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Plants
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Ozone Tolerance Mechanisms
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Ozone Tolerance Mechanisms

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 June 2019) | Viewed by 38012

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Kent Burkey

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, 3127 Ligon Street, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
2. Crop and Soil Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7631, USA
Interests: abiotic stress; climate change; genetic variation; heat stress; ozone; plant physiology and biochemistry; stress tolerance
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Ozone is a toxic air pollutant that currently affects crops, forests, and natural vegetation in many regions of the world, with ozone levels expected to increase in the future. Plant responses to ozone stress have been studied extensively in many plant species. Genetic variation between and within species is consistently observed, evidence for the functioning of ozone tolerance mechanisms. Understanding the basis for this differential response will provide the knowledge required to improve the ozone tolerance of cultivated plants and to predict the impact of ozone stress on natural ecosystems. This Special Issue of Plants will focus on ozone tolerance mechanisms at all conceptual levels from the whole plant, individual leaves, physiological processes, cellular metabolism, gene expression, and proteomics. Contributions that elucidate phenotypic traits and DNA markers for ozone tolerance are also welcome.

Prof. Kent Burkey
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Plants is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Air pollution
  • antioxidants
  • genetics
  • photosynthesis
  • ozone
  • reactive oxygen
  • stomatal conductance
  • stress tolerance

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 4841 KiB  
Article
Early Detection of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Responses to Ozone Using Reflectance Spectroscopy
by Alessandra Marchica, Silvia Loré, Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Giacomo Lorenzini, Cristina Nali, Elisa Pellegrini and Damiano Remorini
Plants 2019, 8(9), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8090346 - 12 Sep 2019
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3520
Abstract
Advancements in techniques to rapidly and non-destructively detect the impact of tropospheric ozone (O3) on crops are required. This study demonstrates the capability of full-range (350–2500 nm) reflectance spectroscopy to characterize responses of asymptomatic sage leaves under an acute O3 [...] Read more.
Advancements in techniques to rapidly and non-destructively detect the impact of tropospheric ozone (O3) on crops are required. This study demonstrates the capability of full-range (350–2500 nm) reflectance spectroscopy to characterize responses of asymptomatic sage leaves under an acute O3 exposure (200 ppb for 5 h). Using partial least squares regression, spectral models were developed for the estimation of several traits related to photosynthesis, the oxidative pressure induced by O3, and the antioxidant mechanisms adopted by plants to cope with the pollutant. Physiological traits were well predicted by spectroscopic models (average model goodness-of-fit for validation (R2): 0.65–0.90), whereas lower prediction performances were found for biochemical traits (R2: 0.42–0.71). Furthermore, even in the absence of visible symptoms, comparing the full-range spectral profiles, it was possible to distinguish with accuracy plants exposed to charcoal-filtered air from those exposed to O3. An O3 effect on sage spectra was detectable from 1 to 5 h from the beginning of the exposure, but ozonated plants quickly recovered after the fumigation. This O3-tolerance was confirmed by trends of vegetation indices and leaf traits derived from spectra, further highlighting the capability of reflectance spectroscopy to early detect the responses of crops to O3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Tolerance Mechanisms)
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7 pages, 4148 KiB  
Article
Chromosome Location Contributing to Ozone Tolerance in Wheat
by Alsayed M. Mashaheet, Kent O. Burkey and David S. Marshall
Plants 2019, 8(8), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080261 - 01 Aug 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3015
Abstract
Breeding wheat for higher grain yield can contribute to global food security and sustainable production on less land. Tropospheric ozone can injure wheat plants and subsequently reduce grain yield. Identification of ozone tolerance in the wheat genome can assist plant breeders in developing [...] Read more.
