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Facilities

A topical collection in Quantum Beam Science (ISSN 2412-382X). This collection belongs to the section "Instrumentation and Facilities".

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A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Editor

Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Liss

E-Mail Website
Collection Editor
School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
Interests: X-ray free electron; in-situ investigations; extreme conditions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Topical Collection Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Topical Collection, Facilities, aims to assemble review and original articles to describe existing, upcoming, planned and historic large-user facilities for materials and life sciences around the world. Quantum beams encompass all kind of short-wavelength radiation for the study of condensed mater materials in the widest sense. In particular, this includes synchrotron and neutron radiation, ion beams, positrons, muons and to some extent lasers, where they interact under extreme conditions or are correlated with some other kind of quantum beam. While most of those quantum beams can be generated on a small laboratory scale, state-of-the-art sources are assembled in large-scale multi-user facilities.

The widest spread of facilities in this context are synchrotron radiation facilities, where high-energy electrons circulate in a storage ring to produce light of any wavelength to independently operating beamlines. The number of simultaneous beamlines and experiments can be as high as 50 and photon energies spread from infrared to gamma rays.

Complementary neutron facilities can be based around a nuclear reactor or in the form of a proton accelerator driven spallation source. They, equally, have multiple beam sources delivering to a multitude of most different instruments, such as for imaging, spectroscopy or diffraction. The same holds for positron and muon sources.

Large power laser sources can either produce materials under extreme conditions, or interact with another beam, such as accelerator electrons for inverse Compton scattering—delivering gamma rays within a large user facility. Furthermore, laser facilities may be important for pump-probe experiments in condensed and ionized matter.

Proton and ions beams represent another class, which may be accelerator based and then form a facility. Their applications are broad.

In order to lay the basis for later topics and the applications, the journal Quantum Beam Science calls for descriptions of the sources of such radiation, with the goal of creating a collection of papers that will serve as reference standards for users. It will be an excellent channel for exposure and comparison for each facility, and aims to be comprehensive.

In particular, we seek papers of facilities encompassing more than one single beamline. (A Beamlines collection may follow if there is sufficient demand.) The articles should describe the facility's background and context, its overall layout, the radiation production process, the key parameters in a scientific and engineering manner, an overview of beamlines, and outline some typical applications. Descriptions of the key parts can be done in depth, including information on the detailed layout, neutron-moderator concepts, or synchrotron insertion devices. Individual, modern and upcoming facilities should be featured in articles, while reviews should focus on types of facilities or historic facilities. Well founded ideas and concepts of future facilities are welcome. Reviews are sought on classes of quantum beam sources, such as an overview and the characteristics of all kinds of X-ray tubes, or small ion or neutron sources.

Possible topics include but are not limited to:

  • synchrotron radiation facilities
  • neutron facilities
  • free-electron lasers
  • energy-recovery-linac based radiation
  • muon facilities
  • positrons
  • heavy and light ion beams
  • extreme laser facilities
  • history of facilities
  • reviews of classes of conventional sources
  • review of a kind of radiation

Welcome to the journal Quantum Beam Science!

Yours, sincerely,

Prof.Dr. Klaus-Dieter Liss
Editor-in-Chief

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the collection website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Quantum Beam Science is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • synchrotron
  • neutrons
  • free-electron laser
  • energy-recovery-linac
  • muons; positrons
  • heavy and light ion beams
  • extreme laser

Published Papers (14 papers)

