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Energy Intake, Trends, and Determinants

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2017) | Viewed by 51301

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Prof. Dr. Gregorio Varela-Moreiras

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Guest Editor

Professor of Nutrition and Food Science, CEU San Pablo University (Madrid, Spain); President of the Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN)
Interests: folates; hearing; aging; dietary surveys; nutritional status
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Dear Colleagues,

Human beings need energy to perform and regulate all biochemical processes that maintain body structures and functions, and to perform physical activities. Energy is provided in the diet by carbohydrates, fats, protein and alcohol, and the individual contribution of these sources is variable. Moreover, it is well known that the digestibility and absorption of these may differ depending on the composition and on the foods in which they are found. At the same time, the food market is, nowadays, much more complex. Importantly, examination of energy intake is considered one of the principal drivers of the worldwide obesity epidemic. However, dietary intake data are prone to reporting errors, and there is a varying degree of potential under-reporting. Energy intake is usually thought to be increased in the last few decades, but controversial results exist from the few available and different studies. In addition, rapid sociodemographic changes (frequency of eating out, changes in portion sizes, changes in dietary patterns, changes in the intake of energy-dense foods of low nutritional value, etc.), have occurred in most of the countries, and to what extent these factors may be related to energy intake and trends is the key for a better understanding of obesity in the context of energy balance.

This Special Issue will include reviews, new methodologies for dietary energy intake assessment and food/beverages sources, studies related to energy misreporting and consequences, and surveys focused on energy intake, trends, and its determinants.

Guest Editor
Prof. Gregorio Varela-Moreiras

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Dietary Energy Density among Preschool Aged Children

by Nilmani N.T. Fernando, Karen J. Campbell, Sarah A. McNaughton, Miaobing Zheng and Kathleen E. Lacy

Nutrients 2018, 10(2), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020178 - 06 Feb 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4426

Abstract

Childhood obesity is a global problem with many contributing factors including dietary energy density (DED). This paper aims to investigate potential predictors of DED among preschool aged children in Victoria, Australia. Secondary analysis of longitudinal data for 209 mother–child pairs from the Melbourne Infant Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial was conducted. Data for predictors (maternal child feeding and nutrition knowledge, maternal dietary intake, home food availability, socioeconomic status) were obtained through questionnaires completed by first-time mothers when children were aged 4 or 18 months. Three 24-h dietary recalls were completed when children were aged ~3.5 years. DED was calculated utilizing three methods: “food only”, “food and dairy beverages”, and “food and all beverages”. Linear regression analyses were conducted to identify associations between predictors and these three measures of children’s DED. Home availability of fruits (β: −0.82; 95% CI: −1.35, −0.29, p = 0.002 for DED_food; β: −0.42; 95% CI: −0.82, −0.02, p = 0.041 for DED_{food+dairy beverages}) and non-core snacks (β: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.20, p = 0.016 for DED_food; β: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.15, p = 0.010 for DED_{food+dairy beverages}) were significantly associated with two of the three DED measures. Providing fruit at home early in a child’s life may encourage the establishment of healthful eating behaviors that could promote a diet that is lower in energy density later in life. Home availability of non-core snacks is likely to increase the energy density of preschool children’s diets, supporting the proposition that non-core snack availability at home should be limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Intake, Trends, and Determinants)

13 pages, 1318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Constitutes Traditional and Modern Eating? The Case of Japan

by Gudrun Sproesser, Sumio Imada, Isato Furumitsu, Paul Rozin, Matthew B. Ruby, Naomi Arbit, Claude Fischler, Harald T. Schupp and Britta Renner

Nutrients 2018, 10(2), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020118 - 25 Jan 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6731

Abstract

Traditional Japanese dietary culture might be a factor contributing to the high life expectancy in Japan. As little is known about what constitutes traditional and modern eating in Japan, the aims of the current study were to (1) comprehensively compile and systematize the various facets of traditional and modern eating; and (2) investigate whether these facets also apply to traditional and modern eating in Japan. In Study 1, an extensive international literature review was performed. Forty-five facets of traditional and modern eating were compiled and systematized into the dimensions of what and how people eat, and into eleven separate subdimensions. In Study 2, 340 adults from Japan answered a questionnaire. Results showed that traditional and modern eating in Japan is reflected in both what and how people eat. Within these two dimensions, ten subdimensions were found: the ingredients, processing, temporal origin, spatial origin, and variety of consumed foods, as well as temporal, spatial, and social aspects, appreciation, and concerns when eating. This study provides a broad compilation of facets of traditional and modern eating in Japan. Future research should investigate how these facets are related to life expectancy and health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Intake, Trends, and Determinants)

