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Polymers
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Fluorinated Polymers
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Fluorinated Polymers

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2017) | Viewed by 105516

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Hideo Sawada

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
Interests: synthesis and applications of fluorinated polymeric nanocomposites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is well known that fluorinated polymers, such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(vinylidne fluoride) and poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene/vinylether), are functional materials as they exhibit excellent chemical an thermal stability, low surface energy and low refractive index and dielectric constant. Partially fluoroalkylated polymers, such as fluoroalkyl acrylate polymers and fluoroalkyl end-capped polymers (oligomers), also have high potential in practical applications in a wide range of fields. In addition, studies on the composite reactions of these fluorinated polymers with numerous inorganic materials are of particular interest from the developmental viewpoints of novel fluorinated high-performance materials. Thus, industrial and academic scientists, and researchers, including graduate students, will obtain useful information from this Special Issue on “Fluorinated Polymers”.

Prof. Dr. Hideo Sawada
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Fluorinated polymer
  • Partially fluoroalkylated polymer
  • Synthesis
  • Characterization
  • Property
  • Inorganic material
  • Composite

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2080 KiB  
Article
Surface Layer Fluorination-Modulated Space Charge Behaviors in HVDC Cable Accessory
by Jin Li, Boxue Du, Jingang Su, Hucheng Liang and Yong Liu
Polymers 2018, 10(5), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10050500 - 04 May 2018
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3402
Abstract
Space charges tend to accumulate on the surface and at the interface of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM), serving as high voltage direct current (HVDC) cable accessory insulation, which likely induces electrical field distortion and dielectric breakdown. Direct fluorination is an effective method to modify [...] Read more.
Space charges tend to accumulate on the surface and at the interface of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM), serving as high voltage direct current (HVDC) cable accessory insulation, which likely induces electrical field distortion and dielectric breakdown. Direct fluorination is an effective method to modify the surface characteristics of the EPDM without altering the bulk properties too much. In this paper, the surface morphology, hydrophobic properties, relative permittivity, and DC conductivity of the EPDM before and after fluorination treatment were tested. Furthermore, the surface and interface charge behaviors in the HVDC cable accessory were investigated by the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method, and explained from the point of view of trap distribution. The results show that fluorination helps the EPDM polymer obtain lower surface energy and relative permittivity, which is beneficial to the interface match in composite insulation systems. The lowest degree of space charge accumulation occurs in EPDM with 30 min of fluorination. After analyzing the results of the 3D potentials and the density of states (DOS) behaviors in EPDM before and after fluorination, it can be found that fluorination treatment introduces shallower electron traps, and the special electrostatic potential after fluorination can significantly suppress the space charge accumulation at the interface in the HVDC cable accessory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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15 pages, 2494 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Figures of Merit for a High-Performing Actuator in Electrostrictive Materials
by Nellie Della Schiava, Kritsadi Thetpraphi, Minh-Quyen Le, Patrick Lermusiaux, Antoine Millon, Jean-Fabien Capsal and Pierre-Jean Cottinet
Polymers 2018, 10(3), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10030263 - 03 Mar 2018
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4816
Abstract
The overall performance of an electrostrictive polymer is rated by characteristic numbers, such as its transverse strain, blocking force, and energy density, which are clearly limited by several parameters. Besides the geometrical impact, intrinsic material parameters, such as the permittivity coefficient as well [...] Read more.
The overall performance of an electrostrictive polymer is rated by characteristic numbers, such as its transverse strain, blocking force, and energy density, which are clearly limited by several parameters. Besides the geometrical impact, intrinsic material parameters, such as the permittivity coefficient as well as the Young’s modulus and the breakdown electric field, have strong influences on the actuation properties of an electroactive polymer and thus on the device’s overall behavior. As a result, an analysis of the figures of merit (FOMs) involving all relevant material parameters for the transverse strain, the blocking force, and the energy density was carried out, making it possible to determine the choice of polymer matrix in order to achieve a high actuator performance. Another purpose of this work was to demonstrate the possibility of accurately measuring the free deflection without the application of an external force and inversely measuring the blocking force under quasi-static displacement. The experimental results show good electrostrictive characteristics of the plasticized terpolymer under relatively low electric fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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10 pages, 3067 KiB  
Article
Photoinduced Cu(II)-Mediated RDRP to P(VDF-co-CTFE)-g-PAN
by Xin Hu, Guopeng Cui, Ning Zhu, Jinglin Zhai and Kai Guo
Polymers 2018, 10(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10010068 - 13 Jan 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4500
Abstract
Photoinduced Cu(II)-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) was employed to synthesize poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene)-graft-polyacrylonitrile (P(VDF-co-CTFE)-g-PAN). The concentration of copper catalyst (CuCl2) loading was as low as 1/64 equivalent to chlorine atom in the presence [...] Read more.