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2021

Jump to: 2019, 2018, 2017

14 pages, 2473 KiB  
Article
Neutron Beam Characterization at Neutron Radiography (NRAD) Reactor East Beam Following Reactor Modifications
by Sam H. Giegel, Aaron E. Craft, Glen C. Papaioannou, Andrew T. Smolinski and Chad L. Pope
Quantum Beam Sci. 2021, 5(2), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs5020008 - 15 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3348
Abstract
The Neutron Radiography Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has two beamlines extending radially outward from the east and north faces of the reactor core. The control rod withdrawal procedure has recently been altered, potentially changing power distribution of the reactor and thus [...] Read more.
The Neutron Radiography Reactor at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has two beamlines extending radially outward from the east and north faces of the reactor core. The control rod withdrawal procedure has recently been altered, potentially changing power distribution of the reactor and thus the properties of the neutron beams, calling for characterization of the neutron beams. The characterization of the East Radiography Station involved experiments used to measure the following characteristics: Neutron flux, neutron beam uniformity, cadmium ratio, image quality, and the neutron energy spectrum. The ERS is a Category-I neutron radiography facility signifying it has the highest possible rank a radiography station can achieve. The thermal equivalent neutron flux was measured using gold foil activation and determined to be 9.61 × 106 ± 2.47 × 105 n/cm2-s with a relatively uniform profile across the image plane. The cadmium ratio measurement was performed using bare and cadmium-covered gold foils and measured to be 2.05 ± 2.9%, indicating large epithermal and fast neutron content in the beam. The neutron energy spectrum was measured using foil activation coupled with unfolding algorithms provided by the software package Unfolding with MAXED and GRAVEL (UMG). The Monte-Carlo N-Particle (MCNP6) transport code was used to assist with the unfolding process. UMG, MCNP6, and measured foil activities were used to determine a neutron energy spectrum which was implemented into the MCNP6 model of the east neutron beam to contribute to future studies. Full article
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75 pages, 12017 KiB  
Article
The First Two Decades of Neutron Scattering at the Chalk River Laboratories
by Thomas M. Holden
Quantum Beam Sci. 2021, 5(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs5010003 - 18 Jan 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5139
Abstract
The early advances in neutron scattering at the Chalk River Laboratories of Atomic Energy of Canada are recorded. From initial nuclear physics measurements at the National Research Experimental (NRX) reactor came the realization that, with the flux available and improvements in monochromator technology, [...] Read more.
The early advances in neutron scattering at the Chalk River Laboratories of Atomic Energy of Canada are recorded. From initial nuclear physics measurements at the National Research Experimental (NRX) reactor came the realization that, with the flux available and improvements in monochromator technology, direct measurements of the normal modes of vibrations of solids and the structure and dynamics of liquids would be feasible. With further flux increases at the National Research Universal (NRU) reactor, the development of the triple-axis crystal spectrometer, and the invention of the constant-Q technique, the fields of lattice dynamics and magnetism and their interpretation in terms of the long-range forces between atoms and exchange interactions between spins took a major step forward. Experiments were performed over a seven-year period on simple metals such as potassium, complex metals such as lead, transition metals, semiconductors, and alkali halides. These were analyzed in terms of the atomic forces and demonstrated the long-range nature of the forces. The first measurements of spin wave excitations, in magnetite and in the 3D metal alloy CoFe, also came in this period. The first numerical estimates of the superfluid fraction of liquid helium II came from extensive measurements of the phonon–roton and multiphonon parts of the inelastic scattering. After the first two decades, neutron experiments continued at Chalk River until the shut-down of the NRU reactor in 2018 and the disbanding of the neutron effort in 2019, seventy years after the first experiments. Full article
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2019

Jump to: 2021, 2018, 2017

13 pages, 5121 KiB  
Article
Experimental Setup of the Fast Current Controller for the Buenos Aires Heavy Ion Microbeam
by Nahuel Agustín Vega, Nahuel Agustín Müller, Emmanuel de la Fourniére, Emilia Beatriz Halac and Mario Ernesto Debray
Quantum Beam Sci. 2019, 3(2), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs3020010 - 03 Jun 2019
Viewed by 3035
Abstract
Recently we used the heavy ion microprobe of the Buenos Aires TANDAR Laboratory for Single Event Effects (SEE) and Total Dose (TD) experiments in electronics devices and components, requiring very low beam currents. The facility includes a fast beam switch that allows the [...] Read more.
Recently we used the heavy ion microprobe of the Buenos Aires TANDAR Laboratory for Single Event Effects (SEE) and Total Dose (TD) experiments in electronics devices and components, requiring very low beam currents. The facility includes a fast beam switch that allows the control of the ion beam current and a mobile Si PIN (p-type, intrinsic, n-type) diode that directly measures the number of ions hitting the device. The fast beam deflector was used to reduce the current by producing a pulsed beam or generating a quasi-continuous (Poisson-like distributed) beam with currents ranging from tens to hundreds of ions/s. As an application for this current control method we present a single event effect (SEE) pulses map generated by a 32S8+ beam at 75 MeV on two 0.5 µm technology CMOS digital output buffers where the device was formed by cascading four CMOS inverters with increasing sizes from input to output to drive large loads. Using the same concept of pulse width modulated deflection, we developed a novel gradient scanning method. This system allows to produce in a single irradiation a distribution with a cumulative damage with a difference of two orders of magnitude at constant gradient. To demonstrate the method, we irradiated a lithium niobate monocrystal with 32S8+ beam at 75 MeV energy and later analyzed the produced damage by the micro-Raman technique and an optical profilometer. Full article
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2018