Breeding wheat for higher grain yield can contribute to global food security and sustainable production on less land. Tropospheric ozone can injure wheat plants and subsequently reduce grain yield. Identification of ozone tolerance in the wheat genome can assist plant breeders in developing new sources of tolerant germplasm. Our objective was to use the ‘Chinese Spring’ monosomic lines to screen for ozone response and identify the chromosomic locations contributing to ozone tolerance based on foliar injury. Two methodologies, Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors and Outdoor Plant Environment Chambers, were used to expose wheat monosomic lines to varying concentrations and durations of ozone. Each wheat monosomic line in ‘Chinese Spring’ has a missing chromosome in each of the wheat subgenomes (A, B, and D). In both methodologies, we found significant and repeatable data to identify chromosome 7A as a major contributor to tolerance to ozone injury in ‘Chinese Spring’. In every experiment, the absence of chromosome 7A resulted in significant injury to wheat due to ozone. This was not the case when any other chromosome was missing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Tolerance Mechanisms)
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18 pages, 2148 KiB  
Article
Leaf Traits That Contribute to Differential Ozone Response in Ozone-Tolerant and Sensitive Soybean Genotypes
by Amanda Bailey, Kent Burkey, Matthew Taggart and Thomas Rufty
Plants 2019, 8(7), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8070235 - 20 Jul 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3880
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a phytotoxic air pollutant that limits crop productivity. Breeding efforts to improve yield under elevated O3 conditions will benefit from understanding the mechanisms that contribute to O3 tolerance. In this study, leaf gas exchange and antioxidant [...] Read more.
Ozone (O3) is a phytotoxic air pollutant that limits crop productivity. Breeding efforts to improve yield under elevated O3 conditions will benefit from understanding the mechanisms that contribute to O3 tolerance. In this study, leaf gas exchange and antioxidant metabolites were compared in soybean genotypes (Glycine max (L.) Merr) differing in ozone sensitivity. Mandarin (Ottawa) (O3-sensitive) and Fiskeby III (O3-tolerant) plants grown under charcoal-filtered (CF) air conditions for three weeks were exposed for five days to either CF conditions or 70 ppb O3 in continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) in a greenhouse. In the CF controls, stomatal conductance was approximately 36% lower for Fiskeby III relative to Mandarin (Ottawa) while the two genotypes exhibited similar levels of photosynthesis. Ozone exposure induced significant foliar injury on leaves of Mandarin (Ottawa) associated with declines in both stomatal conductance (by 77%) and photosynthesis (by 38%). In contrast, O3 exposure resulted in minimal foliar injury on leaves of Fiskeby III with only a small decline in photosynthesis (by 5%), and a further decline in stomatal conductance (by 30%). There was a general trend towards higher ascorbic acid content in leaves of Fiskeby III than in Mandarin (Ottawa) regardless of treatment. The results confirm Fiskeby III to be an O3-tolerant genotype and suggest that reduced stomatal conductance contributes to the observed O3 tolerance through limiting O3 uptake by the plant. Reduced stomatal conductance was associated with enhanced water-use efficiency, providing a potential link between O3 tolerance and drought tolerance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Tolerance Mechanisms)
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17 pages, 1569 KiB  
Article
Can Reduced Irrigation Mitigate Ozone Impacts on an Ozone-Sensitive African Wheat Variety?
by Harry Harmens, Felicity Hayes, Katrina Sharps, Alan Radbourne and Gina Mills
Plants 2019, 8(7), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8070220 - 12 Jul 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4001
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution is known to adversely affect the production of O3-sensitive crops such as wheat. The magnitude of impact is dependent on the accumulated stomatal flux of O3 into the leaves. In well-irrigated plants, the leaf [...] Read more.
Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution is known to adversely affect the production of O3-sensitive crops such as wheat. The magnitude of impact is dependent on the accumulated stomatal flux of O3 into the leaves. In well-irrigated plants, the leaf pores (stomata) tend to be wide open, which stimulates the stomatal flux and therefore the adverse impact of O3 on yield. To test whether reduced irrigation might mitigate O3 impacts on flag leaf photosynthesis and yield parameters, we exposed an O3-sensitive Kenyan wheat variety to peak concentrations of 30 and 80 ppb O3 for four weeks in solardomes and applied three irrigation regimes (well-watered, frequent deficit, and infrequent deficit irrigation) during the flowering and grain filling stage. Reduced irrigation stimulated 1000-grain weight and harvest index by 33% and 13%, respectively (when O3 treatments were pooled), which compensated for the O3-induced reductions observed in well-watered plants. Whilst full irrigation accelerated the O3-induced reduction in photosynthesis by a week, such an effect was not observed for the chlorophyll content index of the flag leaf. Further studies under field conditions are required to test whether reduced irrigation can be applied as a management tool to mitigate adverse impacts of O3 on wheat yield. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Tolerance Mechanisms)
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12 pages, 896 KiB  
Article
Ozone Tolerance Found in Aegilops tauschii and Primary Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat
by Clare Brewster, Felicity Hayes and Nathalie Fenner
Plants 2019, 8(7), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8070195 - 28 Jun 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4509
Abstract
Modern wheat cultivars are increasingly sensitive to ground level ozone, with 7–10% mean yield reductions in the northern hemisphere. In this study, three of the genome donors of bread wheat, Triticum urartu (AA), T. dicoccoides (AABB), and Aegilops tauschii (DD) along with a [...] Read more.
