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Metals
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Titanium Alloys
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Titanium Alloys

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2014) | Viewed by 63116

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Mark T. Whittaker

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
Interests: fatigue; creep; thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF); superalloys; lifing; nickel alloys; titanium alloys
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Although titanium was originally discovered in the 18th century, significant developments in the titanium industry only occurred in the middle of the 20th century. These changes resulted from the emergence of the gas turbine engine. Since that time, the aerospace sector has dominated worldwide titanium use; the metal has applications in both engines and airframe structures. Titanium has a highly desirable combination of properties: these include excellent corrosion resistance, a high strength to weight ratio, and good fatigue resistance. Such qualities enable extensive applications; only high extraction and processing costs restrict further implementation.

Although the aerospace industry faces challenges related to increasing operating temperatures and the development of polymer based composites, innovative solutions, including metal matrix composites and titanium aluminides, provide pathways for future development. Furthermore, improvements in extractive metallurgy and processing methods have made titanium-based alloys more accessible to alternative industries. Industries currently utilizing these materials include the sports, biomedical, and marine sectors.

As more traditional applications are supplemented by exciting new opportunities, it is clear that extensive research opportunities are likely to exist in the titanium industry for the foreseeable future.

Dr. M.T. Whittaker
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • extractive metallurgy processing
  • microstructure evolution
  • properties
  • intermetallics
  • MMCs
  • aerospace
  • biomedical

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

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352 KiB  
Editorial
Titanium Alloys
by Mark T. Whittaker
Metals 2015, 5(3), 1437-1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/met5031437 - 14 Aug 2015
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4871
Abstract
Although originally discovered in the 18th century [1], the titanium industry did not experience any significant advancement until the middle of the 20th century through the development of the gas turbine engine [2]. Since then, the aerospace sector has dominated worldwide titanium use [...] Read more.
Although originally discovered in the 18th century [1], the titanium industry did not experience any significant advancement until the middle of the 20th century through the development of the gas turbine engine [2]. Since then, the aerospace sector has dominated worldwide titanium use with applications in both engines and airframe structures [3]. The highly desirable combination of properties, which include excellent corrosion resistance, favourable strength to weight ratios, and an impressive resistance to fatigue, has led to an extensive range of applications [4], with only high extraction and processing costs still restricting further implementation. [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys)