Jump to: 2021, 2019, 2017

6 pages, 3012 KiB  
Editorial
Materials and Life Science with Quantum Beams at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex
by Klaus-Dieter Liss
Quantum Beam Sci. 2018, 2(2), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs2020010 - 14 May 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3645
Abstract
The Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF) is the major neutron and muon quantum beam facility in the eastern part of the world [...]
Full article
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4 pages, 393 KiB  
Editorial
Facilities in Quantum Beam Science
by Klaus-Dieter Liss
Quantum Beam Sci. 2018, 2(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs2010006 - 27 Feb 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3544
Abstract
The year 2017 saw the birth of the journal Quantum Beam Science [1] which is dedicated to the sources and properties of quantum beam radiation [...]
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2017

Jump to: 2021, 2019, 2018

23927 KiB  
Review
Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF) at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex II: Neutron Scattering Instruments
by Kenji Nakajima, Yukinobu Kawakita, Shinichi Itoh, Jun Abe, Kazuya Aizawa, Hiroyuki Aoki, Hitoshi Endo, Masaki Fujita, Kenichi Funakoshi, Wu Gong, Masahide Harada, Stefanus Harjo, Takanori Hattori, Masahiro Hino, Takashi Honda, Akinori Hoshikawa, Kazutaka Ikeda, Takashi Ino, Toru Ishigaki, Yoshihisa Ishikawa, Hiroki Iwase, Tetsuya Kai, Ryoichi Kajimoto, Takashi Kamiyama, Naokatsu Kaneko, Daichi Kawana, Seiko Ohira-Kawamura, Takuro Kawasaki, Atsushi Kimura, Ryoji Kiyanagi, Kenji Kojima, Katsuhiro Kusaka, Sanghyun Lee, Shinichi Machida, Takatsugu Masuda, Kenji Mishima, Koji Mitamura, Mitsutaka Nakamura, Shoji Nakamura, Akiko Nakao, Tatsuro Oda, Takashi Ohhara, Kazuki Ohishi, Hidetoshi Ohshita, Kenichi Oikawa, Toshiya Otomo, Asami Sano-Furukawa, Kaoru Shibata, Takenao Shinohara, Kazuhiko Soyama, Jun-ichi Suzuki, Kentaro Suzuya, Atsushi Takahara, Shin-ichi Takata, Masayasu Takeda, Yosuke Toh, Shuki Torii, Naoya Torikai, Norifumi L. Yamada, Taro Yamada, Dai Yamazaki, Tetsuya Yokoo, Masao Yonemura and Hideki Yoshizawaadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Quantum Beam Sci. 2017, 1(3), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs1030009 - 17 Nov 2017
Cited by 66 | Viewed by 11696
Abstract
The neutron instruments suite, installed at the spallation neutron source of the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF) at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), is reviewed. MLF has 23 neutron beam ports and 21 instruments are in operation for user [...] Read more.
The neutron instruments suite, installed at the spallation neutron source of the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF) at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), is reviewed. MLF has 23 neutron beam ports and 21 instruments are in operation for user programs or are under commissioning. A unique and challenging instrumental suite in MLF has been realized via combination of a high-performance neutron source, optimized for neutron scattering, and unique instruments using cutting-edge technologies. All instruments are/will serve in world-leading investigations in a broad range of fields, from fundamental physics to industrial applications. In this review, overviews, characteristic features, and typical applications of the individual instruments are mentioned. Full article
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11793 KiB  
Review
Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex III: Neutron Devices and Computational and Sample Environments
by Kaoru Sakasai, Setsuo Satoh, Tomohiro Seya, Tatsuya Nakamura, Kentaro Toh, Hideshi Yamagishi, Kazuhiko Soyama, Dai Yamazaki, Ryuji Maruyama, Takayuki Oku, Takashi Ino, Hiroshi Kira, Hirotoshi Hayashida, Kenji Sakai, Shinichi Itoh, Kentaro Suzuya, Wataru Kambara, Ryoichi Kajimoto, Kenji Nakajima, Kaoru Shibata, Mitsutaka Nakamura, Toshiya Otomo, Takeshi Nakatani, Yasuhiro Inamura, Jiro Suzuki, Takayoshi Ito, Nobuo Okazaki, Kentaro Moriyama, Kazuya Aizawa, Seiko Ohira-Kawamura and Masao Watanabeadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Quantum Beam Sci. 2017, 1(2), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs1020010 - 03 Aug 2017
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6394
Abstract
Neutron devices such as neutron detectors, optical devices including supermirror devices and 3He neutron spin filters, and choppers are successfully developed and installed at the Materials Life Science Facility (MLF) of the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), Tokai, Japan. Four software [...] Read more.