Modern wheat cultivars are increasingly sensitive to ground level ozone, with 7–10% mean yield reductions in the northern hemisphere. In this study, three of the genome donors of bread wheat, Triticum urartu (AA), T. dicoccoides (AABB), and Aegilops tauschii (DD) along with a modern wheat cultivar (T. aestivum ‘Skyfall’), a 1970s cultivar (T. aestivum ‘Maris Dove’), and a line of primary Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat were grown in 6 L pots of sandy loam soil in solardomes (Bangor, North Wales) and exposed to low (30 ppb), medium (55 ppb), and high (110 ppb) levels of ozone over 3 months. Measurements were made at harvest of shoot biomass and grain yield. Ae. tauschii appeared ozone tolerant with no significant effects of ozone on shoot biomass, seed head biomass, or 1000 grain + husk weight even under high ozone levels. In comparison, T. urartu had a significant reduction in 1000 grain + husk weight, especially under high ozone (−26%). The older cultivar, ‘Maris Dove’, had a significant reduction in seed head biomass (−9%) and 1000 grain weight (−11%) but was less sensitive than the more recent cultivar ‘Skyfall’, which had a highly significant reduction in its seed head biomass (−21%) and 1000 grain weight (−27%) under high ozone. Notably, the line of primary Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat was ozone tolerant, with no effect on total seed head biomass (−1%) and only a 5% reduction in 1000 grain weight under high ozone levels. The potential use of synthetic wheat in breeding ozone tolerant wheat is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Tolerance Mechanisms)
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18 pages, 3377 KiB  
Article
Elevated Ozone Concentration Reduces Photosynthetic Carbon Gain but Does Not Alter Leaf Structural Traits, Nutrient Composition or Biomass in Switchgrass
by Shuai Li, Galatéa Courbet, Alain Ourry and Elizabeth A. Ainsworth
Plants 2019, 8(4), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8040085 - 02 Apr 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4600
Abstract
Elevated tropospheric ozone concentration (O3) increases oxidative stress in vegetation and threatens the stability of crop production. Current O3 pollution in the United States is estimated to decrease the yields of maize (Zea mays) up to 10%, however, [...] Read more.
Elevated tropospheric ozone concentration (O3) increases oxidative stress in vegetation and threatens the stability of crop production. Current O3 pollution in the United States is estimated to decrease the yields of maize (Zea mays) up to 10%, however, many bioenergy feedstocks including switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) have not been studied for response to O3 stress. Using Free Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) technology, we investigated the impacts of elevated O3 (~100 nmol mol−1) on leaf photosynthetic traits and capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence, the Ball–Woodrow–Berry (BWB) relationship, respiration, leaf structure, biomass and nutrient composition of switchgrass. Elevated O3 concentration reduced net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and maximum CO2 saturated photosynthetic capacity (Vmax), but did not affect other functional and structural traits in switchgrass or the macro- (except potassium) and micronutrient content of leaves. These results suggest that switchgrass exhibits a greater O3 tolerance than maize, and provide important fundamental data for evaluating the yield stability of a bioenergy feedstock crop and for exploring O3 sensitivity among bioenergy feedstocks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Tolerance Mechanisms)
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30 pages, 4847 KiB  
Article
New Insights into Leaf Physiological Responses to Ozone for Use in Crop Modelling
by Stephanie Osborne, Divya Pandey, Gina Mills, Felicity Hayes, Harry Harmens, David Gillies, Patrick Büker and Lisa Emberson
Plants 2019, 8(4), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8040084 - 01 Apr 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4750
Abstract
Estimating food production under future air pollution and climate conditions in scenario analysis depends on accurately modelling ozone (O3) effects on yield. This study tests several assumptions that form part of published approaches for modelling O3 effects on photosynthesis and [...] Read more.