Research

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9540 KiB  
Article
Influence of Milling on the Fatigue Lifetime of a Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy
by Kamel Moussaoui, Michel Mousseigne, Johanna Senatore, Remy Chieragatti and Pascal Lamesle
Metals 2015, 5(3), 1148-1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/met5031148 - 30 Jun 2015
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5395
Abstract
The present article focuses on the influence of machining on the fatigue life of a titanium alloy: Ti6Al4V. An experimental design was adopted in order to highlight the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity while generating very different surfaces with a view [...] Read more.
The present article focuses on the influence of machining on the fatigue life of a titanium alloy: Ti6Al4V. An experimental design was adopted in order to highlight the effects of machining parameters on surface integrity while generating very different surfaces with a view to subsequent fatigue testing (four point bending tests). Firstly, the impact of machining parameters on surface integrity was demonstrated. Then, the influence of surface integrity on fatigue lifetime was observed: no influence of the geometric and metallurgical parameters was observed. However, the mechanical parameter (e.g., residual stress) seemed to have a preponderant influence. To conclude, a machining plan of procedure was proposed to significantly improve the fatigue lifetime as compared with a reference industrial plan of procedure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys)
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2473 KiB  
Article
Effect of Indium Content on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Titanium Alloys
by Mi-Kyung Han, Jae-Bong Im, Moon-Jin Hwang, Bong-Jun Kim, Hae-Young Kim and Yeong-Joon Park
Metals 2015, 5(2), 850-862; https://doi.org/10.3390/met5020850 - 22 May 2015
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6937
Abstract
Ti-xIn (x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%) alloys were prepared to investigate the effect of indium on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of titanium with the aim of understanding the relationship between phase/microstructure and various [...] Read more.
Ti-xIn (x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%) alloys were prepared to investigate the effect of indium on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of titanium with the aim of understanding the relationship between phase/microstructure and various properties of Ti-xIn alloys. The Ti-xIn alloys exhibited a lamellar α-Ti structure at an indium content of up to 20 wt%. High-resolution TEM images of the Ti-xIn alloys revealed that all the systems contained a fine, acicular martensitic phase, which showed compositional fluctuations at the nanoscopic level. The mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Ti-xIn alloys were sensitive to the indium content. The Vickers hardness increased as the In content increased because of solid solution strengthening. The Ti-xIn alloys exhibited superior oxidation resistance compared to commercially pure Ti (cp-Ti). Electrochemical results showed that the Ti-xIn alloys exhibited a similar corrosion resistance to cp-Ti. Among the alloys tested, Ti-10In showed a potential for use as a dental material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys)
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1637 KiB  
Article
Hot Deformation Behavior of Ti-3.5Al-5Mo-6V-3Cr-2Sn-0.5Fe Alloy in α + β Field
by Zhaoxin Du, Shulong Xiao, Jingshun Liu, Shufeng Lv, Lijuan Xu, Fantao Kong and Yuyong Chen
Metals 2015, 5(1), 216-227; https://doi.org/10.3390/met5010216 - 13 Feb 2015
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6574
Abstract
The deformation behavior of Ti-3.5Al-5Mo-6V-3Cr-2Sn-0.5Fe high strength β titanium alloy is systematically investigated by isothermal compression in α + β field with the deformation temperatures ranging from 1003 K to 1078 K, the strain rates ranging from 0.001 s−1 to 1 s [...] Read more.
The deformation behavior of Ti-3.5Al-5Mo-6V-3Cr-2Sn-0.5Fe high strength β titanium alloy is systematically investigated by isothermal compression in α + β field with the deformation temperatures ranging from 1003 K to 1078 K, the strain rates ranging from 0.001 s−1 to 1 s−1 and the height reduction is around 50%. Essentially, the flow stress-strain curve of isothermal compression in α + β field exhibits a flow softening feature when the strain rate is higher than 0.1 s−1 as while it exhibits a steady-state feature as the strain rate is lower than 0.1 s−1. The peak stress increases with a decrease in deformation temperature and the increase of strain rate. The activation energy for deformation in α + β field was calculated and the average activation energy of 271.1 kJ/mol. The microstructure observation reveals that the isothermal deformation in the α + β field of the alloy is mainly controlled by the dynamic recovery mechanism accompanied with the secondary dynamic recrystallizitation of β phase. The α phase shows an obvious pinning effect for the movement of dislocations. During deformation, the α phase was elongated and fragmented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys)
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3082 KiB  
Article
Titanium Matrix Composite Ti/TiN Produced by Diode Laser Gas Nitriding
by Aleksander Lisiecki
Metals 2015, 5(1), 54-69; https://doi.org/10.3390/met5010054 - 09 Jan 2015
Cited by 76 | Viewed by 8347
Abstract
A high power direct diode laser, emitting in the range of near infrared radiation at wavelength 808–940 nm, was applied to produce a titanium matrix composite on a surface layer of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V by laser surface gas nitriding. The nitrided surface layers [...] Read more.
A high power direct diode laser, emitting in the range of near infrared radiation at wavelength 808–940 nm, was applied to produce a titanium matrix composite on a surface layer of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V by laser surface gas nitriding. The nitrided surface layers were produced as single stringer beads at different heat inputs, different scanning speeds, and different powers of laser beam. The influence of laser nitriding parameters on the quality, shape, and morphology of the surface layers was investigated. It was found that the nitrided surface layers consist of titanium nitride precipitations mainly in the form of dendrites embedded in the titanium alloy matrix. The titanium nitrides are produced as a result of the reaction between molten Ti and gaseous nitrogen. Solidification and subsequent growth of the TiN dendrites takes place to a large extent at the interface of the molten Ti and the nitrogen gas atmosphere. The direction of TiN dendrites growth is perpendicular to the surface of molten Ti. The roughness of the surface layers depends strongly on the heat input of laser nitriding and can be precisely controlled. In spite of high microhardness up to 2400 HV0.2, the surface layers are crack free. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys)
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906 KiB  
Article
Atmospheric Plasma Deposition of SiO2 Films for Adhesion Promoting Layers on Titanium
by Liliana Kotte, Jana Haag, Tobias Mertens and Stefan Kaskel
Metals 2014, 4(4), 639-646; https://doi.org/10.3390/met4040639 - 22 Dec 2014
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8348
Abstract
This paper evaluates the deposition of silica layers at atmospheric pressure as a pretreatment for the structural bonding of titanium (Ti6Al4V, Ti15V3Cr3Sn3Al) in comparison to an anodizing process (NaTESi process). The [...] Read more.
This paper evaluates the deposition of silica layers at atmospheric pressure as a pretreatment for the structural bonding of titanium (Ti6Al4V, Ti15V3Cr3Sn3Al) in comparison to an anodizing process (NaTESi process). The SiO2 film was deposited using the LARGE plasma source, a linearly extended DC arc plasma source and applying hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) as a precursor. The morphology of the surface was analyzed by means of SEM, while the characterization of the chemical composition of deposited plasma layers was done by XPS and FTIR. The long-term durability of bonded samples was evaluated by means of a wedge test in hot/wet condition. The almost stoichiometric SiO2 film features a good long-term stability and a high bonding strength compared to the films produced with the wet-chemical NaTESi process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys)
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2631 KiB  
Article
On the Physics of Machining Titanium Alloys: Interactions between Cutting Parameters, Microstructure and Tool Wear
by Mohammed Nouari and Hamid Makich
Metals 2014, 4(3), 335-358; https://doi.org/10.3390/met4030335 - 07 Jul 2014
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 10228
Abstract
The current work deals with the analysis of mechanisms involved during the machining process of titanium alloys. Two different materials were chosen for the study: Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-55531. The objective was to understand the effect of all cutting parameters on the tool wear [...] Read more.
The current work deals with the analysis of mechanisms involved during the machining process of titanium alloys. Two different materials were chosen for the study: Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-55531. The objective was to understand the effect of all cutting parameters on the tool wear behavior and stability of the cutting process. The investigations were focused on the mechanisms of the chip formation process and their interaction with tool wear. At the microstructure scale, the analysis confirms the intense deformation of the machined surface and shows a texture modification. As the cutting speed increases, cutting forces and temperature show different progressions depending on the considered microstructure (Ti-6Al-4V or Ti-55531 alloy). Results show for both materials that the wear process is facilitated by the high cutting temperature and the generation of high stresses. The analysis at the chip-tool interface of friction and contact nature (sliding or sticking contact) shows that machining Ti55531 often exhibits an abrasion wear process on the tool surface, while the adhesion and diffusion modes followed by the coating delamination process are the main wear modes when machining the usual Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys)
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Review