Neutron devices such as neutron detectors, optical devices including supermirror devices and 3He neutron spin filters, and choppers are successfully developed and installed at the Materials Life Science Facility (MLF) of the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), Tokai, Japan. Four software components of MLF computational environment, instrument control, data acquisition, data analysis, and a database, have been developed and equipped at MLF. MLF also provides a wide variety of sample environment options including high and low temperatures, high magnetic fields, and high pressures. This paper describes the current status of neutron devices, computational and sample environments at MLF. Full article
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8262 KiB  
Review
Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex I: Pulsed Spallation Neutron Source
by Hiroshi Takada, Katsuhiro Haga, Makoto Teshigawara, Tomokazu Aso, Shin-Ichiro Meigo, Hiroyuki Kogawa, Takashi Naoe, Takashi Wakui, Motoki Ooi, Masahide Harada and Masatoshi Futakawa
Quantum Beam Sci. 2017, 1(2), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs1020008 - 02 Aug 2017
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 7339
Abstract
At the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), a pulsed spallation neutron source provides neutrons with high intensity and narrow pulse width pulse to promote researches on a variety of science in the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF). It was designed [...] Read more.
At the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), a pulsed spallation neutron source provides neutrons with high intensity and narrow pulse width pulse to promote researches on a variety of science in the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF). It was designed to be driven by a proton beam with an energy of 3 GeV, a power of 1 MW at a repetition rate of 25 Hz, that is world’s highest power level. It is still on the way towards the goal to accomplish the operation with a 1 MW proton beam. In this review, distinctive features of the target-moderator-reflector system of the pulsed spallation neutron source are presented. Full article
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16274 KiB  
Review
Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex IV: The Muon Facility
by Wataru Higemoto, Ryosuke Kadono, Naritoshi Kawamura, Akihiro Koda, Kenji M. Kojima, Shunsuke Makimura, Shiro Matoba, Yasuhiro Miyake, Koichiro Shimomura and Patrick Strasser
Quantum Beam Sci. 2017, 1(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs1010011 - 15 Jun 2017
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 7490
Abstract
A muon experimental facility, known as the Muon Science Establishment (MUSE), is one of the user facilities at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex, along with those for neutrons, hadrons, and neutrinos. The MUSE facility is integrated into the Materials and Life Science [...] Read more.
A muon experimental facility, known as the Muon Science Establishment (MUSE), is one of the user facilities at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex, along with those for neutrons, hadrons, and neutrinos. The MUSE facility is integrated into the Materials and Life Science Facility building in which a high-energy proton beam that is shared with a neutron experiment facility delivers a variety of muon beams for research covering diverse scientific fields. In this review, we present the current status of MUSE, which is still in the process of being developed into its fully fledged form. Full article
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5124 KiB  
Review
High Power Laser Facilities at the Kansai Photon Science Institute
by Kiminori Kondo, Wataru Utsumi, Masaki Kando, Masaharu Nishikino, Ryuji Itakura and Hiromitsu Kiriyama
Quantum Beam Sci. 2017, 1(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs1010007 - 07 Jun 2017
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5023
Abstract
At the Kansai Photon Science Institute (KPSI, Kyoto, Japan), there are three unique high-power laser facilities. Here, we introduce the features of each facility and some experimental studies, which will be useful to users as a reference. Full article
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1759 KiB  
Review
Neutron Sources at the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
by Valery N. Shvetsov
Quantum Beam Sci. 2017, 1(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs1010006 - 21 Apr 2017
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5440
Abstract
The IBR-2 reactor and IREN facility are the two main neutron sources at the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics. This contribution presents data on the IBR-2 reactor parameters before and after modernization. The general schemes of the IBR-2 reactor as well as of [...] Read more.
