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Solid-Phase Microextraction
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Solid-Phase Microextraction

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Analytical Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2019) | Viewed by 72690

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Constantinos K. Zacharis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: pharmaceutical analytical chemistry; method development and validation; sample preparation (derivatization, microextraction, etc.); liquid and gas chromatography; capillary electrophoresis; mass spectrometry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Paraskevas D. Tzanavaras

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: automation; sequential injection analysis; separation techniques (HPLC, CE); post-column derivatization; microextraction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Almost twenty-five years after its introduction, fiber solid phase microextraction (SPME) is undoubtedly a mature sample preparation technique, with numerous applications in various scientific fields. Due to its versatility, reliability, low cost, and sampling convenience (on-site sampling), SPME has been widely used in combination with separation techniques (LC, GC, CE) in academic research and routine analysis as well. As a result of its impact, it has been introduced in several official methods. On-going research and new trends on SPME covers various aspects including, but not limited to, the manufacturing of new fiber coating materials, new designs (in-needle, in-tube, in-tube, etc.), incorporation of SPME in automated systems, etc.

The present Special Issue aims to cover the latest research trends and applications on to SPME. Researchers working on, but not limited, fiber coating technology, on-line automated SPME and their applications in food, enviromental and biomedical sciences are cordially invited to contribute a research or review article in this Special Issue.

Dr. Constantinos K. Zacharis
Dr. Paraskevas D. Tzanavaras
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • solid phase microextraction
  • headspace solid phase microextraction
  • on-fiber derivatization
  • on-site sampling
  • in-needle SPME
  • in-tube SPME
  • multiple extraction
  • automation
  • SPME coupling to various analytical systems-Instrumentation

Published Papers (17 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 176 KiB  
Editorial
Solid-Phase Microextraction
by Constantinos K. Zacharis and Paraskevas D. Tzanavaras
Molecules 2020, 25(2), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020379 - 17 Jan 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2385
Abstract
Undoubtedly, sample preparation is one of the most important steps in the analytical process [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

10 pages, 1811 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Pears by HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS
by Chenchen Wang, Wenjun Zhang, Huidong Li, Jiangsheng Mao, Changying Guo, Ruiyan Ding, Ying Wang, Liping Fang, Zilei Chen and Guosheng Yang
Molecules 2019, 24(9), 1795; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091795 - 09 May 2019
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4718
Abstract
Aroma plays an important role in fruit quality and varies among different fruit cultivars. In this study, a sensitive and accurate method based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) was developed to comprehensively compare [...] Read more.
Aroma plays an important role in fruit quality and varies among different fruit cultivars. In this study, a sensitive and accurate method based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) was developed to comprehensively compare aroma components of five pear cultivars. In total, 241 volatile compounds were identified and the predominant volatile compounds were esters (101 compounds), followed by alcohols (20 compounds) and aldehydes (28 compounds). The longyuanyangli has the highest relative concentration (838.12 ng/g), while the Packham has the lowest (208.45 ng/g). This study provides a practical method for pear aroma analysis using SPME and GC×GC-TOFMS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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17 pages, 2074 KiB  
Article
A Dual Ligand Sol–Gel Organic-Silica Hybrid Monolithic Capillary for In-Tube SPME-MS/MS to Determine Amino Acids in Plasma Samples
by Luis F. C. Miranda, Rogéria R. Gonçalves and Maria E. C. Queiroz
Molecules 2019, 24(9), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091658 - 27 Apr 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3173
Abstract
This work describes the direct coupling of the in-tube solid-phase microextraction (in-tube SPME) technique to a tandem mass spectrometry system (MS/MS) to determine amino acids (AA) and neurotransmitters (NT) (alanine, serine, isoleucine, leucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) in [...] Read more.