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1466 KiB  
Review
Titanium Implant Osseointegration Problems with Alternate Solutions Using Epoxy/Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite
by Richard C. Petersen
Metals 2014, 4(4), 549-569; https://doi.org/10.3390/met4040549 - 05 Dec 2014
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 11157
Abstract
The aim of the article is to present recent developments in material research with bisphenyl-polymer/carbon-fiber-reinforced composite that have produced highly influential results toward improving upon current titanium bone implant clinical osseointegration success. Titanium is now the standard intra-oral tooth root/bone implant material with [...] Read more.
The aim of the article is to present recent developments in material research with bisphenyl-polymer/carbon-fiber-reinforced composite that have produced highly influential results toward improving upon current titanium bone implant clinical osseointegration success. Titanium is now the standard intra-oral tooth root/bone implant material with biocompatible interface relationships that confer potential osseointegration. Titanium produces a TiO2 oxide surface layer reactively that can provide chemical bonding through various electron interactions as a possible explanation for biocompatibility. Nevertheless, titanium alloy implants produce corrosion particles and fail by mechanisms generally related to surface interaction on bone to promote an inflammation with fibrous aseptic loosening or infection that can require implant removal. Further, lowered oxygen concentrations from poor vasculature at a foreign metal surface interface promote a build-up of host-cell-related electrons as free radicals and proton acid that can encourage infection and inflammation to greatly influence implant failure. To provide improved osseointegration many different coating processes and alternate polymer matrix composite (PMC) solutions have been considered that supply new designing potential to possibly overcome problems with titanium bone implants. Now for important consideration, PMCs have decisive biofunctional fabrication possibilities while maintaining mechanical properties from addition of high-strengthening varied fiber-reinforcement and complex fillers/additives to include hydroxyapatite or antimicrobial incorporation through thermoset polymers that cure at low temperatures. Topics/issues reviewed in this manuscript include titanium corrosion, implant infection, coatings and the new epoxy/carbon-fiber implant results discussing osseointegration with biocompatibility related to nonpolar molecular attractions with secondary bonding, carbon fiber in vivo properties, electrical semiconductors, stress transfer, additives with low thermal PMC processing and new coating possibilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Alloys)
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