Photoinduced Cu(II)-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) was employed to synthesize poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene)-graft-polyacrylonitrile (P(VDF-co-CTFE)-g-PAN). The concentration of copper catalyst (CuCl2) loading was as low as 1/64 equivalent to chlorine atom in the presence of Me6-Tren under UV irradiation. The light-responsive nature of graft polymerization was confirmed by “off-on” impulsive irradiation experiments. Temporal control of the polymerization process and varied graft contents were achieved via this photoinduced Cu(II)-mediated RDRP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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1335 KiB  
Article
Solubility, Emulsification and Surface Properties of Maleic Anhydride, Perfluorooctyl and Alkyl Meth-Acrylate Terpolymers
by Marian Szkudlarek, Uwe Beginn, Helmut Keul and Martin Möller
Polymers 2018, 10(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10010037 - 30 Dec 2017
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4970
Abstract
The solubility of terpolymers containing alkyl, and perfluoroalkyl side chains as well as succinic acid moieties in the main chain, P[RFMA0.2-co-RHMA0.65-co-MAH0.15] (RH = C4H9- [...] Read more.
The solubility of terpolymers containing alkyl, and perfluoroalkyl side chains as well as succinic acid moieties in the main chain, P[RFMA0.2-co-RHMA0.65-co-MAH0.15] (RH = C4H9- or C12H25-, RF- = C10H4F19-) with ca. 20 mol % fluorinated side chains and 10–22 mol % of succinic anhydride rings was tested in a number of solvents varying from water to non polar mineral oils. The polymers are well soluble in fluorinated solvents like Freon-113® and 1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzene, in semi-polar solvents like chloroform, THF or lower esters and also in hydrocarbons with polymers containing dodecyl methacrylate. In self-emulsification experiments, a stable water emulsion of P[F8H2MA0.2-co-BMA0.65-co-MAH0.15] was obtained. The dispersability and emulsification of these polymers in mixtures of organic solvents and water yielded stable emulsions in the presence of additional surfactant. Thin films coated from organic solutions as well as from emulsions on glass resulted in water and oil-repelling surfaces with contact angles up to 140° against water and 71° against hexadecane. An enhancing effect of annealing was not observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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4364 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Structure Effect for Ferroelectric Capacitor Based on Poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) Ultrathin Films
by Long Li, Xiuli Zhang, Hongzhen Chen, Xiaohui Sun, Haidong Yuan and Haisheng Xu
Polymers 2018, 10(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10010006 - 22 Dec 2017
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3882
Abstract
The characteristics of ferroelectric capacitors with poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethlene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) films have been studied at different structures of cell electrodes. It is suggested that the effect of electrode structures could induce changes of performance. Remarkably, cells with line electrodes display a better polarization and [...] Read more.
The characteristics of ferroelectric capacitors with poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethlene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) films have been studied at different structures of cell electrodes. It is suggested that the effect of electrode structures could induce changes of performance. Remarkably, cells with line electrodes display a better polarization and fatigue resistance than those with flat electrodes. For P(VDF-TrFE) ultrathin films with different electrode structures, the models of charge compensation mechanism for depolarization field and domain fatigue decomposition are used to explain the effect of electrode structure. Furthermore, the driving voltage based on normal speed-functionality is designed, and the testing results show that the line electrode structure could induce a robust switching, which is determined by the free charges concentration in active layer. These findings provide an effective route to design the optimum structure for a ferroelectric capacitor based on P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer ultrathin film. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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2772 KiB  
Article
Bis(formylphenolato)cobalt(II)-Mediated Alternating Radical Copolymerization of tert-Butyl 2-Trifluoromethylacrylate with Vinyl Acetate
by Sanjib Banerjee, Ekaterina V. Bellan, Florence Gayet, Antoine Debuigne, Christophe Detrembleur, Rinaldo Poli, Bruno Améduri and Vincent Ladmiral
Polymers 2017, 9(12), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9120702 - 12 Dec 2017
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4837
Abstract
The organometallic-mediated radical polymerization (OMRP) of vinyl acetate (VAc) and its OMR copolymerization (OMRcoP) with tert-butyl 2-trifluoromethylacrylate (MAF-TBE) mediated by Co(SAL)2 (SAL = 2-formylphenolato or deprotonated salicylaldehyde) produced relatively well-defined PVAc and poly(VAc-alt-MAF-TBE) copolymers at moderate temperature (<40 °C) [...] Read more.