This work describes the direct coupling of the in-tube solid-phase microextraction (in-tube SPME) technique to a tandem mass spectrometry system (MS/MS) to determine amino acids (AA) and neurotransmitters (NT) (alanine, serine, isoleucine, leucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) in plasma samples from schizophrenic patients. An innovative organic-silica hybrid monolithic capillary with bifunctional groups (amino and cyano) was developed and evaluated as an extraction device for in-tube SPME. The morphological and structural aspects of the monolithic phase were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen sorption experiments, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, and adsorption experiments. In-tube SPME-MS/MS conditions were established to remove matrix, enrich analytes (monolithic capillary) and improve the sensitivity of the MS/MS system. The proposed method was linear from 45 to 360 ng mL−1 for alanine, from 15 to 300 ng mL−1 for leucine and isoleucine, from 12 to 102 ng mL−1 for methionine, from 10 to 102 ng mL−1 for tyrosine, from 9 to 96 ng mL−1 for tryptophan, from 12 to 210 ng mL−1 for serine, from 12 to 90 ng mL−1 for glutamic acid, from 12 to 102 ng mL−1 for lysine, and from 6 to 36 ng mL−1 for aspartic acid. The precision of intra-assays and inter-assays presented CV values ranged from 1.6% to 14.0%. The accuracy of intra-assays and inter-assays presented RSE values from −11.0% to 13.8%, with the exception of the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) values. The in-tube SPME-MS/MS method was successfully applied to determine the target AA and NT in plasma samples from schizophrenic patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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13 pages, 819 KiB  
Article
HS-SPME Analysis of True Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) Leaves Treated by Various Drying Methods
by Jacek Łyczko, Klaudiusz Jałoszyński, Mariusz Surma, Klaudia Masztalerz and Antoni Szumny
Molecules 2019, 24(4), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040764 - 20 Feb 2019
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 4998 | Correction
Abstract
True lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) is a widely used flavoring and medicinal plant, which strong aroma is mainly composed of linalool and linalyl acetate. The most valuable parts of the plant are the flowers, however leaves are also abundant in volatile constituents. [...] Read more.
True lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) is a widely used flavoring and medicinal plant, which strong aroma is mainly composed of linalool and linalyl acetate. The most valuable parts of the plant are the flowers, however leaves are also abundant in volatile constituents. One of the main factors responsible for its quality is the preservation procedure, which usually comes down to a drying process. For this reason an attempt to verify the influence of various drying methods (convective drying, vacuum-microwave drying and combined convection pre-drying with vacuum-microwave finishing drying) on the quality of true lavender leaves was carried out by determination of the volatile constituents profile by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with GC-MS technique. Total essential oil (EO) content was also verified. The study has revealed that the optimal drying method is strongly dependent on the purpose of the product. For flavoring properties convective drying at 60 °C is the most optimal method, while the best for preserving the highest amount of EO is vacuum-microwave drying at 480 W. Furthermore, SPME analysis had shown that drying may increase the value of true lavender leaves by significantly affecting the linalool to linalyl acetate to camphor ratio in the volatile profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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16 pages, 1788 KiB  
Article
Profiling Volatile Constituents of Homemade Preserved Foods Prepared in Early 1950s South Dakota (USA) Using Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Determination
by Lucas J. Leinen, Vaille A. Swenson, Hope L. Juntunen, Scott E. McKay, Samantha M. O’Hanlon, Patrick Videau and Michael O. Gaylor
Molecules 2019, 24(4), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040660 - 13 Feb 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4078
Abstract
An essential dimension of food tasting (i.e., flavor) is olfactory stimulation by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted therefrom. Here, we developed a novel analytical method based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling in argon-filled gas sampling bags with direct gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) determination [...] Read more.
An essential dimension of food tasting (i.e., flavor) is olfactory stimulation by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted therefrom. Here, we developed a novel analytical method based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling in argon-filled gas sampling bags with direct gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) determination to profile the volatile constituents of 31 homemade preserves prepared in South Dakota (USA) during the period 1950–1953. Volatile profiles varied considerably, but generally decreased in detected compounds, complexity, and intensity over three successive 2-h SPME sampling periods. Volatile profiles were generally predominated by aldehydes, alcohols, esters, ketones, and organic acids, with terpenoids constituting much of the pickled cucumber volatiles. Bisphenol-A (BPA) was also serendipitously detected and then quantified in 29 samples, at levels ranging from 3.4 to 19.2 μg/kg, within the range of levels known to induce endocrine disruption effects. Absence of BPA in two samples was attributed to their lids lacking plastic liners. As the timing of their preparation coincides with the beginning of BPA incorporation into consumer products, these jars may be some of the first BPA-containing products in the USA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort to characterize BPA in and volatile profiles of rare historical foods with SPME. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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25 pages, 5227 KiB  
Communication
Evaluation of Volatile Metabolites Emitted In-Vivo from Cold-Hardy Grapes during Ripening Using SPME and GC-MS: A Proof-of-Concept
by Somchai Rice, Devin L. Maurer, Anne Fennell, Murlidhar Dharmadhikari and Jacek A. Koziel
Molecules 2019, 24(3), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030536 - 01 Feb 2019
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5054
Abstract
In this research, we propose a novel concept for a non-destructive evaluation of volatiles emitted from ripening grapes using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). This concept is novel to both the traditional vinifera grapes and the cold-hardy cultivars. Our sample models are cold-hardy varieties in [...] Read more.