Estimating food production under future air pollution and climate conditions in scenario analysis depends on accurately modelling ozone (O3) effects on yield. This study tests several assumptions that form part of published approaches for modelling O3 effects on photosynthesis and leaf duration against experimental data. In 2015 and 2016, two wheat cultivars were exposed in eight hemispherical glasshouses to O3 ranging from 22 to 57 ppb (24 h mean), with profiles ranging from raised background to high peak treatments. The stomatal O3 flux (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose, POD) to leaves was simulated using a multiplicative stomatal conductance model. Leaf senescence occurred earlier as average POD increased according to a linear relationship, and the two cultivars showed very different senescence responses. Negative effects of O3 on photosynthesis were only observed alongside O3-induced leaf senescence, suggesting that O3 does not impair photosynthesis in un-senesced flag leaves at the realistic O3 concentrations applied here. Accelerated senescence is therefore likely to be the dominant O3 effect influencing yield in most agricultural environments. POD was better than 24 h mean concentration and AOT40 (accumulated O3 exceeding 40 ppb, daylight hours) at predicting physiological response to O3, and flux also accounted for the difference in exposure resulting from peak and high background treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Tolerance Mechanisms)
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15 pages, 1093 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Ozone Sensitivity in Three Wheat Cultivars Using Ethylenediurea
by Adeeb Fatima, Aditya Abha Singh, Arideep Mukherjee, Tsetan Dolker, Madhoolika Agrawal and Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
Plants 2019, 8(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8040080 - 29 Mar 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3315
Abstract
Three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars [HD 2987 (ozone (O3) sensitive), PBW 502 (intermediately sensitive) and Kharchiya 65 (O3 tolerant)] with known sensitivity to O3 were re-evaluated using ethylenediurea (EDU; 400 ppm) to ascertain the use of EDU [...] Read more.
Three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars [HD 2987 (ozone (O3) sensitive), PBW 502 (intermediately sensitive) and Kharchiya 65 (O3 tolerant)] with known sensitivity to O3 were re-evaluated using ethylenediurea (EDU; 400 ppm) to ascertain the use of EDU in determiningO3 sensitivity under highly O3-polluted tropical environments. EDU treatment helped in improving the growth, biomass, photosynthetic pigments and the antioxidative defense system of all the wheat cultivars. Under EDU treatment, PBW 502 retained more biomass, while HD 2987 showed better performance and ultimately the greatest increment in yield. Cultivar Kharchiya 65 also showed a positive response to EDU as manifested with an increase in pigment contents, total biomass and enzymatic antioxidants; however, this increment was comparatively lower compared to the other two cultivars. The results indicated that EDU did not have many physiological effects on cultivars but helped in counteracting O3 primarily by scavenging reactive oxygen species and enhancing the antioxidative defense system where superoxide dismutase emerged as the major responsive biochemical parameter against ambient O3. The observed results clearly indicated that differential O3 sensitivity in three wheat cultivars established by the previous study is in accordance with the present study using EDU as a sensitivity tool, which is an easy and efficient technology in comparison to chamber and Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments although its mechanistic understanding needs to be further validated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Tolerance Mechanisms)
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Review

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12 pages, 2166 KiB  
Review
Ascorbic Acid and Ozone: Novel Perspectives to Explain an Elusive Relationship
by Erika Bellini and Mario C. De Tullio
Plants 2019, 8(5), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8050122 - 09 May 2019
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 4940
Abstract
A huge amount of studies highlighted the importance of high ascorbic acid (AA) content in ozone tolerance, yet the relationship between them appears more complex than a simple direct correlation. Sometimes the connection is clear, for example, two Arabidopsis mutants defective in the [...] Read more.
A huge amount of studies highlighted the importance of high ascorbic acid (AA) content in ozone tolerance, yet the relationship between them appears more complex than a simple direct correlation. Sometimes the connection is clear, for example, two Arabidopsis mutants defective in the main AA biosynthetic pathway (vtc mutants) were identified by means of their ozone sensitivity. However, some low-AA containing mutants are relatively tolerant, suggesting that AA location/availability could be more relevant than total content. A clear distinction should also be made between ozone tolerance obtained when AA content is increased by experimental supplementation (exogenous AA), and the physiological role of plant-synthesized AA (endogenous AA), whose amount is apparently subjected to tight regulation. Recent findings about the role of AA in signal transduction and epigenetic regulation of gene expression open new routes to further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Tolerance Mechanisms)
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