The organometallic-mediated radical polymerization (OMRP) of vinyl acetate (VAc) and its OMR copolymerization (OMRcoP) with tert-butyl 2-trifluoromethylacrylate (MAF-TBE) mediated by Co(SAL)2 (SAL = 2-formylphenolato or deprotonated salicylaldehyde) produced relatively well-defined PVAc and poly(VAc-alt-MAF-TBE) copolymers at moderate temperature (<40 °C) in bulk. The resulting alternating copolymer was characterized by 1H-, 13C- and 19F-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, and by size exclusion chromatography. The linear first-order kinetic plot, the linear evolutions of the molar mass with total monomer conversion, and the relatively low dispersity (Đ~1.55) of the resulting copolymers suggest that this cobalt complex provides some degree of control over the copolymerization of VAc and MAF-TBE. Compared to the previously investigated cobalt complex OMRP mediators having a fully oxygen-based first coordination sphere, this study emphasizes a few peculiarities of Co(SAL)2: a lower ability to trap radical chains as compared to Co(acac)2 and the absence of catalytic chain transfer reactions, which dominates polymerizations carried in the presence of 9-oxyphenalenone cobalt derivative. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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4240 KiB  
Article
Effect of (Cd:Zn)S Particle Concentration and Photoexcitation on the Electrical and Ferroelectric Properties of (Cd:Zn)S/P(VDF-TrFE) Composite Films
by Sebastian Engel, David Smykalla, Bernd Ploss, Stephan Gräf and Frank A. Müller
Polymers 2017, 9(12), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9120650 - 28 Nov 2017
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4800
Abstract
The influence of semiconductor particle concentration and photoexcitation on the electrical and ferroelectric properties of ferroelectric-semiconductor-composites was investigated. For this purpose, 32 µm thin films of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) with (Cd:Zn)S particle concentrations of between 0 and 20 vol % were fabricated [...] Read more.
The influence of semiconductor particle concentration and photoexcitation on the electrical and ferroelectric properties of ferroelectric-semiconductor-composites was investigated. For this purpose, 32 µm thin films of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) with (Cd:Zn)S particle concentrations of between 0 and 20 vol % were fabricated and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and optical spectroscopy. It was shown that the particle concentration has only a negligible influence on the molecular structure of the polymer but strongly determines the optical properties of the composite. For (Cd:Zn)S particle concentrations below 20 vol %, the I-V characteristics of the composites is only marginally affected by the particle concentration and the optical excitation of the composite material. On the contrary, a strong influence of both parameters on the ferro- and pyroelectric properties of the composite films was observed. For particle fractions that exhibit ferroelectric hysteresis, an increased remanent polarization and pyroelectric coefficient due to optical excitation was obtained. A theoretical approach that is based on a “three phase model” of the internal structure was developed to explain the observed results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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2634 KiB  
Article
Preparation of a Fluorocarbon Polymerizable Surfactant and Its Application in Emulsion Polymerization of Fluorine-Containing Acrylate
by Meng Zhao, Youhai Yu, Zhewen Han and Hui Li
Polymers 2017, 9(11), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110606 - 14 Nov 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6973
Abstract
A novel polymerizable fluorocarbon surfactant, perfluoro (4–methyl–3, 6–dioxaoct–7–ene) sodium sulfonate (PSVNa), was synthesized and characterized. The fluorocarbon surfactant PSVNa and its mixture PSVNa/SDS were used as emulsifiers during the emulsion polymerization of DFHMA/MMA. The investigation of polymerization kinetics, particle size, and stability of [...] Read more.
