 °C, there is a formation of aluminum oxides, which was in contact with the surface of the H13 sample. These stresses propagate the thermal wear crack length into the tool material of spherically shaped Region I and cylindrically shape Region II, while hardness parameters presented a different observation. The crack length of Region I was about 32% higher than the crack length of Region II. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Wear for Steels)

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4949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Gear Performance by Alloy Modification of Carburizing Steels

by Thomas Tobie, Frank Hippenstiel and Hardy Mohrbacher

Metals 2017, 7(10), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/met7100415 - 06 Oct 2017

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 9866

Abstract

Both the tooth root and tooth flank load carrying capacity are characteristic parameters that decisively influence gear size, as well as gearbox design. The principal requirements towards all modern gearboxes are to comply with the steadily-increasing power density and to simultaneously offer a high reliability of their components. With increasing gear size, the load stresses at greater material depth increase. Thus, the material and particularly the strength properties also at greater material depth gain more importance. The present paper initially gives an overview of the main failure modes of case carburized gears resulting from material fatigue. Furthermore, the underlying load and stress mechanisms, under particular contemplation of the gear size, will be discussed, as these considerations principally define the required material properties. Subsequently, the principles of newly developed, as well as modified alloy concepts for optimized gear steels with high load carrying capacity are presented. In the experimental work, the load carrying capacity of the tooth root and tooth flank was determined using a pulsator, as well as an FZG back-to-back test rig. The results demonstrate the suitability of these innovative alloy concepts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Wear for Steels)

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Review

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14 pages, 11072 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fatigue of Thin, Oligo-Crystalline Wires Made of X2 CrNiMo 18-15-3

by Bojan Mitevski and Sabine Weiß

Metals 2018, 8(5), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8050333 - 09 May 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3397

Abstract

For a variety of applications, such as in miniaturized machines, tools for minimal invasive surgery, or coronary stents, microscale components are used. For all these components, their dimensions are far below the size of conventional test specimens, and thus the grain size can approach the dimension of the cross section in these microscale components. According to experimental results, large differences in the mechanical behavior of the material occur between single- and polycrystalline test specimens. Therefore, oligo-crystalline microstructures are defined as a transition between single- and polycrystal. To investigate and understand the fundamental impact of oligo-crystalline microstructures on the mechanical behavior of the material, thin wires made of the austenitic CrNiMo steel 316LVM were fatigued. The choice of the material is justified, because it is one of the most frequently-used materials for coronary stents, and only a small amount of research has been done on oligo-crystalline microstructures of this material. Solution were annealed and 10% cold drawn oligo-crystalline wires were compared. The cold drawn wires exhibit an endurance limit of 450 MPa, which is significantly higher compared to solution annealed oligo-crystalline wires (250 MPa). Electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) measurements of the fatigued wires show massive grain rotations, which lead to orientation changes within the grains. Sometimes, the deformation of a whole structure is concentrated on just one or only very few grains, with a particularly high Schmid factor (>0.44). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Wear for Steels)

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