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Micromachines
Special Issues
MEMS/NEMS for Biomedical Imaging and Sensing
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MEMS/NEMS for Biomedical Imaging and Sensing

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2017) | Viewed by 37655

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Shih-Chi Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Interests: microsystems; optics and ultrafast laser applications; precision engineering; nanomanufacturing
Prof. Wei-Chuan Shih

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
Interests: nanobiophotonics; hyperspectral imaging; microsystems; plasmonic engineering

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the past two decades, a variety of small-scale optical imaging and sensing devices have been developed, based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) technologies, enabling effective miniaturization and performance improvement of basic optical elements, such as high-speed scanner, i.e., micromirror,  tunable gratings, waveguides, filters etc., thereby realizing the development of complex optical systems, e.g., miniaturized nonlinear microscopes, endomicscopes, silicon optical bench, etc. In terms of sensing, MEMS/NEMS technologies have broadened the horizon of optical and biomolecular sensing, enabling various biological and medical applications through metamaterials,  photonic crystals and plasmonics on various platforms, e.g., optofluidic resonators, nanoparticles, optical coatings and nanostructures, etc. To realize the full potential of MEMS/NEMS in biophotonics and address the practical applications of new emerging methods, this Special Issue calls for research papers, communications, and review articles that focus on new biomedical imaging and sensing methods enabled by MEMS or NEMS. This issue also welcomes submissions addressing new micro-optical elements and sensing techniques based on MEMS/NEMS technologies for the design, integration, and optimization of complex systems.

Prof. Shih-Chi Chen
Prof. Wei-Chuan Shih
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomedical imaging
  • endomicroscope
  • MEMS-scanners
  • biophotonics
  • NEMS sensors