A novel polymerizable fluorocarbon surfactant, perfluoro (4–methyl–3, 6–dioxaoct–7–ene) sodium sulfonate (PSVNa), was synthesized and characterized. The fluorocarbon surfactant PSVNa and its mixture PSVNa/SDS were used as emulsifiers during the emulsion polymerization of DFHMA/MMA. The investigation of polymerization kinetics, particle size, and stability of the emulsions revealed that PSVNa has excellent emulsifying properties. The NMR spectrum of the copolymer and the detection of residual PSVNa show that more than 95% of the fluorocarbon surfactants have been linked to the polymer chains by radical polymerization, which will greatly reduce the environmental pollution caused by fluorinated surfactants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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3039 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Terpolymers with Homogeneous Composition by Free Radical Copolymerization of Maleic Anhydride, Perfluorooctyl and Butyl or Dodecyl Methacrylates: Application of the Continuous Flow Monomer Addition Technique
by Marian Szkudlarek, Uwe Beginn, Helmut Keul and Martin Möller
Polymers 2017, 9(11), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110610 - 13 Nov 2017
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5457
Abstract
Terpolymers of homogeneous composition were prepared by free radical copolymerization of butyl or dodecyl methacrylate, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl methacrylate and maleic anhydride using the continuous monomer addition technique. The copolymerization reactions were performed at 65 °C in [...] Read more.
Terpolymers of homogeneous composition were prepared by free radical copolymerization of butyl or dodecyl methacrylate, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl methacrylate and maleic anhydride using the continuous monomer addition technique. The copolymerization reactions were performed at 65 °C in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator in a mixture of methyl ethyl ketone and 1,3-bis (trifluoromethyl)benzene. The monomers and initiator are added to the reaction mixture with the same rate they are consumed in 5- and 10-fold excess compared to the initial monomer stock. The obtained terpolymers with molecular weights Mn = 50,000–70,000 are of uniform composition, close to the composition determined in low conversion experiments, proving the principle of the chosen concept. The kinetic data necessary for the design of the continuous addition experiment were obtained from binary copolymerization experiments at low monomer conversion (to avoid compositional drift). In addition, the so-called terpolymerization parameter was determined from ternary copolymerization experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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5363 KiB  
Article
Towards Flexible Dielectric Materials with High Dielectric Constant and Low Loss: PVDF Nanocomposites with both Homogenously Dispersed CNTs and Ionic Liquids Nanodomains
by Yanyuan Wang, Chenyang Xing, Jipeng Guan and Yongjin Li
Polymers 2017, 9(11), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110562 - 28 Oct 2017
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 7404
Abstract
Flexible dielectric materials with high dielectric constant and low loss have attracted significant attention. In this work, we fabricated novel polymer-based nanocomposites with both homogeneously dispersed conductive nanofillers and ion-conductive nanodomains within a polymer matrix. An unsaturated ionic liquid (IL), 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([VEIM][BF [...] Read more.
Flexible dielectric materials with high dielectric constant and low loss have attracted significant attention. In this work, we fabricated novel polymer-based nanocomposites with both homogeneously dispersed conductive nanofillers and ion-conductive nanodomains within a polymer matrix. An unsaturated ionic liquid (IL), 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([VEIM][BF4]), was first coated on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by the mechanical grinding. The ILs coated CNTs were then well dispersed in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix by melt-blending. The ILs on the surface of CNTs were subsequently grafted onto the PVDF chains by electron beam irradiation (EBI). The formed ILs grafted PVDF (PVDF-g-IL) finally aggregated into ionic nanodomains with the size of 20–30 nm in the melt state. Therefore, novel PVDF nanocomposites with both homogenously dispersed CNTs and ionic nanodomains were achieved. Both carbon nanotubes and ionic nanodomains contributed to the enhancement of the dielectric constant of PVDF significantly. At the same time, such homogeneously dispersed CNTs along with the confined ions in the nandomains decreased current leakage effectively and thus led to the low dielectric loss. The final PVDF nanocomposites exhibited high dielectric constant, low dielectric loss and good flexibility, which may be promising for applications in soft/flexible devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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5650 KiB  
Article
Exceptionally High Negative Electro-Caloric Effects of Poly(VDF–co–TrFE) Based Nanocomposites Tuned by the Geometries of Barium Titanate Nanofillers
by Zhi-Yuan Jiang, Guang-Ping Zheng, Xiu-Cheng Zheng and Hao Wang
Polymers 2017, 9(8), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9080315 - 28 Jul 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4280
Abstract
Exceptionally high electro-caloric effects (ECEs) are observed in nanocomposites consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (VDF–co–TrFE) copolymer and barium titanate (BT) nanoparticles and nanowires. The poly(VDF–co–TrFE) matrix nanocomposites containing 5% volume fraction of BT nanowires are found to exhibit [...] Read more.