In this research, we propose a novel concept for a non-destructive evaluation of volatiles emitted from ripening grapes using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). This concept is novel to both the traditional vinifera grapes and the cold-hardy cultivars. Our sample models are cold-hardy varieties in the upper Midwest for which many of the basic multiyear grape flavor and wine style data is needed. Non-destructive sampling included a use of polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) chambers temporarily enclosing and concentrating volatiles emitted by a whole cluster of grapes on a vine and a modified 2 mL glass vial for a vacuum-assisted sampling of volatiles from a single grape berry. We used SPME for either sampling in the field or headspace of crushed grapes in the lab and followed with analyses on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We have shown that it is feasible to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted in-vivo from single grape berries (39 compounds) and whole clusters (44 compounds). Over 110 VOCs were released to headspace from crushed berries. Spatial (vineyard location) and temporal variations in VOC profiles were observed for all four cultivars. However, these changes were not consistent by growing season, by location, within cultivars, or by ripening stage when analyzed by multivariate analyses such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA). Research into aroma compounds present in cold-hardy cultivars is essential to the continued growth of the wine industry in cold climates and diversification of agriculture in the upper Midwestern area of the U.S. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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18 pages, 2191 KiB  
Article
Development of Time-Weighted Average Sampling of Odorous Volatile Organic Compounds in Air with Solid-Phase Microextraction Fiber Housed inside a GC Glass Liner: Proof of Concept
by Madina Tursumbayeva, Jacek A. Koziel, Devin L. Maurer, Bulat Kenessov and Somchai Rice
Molecules 2019, 24(3), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030406 - 23 Jan 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4292
Abstract
Finding farm-proven, robust sampling technologies for measurement of odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and evaluating the mitigation of nuisance emissions continues to be a challenge. The objective of this research was to develop a new method for quantification of odorous VOCs in air [...] Read more.
Finding farm-proven, robust sampling technologies for measurement of odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and evaluating the mitigation of nuisance emissions continues to be a challenge. The objective of this research was to develop a new method for quantification of odorous VOCs in air using time-weighted average (TWA) sampling. The main goal was to transform a fragile lab-based technology (i.e., solid-phase microextraction, SPME) into a rugged sampler that can be deployed for longer periods in remote locations. The developed method addresses the need to improve conventional TWA SPME that suffers from the influence of the metallic SPME needle on the sampling process. We eliminated exposure to metallic parts and replaced them with a glass tube to facilitate diffusion from odorous air onto an exposed SPME fiber. A standard gas chromatography (GC) liner recommended for SPME injections was adopted for this purpose. Acetic acid, a common odorous VOC, was selected as a model compound to prove the concept. GC with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used for air analysis. An SPME fiber exposed inside a glass liner followed the Fick’s law of diffusion model. There was a linear relationship between extraction time and mass extracted up to 12 h (R2 > 0.99) and the inverse of retraction depth (1/Z) (R2 > 0.99). The amount of VOC adsorbed via the TWA SPME using a GC glass liner to protect the SPME was reproducible. The limit of detection (LOD, signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) = 3) and limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N = 5) were 10 and 18 µg·m−3 (4.3 and 7.2 ppbV), respectively. There was no apparent difference relative to glass liner conditioning, offering a practical simplification for use in the field. The new method related well to field conditions when comparing it to the conventional method based on sorbent tubes. This research shows that an SPME fiber exposed inside a glass liner can be a promising, practical, simple approach for field applications to quantify odorous VOCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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15 pages, 4375 KiB  
Article
GC-MS and HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS Determination of the Volatile Composition of Essential Oils and Hydrosols (By-Products) from Four Eucalyptus Species Cultivated in Tuscany
by Francesca Ieri, Lorenzo Cecchi, Elena Giannini, Clarissa Clemente and Annalisa Romani
Molecules 2019, 24(2), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020226 - 09 Jan 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5647
Abstract
Essential oils are widely used as functional ingredients for potential multi-purpose functional uses. Hydrosols, co-products of the distillation of plant material, are used in food and cosmetic industries and in biological agriculture, but their volatile composition is poorly investigated. The volatile fractions of [...] Read more.