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11 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validity of Predictive Equations for Resting Energy Expenditure Developed for Obese Patients: Impact of Body Composition Method

by Najate Achamrah, Pierre Jésus, Sébastien Grigioni, Agnès Rimbert, André Petit, Pierre Déchelotte, Vanessa Folope and Moïse Coëffier

Nutrients 2018, 10(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010063 - 10 Jan 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4809

Abstract

Predictive equations have been specifically developed for obese patients to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE). Body composition (BC) assessment is needed for some of these equations. We assessed the impact of BC methods on the accuracy of specific predictive equations developed in obese patients. REE was measured (mREE) by indirect calorimetry and BC assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). mREE, percentages of prediction accuracy (±10% of mREE) were compared. Predictive equations were studied in 2588 obese patients. Mean mREE was 1788 ± 6.3 kcal/24 h. Only the Müller (BIA) and Harris & Benedict (HB) equations provided REE with no difference from mREE. The Huang, Müller, Horie-Waitzberg, and HB formulas provided a higher accurate prediction (>60% of cases). The use of BIA provided better predictions of REE than DXA for the Huang and Müller equations. Inversely, the Horie-Waitzberg and Lazzer formulas provided a higher accuracy using DXA. Accuracy decreased when applied to patients with BMI ≥ 40, except for the Horie-Waitzberg and Lazzer (DXA) formulas. Müller equations based on BIA provided a marked improvement of REE prediction accuracy than equations not based on BC. The interest of BC to improve REE predictive equations accuracy in obese patients should be confirmed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Intake, Trends, and Determinants)

276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of the Food Liking Questionnaire in a French-Canadian Population

by Elise Carbonneau, Maude Bradette-Laplante, Benoît Lamarche, Véronique Provencher, Catherine Bégin, Julie Robitaille, Sophie Desroches, Marie-Claude Vohl, Louise Corneau and Simone Lemieux

Nutrients 2017, 9(12), 1337; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121337 - 08 Dec 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4227

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire assessing food liking in a French-Canadian population. A questionnaire was developed, in which participants were asked to rate their degree of liking of 50 food items. An expert panel evaluated the content validity. For the validation study, 150 men and women completed the questionnaire twice. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed to assess the number of subscales of the questionnaire. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the subscales were evaluated. Concurrent validity was assessed through correlations between liking scores and self-reported frequencies of consumption. Comments from the experts led to changes in the list of foods included in the questionnaire. The EFA revealed a two-factor structure for the questionnaire (i.e., savory and sweet foods) and led to the removal of nine items, resulting in a 32-item questionnaire. The two subscales revealed good internal consistency (Cronbach alphas: 0.85 and 0.89) and test-retest reliability (p = 0.84 and 0.86). The questionnaire demonstrated adequate concurrent validity, with moderate correlations between food liking and self-reported frequency of consumption (r = 0.19–0.39, ps < 0.05). This new Food Liking Questionnaire assessing liking of a variety of savory and sweet foods demonstrated good psychometric properties in every validation step. This questionnaire will be useful to explore the role of food liking and its interactions with other factors in predicting eating behaviors and energy intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Intake, Trends, and Determinants)

3892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eating at Food Outlets and “On the Go” Is Associated with Less Healthy Food Choices in Adults: Cross-Sectional Data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (2008–2014)

by Nida Ziauddeen, Eva Almiron-Roig, Tarra L. Penney, Sonja Nicholson, Sara F. L. Kirk and Polly Page

Nutrients 2017, 9(12), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121315 - 02 Dec 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7638