Exceptionally high electro-caloric effects (ECEs) are observed in nanocomposites consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (VDF–co–TrFE) copolymer and barium titanate (BT) nanoparticles and nanowires. The poly(VDF–co–TrFE) matrix nanocomposites containing 5% volume fraction of BT nanowires are found to exhibit a negative ECE temperature change as large as 12 °C or a refrigeration effect of 8.3 J/g, which is much larger than those reported to date. The mechanisms of negative ECE and the enhanced negative ECE in the nanocomposites consisting of poly(VDF–co–TrFE) and BT nanowires are explained by the Kauzmann theory on glassy polar states and the interaction between BT nanofillers and the copolymer matrix. The effects of geometries of BT nanofillers on the negative ECEs are elucidated by P-E loop measurements, and dielectric and dynamical mechanical analyses. The nanocomposites, with their enhanced negative ECE tuned by the geometries of BT nanofillers, provide us with promising ECE refrigerants for practical application to small-sized and environmentally-friendly ECE coolers in the heat management of electronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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4394 KiB  
Article
Inducing β Phase Crystallinity in Block Copolymers of Vinylidene Fluoride with Methyl Methacrylate or Styrene
by Nahal Golzari, Jörg Adams and Sabine Beuermann
Polymers 2017, 9(8), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9080306 - 26 Jul 2017
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7902
Abstract
Block copolymers of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with either styrene or methyl methacrylate (MMA) were synthesized and analyzed with respect to the type of the crystalline phase occurring. PVDF with iodine end groups (PVDF-I) was prepared by iodine transfer polymerization either in solution with [...] Read more.
Block copolymers of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with either styrene or methyl methacrylate (MMA) were synthesized and analyzed with respect to the type of the crystalline phase occurring. PVDF with iodine end groups (PVDF-I) was prepared by iodine transfer polymerization either in solution with supercritical CO2 or in emulsion. To activate all iodine end groups Mn2(CO)10 is employed. Upon UV irradiation Mn(CO)5 radicals are obtained, which abstract iodine from PVDF-I generating PVDF radicals. Subsequent polymerization with styrene or methyl methacrylate (MMA) yields block copolymers. Size exclusion chromatography and NMR results prove that the entire PVDF-I is converted. XRD, FT-IR, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses allow for the identification of crystal phase transformation. It is clearly shown that the original α crystalline phase of PVDF-I is changed to the β crystalline phase in case of the block copolymers. For ratios of the VDF block length to the MMA block length ranging from 1.4 to 5 only β phase material was detected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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20796 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Vinyltrimethoxysilane Oligomeric Silica Nanocomposites Containing Gluconamide Units Possessing Highly Oleophobic/Superhydrophobic, Highly Oleophobic/Superhydrophilic, and Superoleophilic/Superhydrophobic Characteristics on the Modified Surfaces
by Shinsuke Katayama, Shogo Fujii, Tomoya Saito, Shohei Yamazaki and Hideo Sawada
Polymers 2017, 9(7), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9070292 - 20 Jul 2017
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5173
Abstract
Fluoroalkyl end-capped vinyltrimethoxysilane oligomer [RF-(CH2-CHSi(OMe)3)n-RF (RF-(VM)n-RF)] undergoes the sol-gel reaction in the presence of N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)gluconamide [Glu-Si(OEt)3] under alkaline conditions to afford the corresponding fluorinated oligomeric [...] Read more.