Essential oils are widely used as functional ingredients for potential multi-purpose functional uses. Hydrosols, co-products of the distillation of plant material, are used in food and cosmetic industries and in biological agriculture, but their volatile composition is poorly investigated. The volatile fractions of essential oils and hydrosols from four less-studied 1,8-cineol-rich Eucalyptus species (E. parvula L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill, E. cinerea F. Muell, E. pulverulenta Sims and E. pulverulenta baby blue Sims), cultivated in Tuscany in a system of organic farming, were characterized by solvent dilution (essential oils) or extraction (hydrosols) followed by GC-MS and by HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS analysis. GC-MS analysis showed that essential oils were mainly constituted by oxygenated monoterpenes, particularly 1,8-cineole, with monoterpenes hydrocarbons up to 10.8%. Relative differences in the abundance of minor terpenes as limonene, α-pinene, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, and alloaromandrene were pointed out and seem to be suitable for differentiation among EOs of the four different Eucalyptus species. Hydrosols of these species were characterized for the first time: they were mainly constituted by oxygenated monoterpenes (97.6–98.9%), with 1,8-cineole up to 1.6 g/L, while monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were detected only in traces. HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS analysis also allowed providing metabolic profiling of hydrosols for the direct comparison and visualization of volatile components, pointing out the potentially different uses of these products as functional ingredients in food, beverage, and cosmetic industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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14 pages, 241 KiB  
Communication
Quantification of VOC Emissions from Carbonized Refuse-Derived Fuel Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
by Andrzej Białowiec, Monika Micuda, Antoni Szumny, Jacek Łyczko and Jacek A. Koziel
Molecules 2018, 23(12), 3208; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123208 - 05 Dec 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3635
Abstract
In this work, for the first time, the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from carbonized refuse-derived fuel (CRDF) were quantified on a laboratory scale. The analyzed CRDF was generated from the torrefaction of municipal waste. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [...] Read more.
In this work, for the first time, the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from carbonized refuse-derived fuel (CRDF) were quantified on a laboratory scale. The analyzed CRDF was generated from the torrefaction of municipal waste. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify 84 VOCs, including many that are toxic, e.g., derivatives of benzene or toluene. The highest emissions were measured for nonanal, octanal, and heptanal. The top 10 most emitted VOCs contributed to almost 65% of the total emissions. The VOC mixture emitted from torrefied CRDF differed from that emitted by other types of pyrolyzed biochars, produced from different types of feedstock, and under different pyrolysis conditions. SPME was a useful technology for surveying VOC emissions. Results provide an initial database of the types and relative quantities of VOCs emitted from CRDF. This data is needed for further development of CRDF technology and comprehensive assessment of environmental impact and practical storage, transport, and potential adoption of CRDF as means of energy and resource recovery from municipal waste. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
19 pages, 2968 KiB  
Article
Skin Permeation of Solutes from Metalworking Fluids to Build Prediction Models and Test A Partition Theory
by Jacqueline M. Hughes-Oliver, Guangning Xu and Ronald E. Baynes
Molecules 2018, 23(12), 3076; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123076 - 24 Nov 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2763
Abstract
Permeation of chemical solutes through skin can create major health issues. Using the membrane-coated fiber (MCF) as a solid phase membrane extraction (SPME) approach to simulate skin permeation, we obtained partition coefficients for 37 solutes under 90 treatment combinations that could broadly represent [...] Read more.