The IBR-2 reactor and IREN facility are the two main neutron sources at the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics. This contribution presents data on the IBR-2 reactor parameters before and after modernization. The general schemes of the IBR-2 reactor as well as of the IREN facility are presented. Full article
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1850 KiB  
Review
Neutron Scattering at HIFAR—Glimpses of the Past
by Margaret Elcombe
Quantum Beam Sci. 2017, 1(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs1010005 - 19 Apr 2017
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5286
Abstract
This article attempts to give a description of neutron scattering down under for close on forty-six years. The early years describe the fledgling group buying parts and cobbling instruments together to its emergence as a viable neutron scattering group with up to ten [...] Read more.
This article attempts to give a description of neutron scattering down under for close on forty-six years. The early years describe the fledgling group buying parts and cobbling instruments together to its emergence as a viable neutron scattering group with up to ten working instruments. The second section covers the consolidation of this group, despite tough higher level management. The Australian Science and Technology Council (ASTEC) enquiry in 1985 and the Government decision not to replace the HIgh Flux Australian Reactor (HIFAR), led to major expansion and upgrading of the existing neutron beam facilities during the 1990s. Finally, there were some smooth years of operation while other staff were preparing for the replacement reactor. It has concentrated on the instruments as they were built, modified, replaced with new ones, and upgraded at different times. Full article
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1417 KiB  
Article
The Brightest Light in Canada: The Canadian Light Source
by Jeffrey Cutler, Dean Chapman, Les Dallin and Robert Lamb
Quantum Beam Sci. 2017, 1(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs1010004 - 31 Mar 2017
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5448
Abstract
Over forty years in the making, and one of Canada’s largest scientific investments in those four decades, the Canadian Light Source (CLS), a third generation source of synchrotron light, was designed for high performance and flexibility and serves the diverse needs of the [...] Read more.
Over forty years in the making, and one of Canada’s largest scientific investments in those four decades, the Canadian Light Source (CLS), a third generation source of synchrotron light, was designed for high performance and flexibility and serves the diverse needs of the Canadian research community by providing brilliant light for applied and basic research programmes ranging from the far infrared to the hard X-ray regimes. Development of the scientific program at the CLS has been envisioned in four distinct phases. The first phase consists of the accelerator complex together with seven experimental facilities; the second phase adds six more experimental facilities and additional infrastructure to support them; the third phase adds seven more experimental facilities; and the fourth phase focuses on beamline and endstation upgrades, keeping the CLS as a state-of-the-art research centre. With the growth of a strong user community, the success of these experimental facilities will drive the future growth of the CLS. Full article
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8303 KiB  
Article
Irradiation Facilities of the Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute
by Satoshi Kurashima, Takahiro Satoh, Yuichi Saitoh and Watalu Yokota
Quantum Beam Sci. 2017, 1(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs1010002 - 20 Mar 2017
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6639
Abstract
The ion beam facility at the Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, consists of a cyclotron and three electrostatic accelerators, and they are dedicated to studies of materials science and bio-technology. The paper reviews [...] Read more.
The ion beam facility at the Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, consists of a cyclotron and three electrostatic accelerators, and they are dedicated to studies of materials science and bio-technology. The paper reviews this unique accelerator complex in detail from the viewpoint of its configuration, accelerator specification, typical accelerator, or irradiation technologies and ion beam applications. The institute has also irradiation facilities for electron beams and 60Co gamma-rays and has been leading research and development of radiation chemistry for industrial applications in Japan with the facilities since its establishment. The configuration and utilization of those facilities are outlined as well. Full article
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