Fluoroalkyl end-capped vinyltrimethoxysilane oligomer [RF-(CH2-CHSi(OMe)3)n-RF (RF-(VM)n-RF)] undergoes the sol-gel reaction in the presence of N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)gluconamide [Glu-Si(OEt)3] under alkaline conditions to afford the corresponding fluorinated oligomeric silica nanocomposites containing gluconamide units [RF-(VM-SiO3/2)n-RF/Glu-SiO3/2]. These obtained nanocomposites were applied to the surface modification of glass to provide the unique wettability characteristics such as highly oleophobic/superhydrophobic and highly oleophobic/superhydrophilic on the modified surfaces under a variety of conditions. Such a highly oleophobic/superhydrophobic characteristic was also observed on the modified PET (polyethylene terephthalate) fabric swatch, which was prepared under similar conditions, and this modified PET fabric swatch was applied to the separation membrane for the separation of the mixture of fluorocarbon oil and hydrocarbon oil. The RF-(VM-SiO3/2)n-RF/Glu-SiO3/2 nanocomposites, which were prepared under lower feed amounts of basic catalyst (ammonia), were found to cause gelation in water. Interestingly, it was demonstrated that these gelling nanocomposites are also applied to the surface modification of the PET fabric swatch to give a highly oleophobic/superhydrophobic characteristic on the surface. On the other hand, the modified glass surfaces treated with the corresponding nanocomposite possessing no gelling ability were found to supply the usual hydrophobic characteristic with a highly oleophobic property. More interestingly, the wettability change on the modified PET fabric swatch from highly oleophobic to superoleophilic was observed, and remained superhydrophobic after immersing the modified PET fabric swatch into water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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Review

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27 pages, 5049 KiB  
Review
Properties and Applications of the β Phase Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
by Liuxia Ruan, Xiannian Yao, Yufang Chang, Lianqun Zhou, Gaowu Qin and Xianmin Zhang
Polymers 2018, 10(3), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10030228 - 26 Feb 2018
Cited by 462 | Viewed by 20176
Abstract
Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, as one of important polymeric materials with extensively scientific interests and technological applications, shows five crystalline polymorphs with α, β, γ, δ and ε phases obtained by different processing methods. Among them, β phase PVDF presents outstanding electrical characteristics including [...] Read more.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, as one of important polymeric materials with extensively scientific interests and technological applications, shows five crystalline polymorphs with α, β, γ, δ and ε phases obtained by different processing methods. Among them, β phase PVDF presents outstanding electrical characteristics including piezo-, pyro-and ferroelectric properties. These electroactive properties are increasingly important in applications such as energy storage, spin valve devices, biomedicine, sensors and smart scaffolds. This article discusses the basic knowledge and character methods for PVDF fabrication and provides an overview of recent advances on the phase modification and recent applications of the β phase PVDF are reported. This study may provide an insight for the development and utilization for β phase PVDF nanofilms in future electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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26 pages, 2149 KiB  
Review
Fluorinated Polymers as Smart Materials for Advanced Biomedical Applications
by Vanessa F. Cardoso, Daniela M. Correia, Clarisse Ribeiro, Margarida M. Fernandes and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
Polymers 2018, 10(2), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10020161 - 08 Feb 2018
Cited by 196 | Viewed by 15978
Abstract
Fluorinated polymers constitute a unique class of materials that exhibit a combination of suitable properties for a wide range of applications, which mainly arise from their outstanding chemical resistance, thermal stability, low friction coefficients and electrical properties. Furthermore, those presenting stimuli-responsive properties have [...] Read more.
Fluorinated polymers constitute a unique class of materials that exhibit a combination of suitable properties for a wide range of applications, which mainly arise from their outstanding chemical resistance, thermal stability, low friction coefficients and electrical properties. Furthermore, those presenting stimuli-responsive properties have found widespread industrial and commercial applications, based on their ability to change in a controlled fashion one or more of their physicochemical properties, in response to single or multiple external stimuli such as light, temperature, electrical and magnetic fields, pH and/or biological signals. In particular, some fluorinated polymers have been intensively investigated and applied due to their piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties in biomedical applications including controlled drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, microfluidic and artificial muscle actuators, among others. This review summarizes the main characteristics, microstructures and biomedical applications of electroactive fluorinated polymers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorinated Polymers)
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