Permeation of chemical solutes through skin can create major health issues. Using the membrane-coated fiber (MCF) as a solid phase membrane extraction (SPME) approach to simulate skin permeation, we obtained partition coefficients for 37 solutes under 90 treatment combinations that could broadly represent formulations that could be associated with occupational skin exposure. These formulations were designed to mimic fluids in the metalworking process, and they are defined in this manuscript using: one of mineral oil, polyethylene glycol-200, soluble oil, synthetic oil, or semi-synthetic oil; at a concentration of 0.05 or 0.5 or 5 percent; with solute concentration of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, or 5 ppm. A single linear free-energy relationship (LFER) model was shown to be inadequate, but extensions that account for experimental conditions provide important improvements in estimating solute partitioning from selected formulations into the MCF. The benefit of the Expanded Nested-Solute-Concentration LFER model over the Expanded Crossed-Factors LFER model is only revealed through a careful leave-one-solute-out cross-validation that properly addresses the existence of replicates to avoid an overly optimistic view of predictive power. Finally, the partition theory that accompanies the MCF approach is thoroughly tested and found to not be supported under complex experimental settings that mimic occupational exposure in the metalworking industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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13 pages, 1595 KiB  
Article
Application of Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) for Understanding Biological Changes of Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata) During Mating Procedures
by Hasan Al-Khshemawee, Xin Du, Manjree Agarwal, Jeong Oh Yang and Yong Lin Ren
Molecules 2018, 23(11), 2951; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112951 - 12 Nov 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4147
Abstract
Samples from three different mating stages (before, during and after mating) of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata were used in this experiment. Samples obtained from whole insects were subjected to extraction with the two mixtures of solvents (acetonitrile/water (A) and methanol/acetonitrile/water (B)) [...] Read more.
Samples from three different mating stages (before, during and after mating) of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata were used in this experiment. Samples obtained from whole insects were subjected to extraction with the two mixtures of solvents (acetonitrile/water (A) and methanol/acetonitrile/water (B)) and a comparative study of the extractions using the different solvents was performed. Direct immersion-solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME) was employed, followed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry analyses (GC/MS) for the collection, separation and identification of compounds. The method was validated by testing its sensitivity, linearity and reproducibility. The main compounds identified in the three different mating stages were ethyl glycolate, α-farnesene, decanoic acid octyl ester, 2,6,10,15-tetramethylheptadecane, 11-tricosene, 9,12-(Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid, methyl stearate, 9-(Z)-tricosene, 9,11-didehydro-lumisterol acetate; 1,54-dibromotetrapentacontane, 9-(Z)-hexadecenoic acid hexadecyl ester, 9-(E)-octadecenoic acid and 9-(Z)-hexadecenoic acid octadecyl ester. The novel findings indicated that compound compositions were not significantly different before and during mating. However, new chemical compounds were generated after mating, such as 1-iodododecane, 9-(Z)-tricosene and 11,13-dimethyl-12-tetradecen-1-acetate which were extracted with both (A) and (B) and dodecanoic acid, (Z)-oleic acid, octadecanoic acid and hentriacontane which were extracted with (A) and ethyl glycolate, 9-hexadecenoic acid hexadecyl ester, palmitoleic acid and 9-(E)-octadecenoic acid, which were extracted with solvent (B). This study has demonstrated that DI-SPME is useful in quantitative insect metabolomics by determining changes in the metabolic compounds in response to mating periods. DI-SPME chemical extraction technology might offer analysis of metabolites that could potentially enhance our understanding on the evolution of the medfly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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14 pages, 2427 KiB  
Article
Volatile Terpenes and Terpenoids from Workers and Queens of Monomorium chinense (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
by Rui Zhao, Lihua Lu, Qingxing Shi, Jian Chen and Yurong He
Molecules 2018, 23(11), 2838; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112838 - 01 Nov 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5242
Abstract
Twenty-one volatile terpenes and terpenoids were found in Monomorium chinense Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a native Chinese ant, by using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas-phase chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which makes this ant one of the most prolific terpene producers in [...] Read more.
Twenty-one volatile terpenes and terpenoids were found in Monomorium chinense Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a native Chinese ant, by using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas-phase chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which makes this ant one of the most prolific terpene producers in insect. A sesquiterpene with unknown structure (terpene 1) was the main terpene in workers and neocembrene in queens. Terpenes and terpenoids were detected in poison, Dufour’s and mandibular glands of both workers and queens. Worker ants raised on a terpene-free diet showed the same terpene profile as ants collected in the field, indicating that de novo terpene and terpenoid synthesis occurs in M. chinense. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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14 pages, 2802 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Time-Weighted Average Air Sampling by Solid-Phase Microextraction Fibers Using Finite Element Analysis Software
by Bulat Kenessov, Jacek A. Koziel, Nassiba Baimatova, Olga P. Demyanenko and Miras Derbissalin
Molecules 2018, 23(11), 2736; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112736 - 23 Oct 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4575
Abstract
Determination of time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is advantageous over other sampling techniques, but is often characterized by insufficient accuracies, particularly at longer sampling times. Experimental investigation of this issue and disclosing the [...] Read more.