Abstract

Eating location has been linked with variations in diet quality including the consumption of low-nutrient energy-dense food, which is a recognised risk factor for obesity. Cross-sectional data from 4736 adults aged 19 years and over from Years 1–6 of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) Rolling Programme (RP) (2008–2014) were used to explore food consumption patterns by eating location. Eating location was categorized as home, work, leisure places, food outlets and “on the go”. Foods were classified into two groups: core (included in the principal food groups and considered important/acceptable within a healthy diet) and non-core (all other foods). Out of 97,748 eating occasions reported, the most common was home (67–90% of eating occasions). Leisure places, food outlets and “on the go” combined contributed more energy from non-core (30%) than from core food (18%). Analyses of modulating factors revealed that sex, income, frequency of eating out and frequency of drinking were significant factors affecting consumption patterns (p < 0.01). Our study provides evidence that eating patterns, behaviours and resulting diet quality vary by location. Public health interventions should focus on availability and access to healthy foods, promotion of healthy food choices and behaviours across multiple locations, environments and contexts for food consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Intake, Trends, and Determinants)

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575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neonatal Nutrition Predicts Energy Balance in Young Adults Born Preterm at Very Low Birth Weight

by Hanna-Maria Matinolli, Petteri Hovi, Esko Levälahti, Nina Kaseva, Patricia P. Silveira, Katri Hemiö, Anna-Liisa Järvenpää, Johan G. Eriksson, Sture Andersson, Jaana Lindström, Satu Männistö and Eero Kajantie

Nutrients 2017, 9(12), 1282; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121282 - 24 Nov 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5903

Abstract

Epidemiological studies and animal models suggest that early postnatal nutrition and growth can influence adult health. However, few human studies have objective recordings of early nutrient intake. We studied whether nutrient intake and growth during the first 9 weeks after preterm birth with very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g) predict total energy intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), physical activity and food preferences in young adulthood. We collected daily nutritional intakes and weights during the initial hospital stay from hospital records for 127 unimpaired VLBW participants. At an average age 22.5 years, they completed a three-day food record and a physical activity questionnaire and underwent measurements of body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry; n = 115 with adequate data) and REE (n = 92 with adequate data). We used linear regression and path analysis to investigate associations between neonatal nutrient intake and adult outcomes. Higher energy, protein and fat intakes during the first three weeks of life predicted lower relative (=per unit lean body mass) energy intake and relative REE in adulthood, independent of other pre- and neonatal factors. In path analysis, total effects of early nutrition and growth on relative energy intake were mostly explained by direct effects of early life nutrition. A path mediated by early growth reached statistical significance only for protein intake. There were no associations of neonatal intakes with physical activity or food preferences in adulthood. As a conclusion, higher intake of energy and nutrients during first three weeks of life of VLBW infants predicts energy balance after 20 years. This association is partly mediated through postnatal growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Intake, Trends, and Determinants)

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Review

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608 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Meta-Analysis to Determine the Impact of Restaurant Menu Labeling on Calories and Nutrients (Ordered or Consumed) in U.S. Adults

by Thaisa M. Cantu-Jungles, Lacey A. McCormack, James E. Slaven, Maribeth Slebodnik and Heather A. Eicher-Miller

Nutrients 2017, 9(10), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101088 - 30 Sep 2017

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 16836

Abstract

A systematic review and meta-analysis determined the effect of restaurant menu labeling on calories and nutrients chosen in laboratory and away-from-home settings in U.S. adults. Cochrane-based criteria adherent, peer-reviewed study designs conducted and published in the English language from 1950 to 2014 were collected in 2015, analyzed in 2016, and used to evaluate the effect of nutrition labeling on calories and nutrients ordered or consumed. Before and after menu labeling outcomes were used to determine weighted mean differences in calories, saturated fat, total fat, carbohydrate, and sodium ordered/consumed which were pooled across studies using random effects modeling. Stratified analysis for laboratory and away-from-home settings were also completed. Menu labeling resulted in no significant change in reported calories ordered/consumed in studies with full criteria adherence, nor the 14 studies analyzed with ≤1 unmet criteria, nor for change in total ordered carbohydrate, fat, and saturated fat (three studies) or ordered or consumed sodium (four studies). A significant reduction of 115.2 calories ordered/consumed in laboratory settings was determined when analyses were stratified by study setting. Menu labeling away-from-home did not result in change in quantity or quality, specifically for carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fat, or sodium, of calories consumed among U.S. adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Intake, Trends, and Determinants)

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