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

10873 KiB  
Article
New Endoscopic Imaging Technology Based on MEMS Sensors and Actuators
by Zhen Qiu and Wibool Piyawattanamatha
Micromachines 2017, 8(7), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi8070210 - 02 Jul 2017
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 11989
Abstract
Over the last decade, optical fiber-based forms of microscopy and endoscopy have extended the realm of applicability for many imaging modalities. Optical fiber-based imaging modalities permit the use of remote illumination sources and enable flexible forms supporting the creation of portable and hand-held [...] Read more.
Over the last decade, optical fiber-based forms of microscopy and endoscopy have extended the realm of applicability for many imaging modalities. Optical fiber-based imaging modalities permit the use of remote illumination sources and enable flexible forms supporting the creation of portable and hand-held imaging instrumentations to interrogate within hollow tissue cavities. A common challenge in the development of such devices is the design and integration of miniaturized optical and mechanical components. Until recently, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors and actuators have been playing a key role in shaping the miniaturization of these components. This is due to the precision mechanics of MEMS, microfabrication techniques, and optical functionality enabling a wide variety of movable and tunable mirrors, lenses, filters, and other optical structures. Many promising results from MEMS based optical fiber endoscopy have demonstrated great potentials for clinical translation. In this article, reviews of MEMS sensors and actuators for various fiber-optical endoscopy such as fluorescence, optical coherence tomography, confocal, photo-acoustic, and two-photon imaging modalities will be discussed. This advanced MEMS based optical fiber endoscopy can provide cellular and molecular features with deep tissue penetration enabling guided resections and early cancer assessment to better treatment outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue MEMS/NEMS for Biomedical Imaging and Sensing)
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4230 KiB  
Article
3-Dimensional Plasmonic Substrates Based on Chicken Eggshell Bio-Templates for SERS-Based Bio-Sensing
by Md Masud Parvez Arnob and Wei-Chuan Shih
Micromachines 2017, 8(6), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi8060196 - 21 Jun 2017
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5301
Abstract
A simple technique is presented to fabricate stable and reproducible plasmonic substrates using chicken eggshell as bio-templates, an otherwise everyday waste material. The 3-dimensional (3D) submicron features on the outer shell (OS), inner shell (IS), and shell membrane (SM) regions are sputter coated [...] Read more.
A simple technique is presented to fabricate stable and reproducible plasmonic substrates using chicken eggshell as bio-templates, an otherwise everyday waste material. The 3-dimensional (3D) submicron features on the outer shell (OS), inner shell (IS), and shell membrane (SM) regions are sputter coated with gold and characterized for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance with respect to coating thickness, enhancement factor (EF), hot-spots distribution, and reproducibility. The OS and IS substrates have similar EF (2.6 × 106 and 1.8 × 106, respectively), while the SM provides smaller EF (1.5 × 105) due to its larger characteristic feature size. The variability from them (calculated as relative standard deviation, %RSD) are less than 7, 15, and 9 for the OS, IS, and SM substrates, respectively. Due to the larger EF and better signal reproducibility, the OS region is used for label-free sensing and identification of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis bacteria as an example of the potential SERS applications. It is demonstrated that the detection limit could reach the level of single bacterial cells. The OS and IS regions are also used as templates to fabricate 3D flexible SERS substrates using polydimethylsiloxane and characterized. The simple, low-cost, and green route of fabricating plasmonic substrates represents an innovative alternative approach without the needs for nanofabrication facilities. Coupled with hyperspectral Raman imaging, high-throughput bio-sensing can be carried out at the single pathogen level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue MEMS/NEMS for Biomedical Imaging and Sensing)
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2422 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Axial Resolution of Wide-Field Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy by Line Scanning Using a Digital Micromirror Device
by Jong Kang Park, Christopher J. Rowlands and Peter T. C. So
Micromachines 2017, 8(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi8030085 - 09 Mar 2017
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6769
Abstract
Temporal focusing multiphoton microscopy is a technique for performing highly parallelized multiphoton microscopy while still maintaining depth discrimination. While the conventional wide-field configuration for temporal focusing suffers from sub-optimal axial resolution, line scanning temporal focusing, implemented here using a digital micromirror device (DMD), [...] Read more.
Temporal focusing multiphoton microscopy is a technique for performing highly parallelized multiphoton microscopy while still maintaining depth discrimination. While the conventional wide-field configuration for temporal focusing suffers from sub-optimal axial resolution, line scanning temporal focusing, implemented here using a digital micromirror device (DMD), can provide substantial improvement. The DMD-based line scanning temporal focusing technique dynamically trades off the degree of parallelization, and hence imaging speed, for axial resolution, allowing performance parameters to be adapted to the experimental requirements. We demonstrate this new instrument in calibration specimens and in biological specimens, including a mouse kidney slice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue MEMS/NEMS for Biomedical Imaging and Sensing)
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4775 KiB  
Article
Variable-Focus Liquid Lens Integrated with a Planar Electromagnetic Actuator
by Liang Wang, Junping Duan, Binzhen Zhang and Wanjun Wang
Micromachines 2016, 7(10), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi7100190 - 17 Oct 2016
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6479
Abstract
In this paper, we design, fabricate and characterize a new electromagnetically actuated variable-focus liquid lens which consists of two polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrates, a SU-8 substrate, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane, a permanent magnet and a planar electromagnetic actuator. The performance of this liquid [...] Read more.
In this paper, we design, fabricate and characterize a new electromagnetically actuated variable-focus liquid lens which consists of two polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrates, a SU-8 substrate, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane, a permanent magnet and a planar electromagnetic actuator. The performance of this liquid lens is tested from four aspects including surface profiling, optical observation, variation of focal length and dynamic response speed. The results shows that with increasing current, the optical chamber PDMS membrane bulges up into a shape with a smaller radius of curvature, and the picture recorded by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera through the liquid lens also gradually becomes blurred. As the current changes from −1 to 1.2 A, the whole measured focal length of the proposed liquid lens ranges from −133 to −390 mm and from 389 to 61 mm. Then a 0.8 A square-wave current is applied to the electrode, and the actuation time and relaxation time are 340 and 460 ms, respectively. The liquid lens proposed in the paper is easily integrated with microfluidic chips and medical detecting instruments due to its planar structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue MEMS/NEMS for Biomedical Imaging and Sensing)
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5476 KiB  
Article
Wide Field-of-View Fluorescence Imaging with Optical-Quality Curved Microfluidic Chamber for Absolute Cell Counting
by Mohiuddin Khan Shourav, Kyunghoon Kim, Subin Kim and Jung Kyung Kim
Micromachines 2016, 7(7), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi7070125 - 20 Jul 2016
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6114
Abstract
Field curvature and other aberrations are encountered inevitably when designing a compact fluorescence imaging system with a simple lens. Although multiple lens elements can be used to correct most such aberrations, doing so increases system cost and complexity. Herein, we propose a wide [...] Read more.
Field curvature and other aberrations are encountered inevitably when designing a compact fluorescence imaging system with a simple lens. Although multiple lens elements can be used to correct most such aberrations, doing so increases system cost and complexity. Herein, we propose a wide field-of-view (FOV) fluorescence imaging method with an unconventional optical-quality curved sample chamber that corrects the field curvature caused by a simple lens. Our optics simulations and proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate that a curved substrate with lens-dependent curvature can reduce greatly the distortion in an image taken with a conventional planar detector. Following the validation study, we designed a curved sample chamber that can contain a known amount of sample volume and fabricated it at reasonable cost using plastic injection molding. At a magnification factor of approximately 0.6, the curved chamber provides a clear view of approximately 119 mm2, which is approximately two times larger than the aberration-free area of a planar chamber. Remarkably, a fluorescence image of microbeads in the curved chamber exhibits almost uniform intensity over the entire field even with a simple lens imaging system, whereas the distorted boundary region has much lower brightness than the central area in the planar chamber. The absolute count of white blood cells stained with a fluorescence dye was in good agreement with that obtained by a commercially available conventional microscopy system. Hence, a wide FOV imaging system with the proposed curved sample chamber would enable us to acquire an undistorted image of a large sample volume without requiring a time-consuming scanning process in point-of-care diagnostic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue MEMS/NEMS for Biomedical Imaging and Sensing)
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