Determination of time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is advantageous over other sampling techniques, but is often characterized by insufficient accuracies, particularly at longer sampling times. Experimental investigation of this issue and disclosing the origin of the problem is problematic and often not practically feasible due to high uncertainties. This research is aimed at developing the model of the TWA extraction process and optimization of TWA air sampling by SPME using finite element analysis software (COMSOL Multiphysics, Burlington, MA, USA). It was established that sampling by porous SPME coatings with high affinity to analytes is affected by slow diffusion of analytes inside the coating, an increase of their concentrations in the air near the fiber tip due to equilibration, and eventual lower sampling rate. The increase of a fiber retraction depth (Z) resulted in better recoveries. Sampling of studied VOCs using 23 ga Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (Car/PDMS) assembly at maximum possible Z (40 mm) was proven to provide more accurate results. Alternative sampling configuration based on 78.5 × 0.75 mm internal diameter SPME liner was proven to provide similar accuracy at improved detection limits. Its modification with the decreased internal diameter from the sampling side should provide even better recoveries. The results obtained can be used to develop a more accurate analytical method for determination of TWA concentrations of VOCs in air using SPME. The developed model can be used to simulate sampling of other environments (process gases, water) by retracted SPME fibers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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12 pages, 2389 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Contact Traces of Cannabis by In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Nanoliquid Chromatography
by Neus Jornet-Martínez, Adrián Ortega-Sierra, Jorge Verdú-Andrés, Rosa Herráez-Hernández and Pilar Campíns-Falcó
Molecules 2018, 23(9), 2359; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092359 - 15 Sep 2018
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4204
Abstract
Because of its inherent qualities, in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) coupled on-line to nanoliquid chromatography (nanoLC) can be a very powerful tool to address the new challenges of analytical laboratories such as the analysis of traces of complex samples. This is the case of [...] Read more.
Because of its inherent qualities, in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) coupled on-line to nanoliquid chromatography (nanoLC) can be a very powerful tool to address the new challenges of analytical laboratories such as the analysis of traces of complex samples. This is the case of the detection of contact traces of drugs, especially cannabis. The main difficulties encountered in the analysis of traces of cannabis plants on surfaces are the low amount of sample available (typically < 1 mg), the complexity of the matrix, and the low percentages of cannabinoic compounds in the samples. In this work, a procedure is described for the detection of residues of cannabis on different surfaces based on the responses obtained by IT-SPME coupled to nanoLC with UV diode array detection (DAD) for the cannabinoids Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN); the proposed conditions can also be applied for quantitative purposes through the measurement of the percentage of THC, the most abundant cannabinoid in plants. The method is based on collecting the suspected drug samples with cotton swabs, followed by the extraction of the target compounds by ultrasound assisted extraction. The extracts are then separated and processed by IT-SPME-nanoLC. The proposed approach has been applied to the detection of traces of cannabis in different kind of items (plastic bags, office paper, aluminum foil, cotton cloths, and hand skin). Sample amounts as low as 0.08 mg have been collected and analysed for THC. The selectivity and effect of the storage conditions on the levels of THC have also been evaluated. The percentages of THC in the samples typically ranged from 0.6% to 2.8%, which means that amounts of this compound as low as 1–2 µg were adequately detected and quantified. For the first time, the reliability of IT-SPME-nanoLC for the analysis of complex matrices such as cannabis plant extracts has been demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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15 pages, 1058 KiB  
Article
High-Throughput Analysis of Selected Urinary Hydroxy Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by an Innovative Automated Solid-Phase Microextraction
by Stefano Dugheri, Alessandro Bonari, Matteo Gentili, Giovanni Cappelli, Ilenia Pompilio, Costanza Bossi, Giulio Arcangeli, Marcello Campagna and Nicola Mucci
Molecules 2018, 23(8), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081869 - 26 Jul 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4243
Abstract
High-throughput screening of samples is the strategy of choice to detect occupational exposure biomarkers, yet it requires a user-friendly apparatus that gives relatively prompt results while ensuring high degrees of selectivity, precision, accuracy and automation, particularly in the preparation process. Miniaturization has attracted [...] Read more.
High-throughput screening of samples is the strategy of choice to detect occupational exposure biomarkers, yet it requires a user-friendly apparatus that gives relatively prompt results while ensuring high degrees of selectivity, precision, accuracy and automation, particularly in the preparation process. Miniaturization has attracted much attention in analytical chemistry and has driven solvent and sample savings as easier automation, the latter thanks to the introduction on the market of the three axis autosampler. In light of the above, this contribution describes a novel user-friendly solid-phase microextraction (SPME) off- and on-line platform coupled with gas chromatography and triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry to determine urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1- and 2-hydroxy-naphthalene, 9-hydroxy-phenanthrene, 1-hydroxy-pyrene, 3- and 9-hydroxy-benzoantracene, and 3-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene. In this new procedure, chromatography’s sensitivity is combined with the user-friendliness of N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide on-fiber SPME derivatization using direct immersion sampling; moreover, specific isotope-labelled internal standards provide quantitative accuracy. The detection limits for the seven OH-PAHs ranged from 0.25 to 4.52 ng/L. Intra-(from 2.5 to 3.0%) and inter-session (from 2.4 to 3.9%) repeatability was also evaluated. This method serves to identify suitable risk-control strategies for occupational hygiene conservation programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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14 pages, 1026 KiB  
Article
Discrimination of Aroma Characteristics for Cubeb Berries by Sensomics Approach with Chemometrics
by Huan Cheng, Jianle Chen, Peter J. Watkins, Shiguo Chen, Dan Wu, Donghong Liu and Xingqian Ye
Molecules 2018, 23(7), 1627; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071627 - 04 Jul 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3768
Abstract
The dried cubeb berries are widely used as medicinal herb and spicy condiment with special flavor. However, there is a significant definition discrepancy for cubeb berries. In this study, an efficient analytical method to characterize and discriminate two popular cubeb fruits (Litsea [...] Read more.
The dried cubeb berries are widely used as medicinal herb and spicy condiment with special flavor. However, there is a significant definition discrepancy for cubeb berries. In this study, an efficient analytical method to characterize and discriminate two popular cubeb fruits (Litsea cubeba and Piper cubeba) was established. The aroma profiles of cubeb berries were evaluated by different extraction methods including hydro-distillation, simultaneous distillation/extraction, and solid-phase micro-extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O). In total, 90 volatile compounds were identified by HD, SDE, and SPME combined with GC-MS. Principal component analysis was further applied and discriminated ambiguous cubeb berries by their unique aromas: Litsea cubeba was characterized by higher level of d-limonene (“fruit, citrus”), citral (“fruit, lemon”) and dodecanoic acid; α-cubebene (“herb”) was identified as a marker compound for Piper cubeba with higher camphor (“camphoraceous”), and linalool (“flower”). Flavor fingerprint combined with PCA could be applied as a promising method for identification of cubeb fruits and quality control for food and medicinal industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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21 pages, 1219 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Volatile Profile of Core Chinese Mango Germplasm by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
by Xiao-Wei Ma, Mu-Qing Su, Hong-Xia Wu, Yi-Gang Zhou and Song-Biao Wang
Molecules 2018, 23(6), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061480 - 19 Jun 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4735
Abstract
Despite abundant published research on the volatile characterization of mango germplasm, the aroma differentiation of Chinese cultivars remains unclear. Using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the composition and relative content of volatiles in 37 cultivars representing the [...] Read more.
Despite abundant published research on the volatile characterization of mango germplasm, the aroma differentiation of Chinese cultivars remains unclear. Using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the composition and relative content of volatiles in 37 cultivars representing the diversity of Chinese mango germplasm were investigated. Results indicated that there are distinct differences in the components and content of volatile compounds among and within cultivars. In total, 114 volatile compounds, including 23 monoterpenes, 16 sesquiterpenes, 29 non-terpene hydrocarbons, 25 esters, 11 aldehydes, five alcohols and five ketones, were identified. The total volatile content among cultivars ranged from 211 to 26,022 μg/kg fresh weight (FW), with 123-fold variation. Terpene compounds were the basic background volatiles, and 34 cultivars exhibited abundant monoterpenes. On the basis of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), terpinolene and α-pinene were important components constituting the aroma of Chinese mango cultivars. Most obviously, a number of mango cultivars with high content of various aroma components were observed, and they can serve as potential germplasms for both breeding and direct use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction)
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