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Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”
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Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2018) | Viewed by 108151

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Hyung-Sup Jung

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Smart Cities, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02120, Republic of Korea
2. Department of Geoinformatics, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02120, Republic of Korea
Interests: SAR; InSAR; GeoAI; sensor modeling; satellite image processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Joo-Hyung Ryu

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology(KIOST), 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan Metropolitan City 49111, Korea
Interests: coastal application; marine surveillance system; ocean color
Prof. Dr. Sang-Eun Park

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geoinformation Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
Interests: polarimetric SAR classification; forward and inverse modeling of microwave vegetation and surface backscattering; multisource data integration for mapping natural disasters and monitoring environmental changes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Hoonyol Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
Interests: SAR interferometry; cryosphere; geophysical inversion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. No-Wook Park

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geoinformatic Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
Interests: multi-sensor image fusion; remote sensing image classification; geo-AI
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018 (ISRS 2018) is scheduled to be held in Pyeongchang, Korea, 9–11 May 2018 (http://isrs.or.kr/). This is the premier symposium that provides all participants with invaluable opportunities for catching up on state-of-the art techniques and the latest developments in remote sensing, but also serves for sharing new ideas and information with colleagues and young scholars engaged in similar studies, research or activity. This Special Issue in Remote Sensing is planned in conjunction with ISRS 2018 and will include peer-reviewed feature papers presented at ISRS 2018. Remote Sensing is an open access journal about the science and applications of remote sensing technology, and is published online. The ISRS 2018 conference papers must be fleshed out with, not only a more detailed presentation of the research, but also additional data sets and comparisons in an enhanced experimental section so that it can be published in Remote Sensing.

In the cover letter, authors should provide the corresponding paper number of ISRS 2018. If this information is not provided, the paper will not be considered as a Special Issue paper.

Prof. Hyung-Sup Jung
Dr. Joo-Hyung Ryu
Prof. Sang-Eun Park
Prof. Hoonyol Lee
Prof. No-Wook Park
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018;
  • Remote Sensing;
  • Geoinformatics;
  • Geoscience Information System (GIS);
  • Global Positioning System (GPS);
  • Image Processing

Published Papers (19 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Other

4 pages, 158 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”
by Hyung-Sup Jung, Joo-Hyung Ryu, Sang-Eun Park, Hoonyol Lee and No-Wook Park
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(12), 1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121439 - 18 Jun 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2620
Abstract
The international symposium on remote sensing 2018 (ISRS 2018) was held in Pyeongchang, Korea, 9–11 May 2018 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Other

15 pages, 13171 KiB  
Article
Generation of a Large-Scale Surface Sediment Classification Map Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Data: A Case Study at the Hwang-do Tidal Flat, Korea
by Kye-Lim Kim, Bum-Jun Kim, Yoon-Kyung Lee and Joo-Hyung Ryu
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(3), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030229 - 22 Jan 2019
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4707
Abstract
Tidal flats are associated with complicated depositional and ecological environments, and have changed considerably as a result of the erosion and sedimentation caused by tidal energy; consequently, the surface sediment distribution in tidal flats must be constantly monitored and mapped. Although several studies [...] Read more.
Tidal flats are associated with complicated depositional and ecological environments, and have changed considerably as a result of the erosion and sedimentation caused by tidal energy; consequently, the surface sediment distribution in tidal flats must be constantly monitored and mapped. Although several studies have been conducted with the aim of classifying intertidal surface sediments using various remote sensing methods combined with field survey, most of these studies were unable to consider various sediment types, due to the low spatial resolution of remotely sensed data. Therefore, previous studies were unable to efficiently describe precise surface sediment distribution maps. In the present study, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) red, green, blue (RGB) orthoimagery was used in combination with a field survey (232 samples) to produce a large-scale classification map for surface sediment distribution, in accordance with sedimentology standards, using an object-based method. The object-based method is an effective technique that can classify surface sediment distribution by analyzing its correlations with spectral reflectance, grain size, and tidal channels. Therefore, we distinguished six sediment types based on their spectral reflectance and sediment properties, such as grain composition and statistical parameters. The accuracy assessment of the surface sediment classification based on these six types indicated an overall accuracy of 72.8%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.62 and 5-m error range related to the Global Positioning System (GPS) device. We found that 11 samples were misclassified due to the effects of sun glint and cloud caused by the UAV system and shellfish beds, while 14 misclassified samples were influenced by surface water related to the elevation, tidal channels, and sediment properties. These results indicate that large-scale classification of surface sediment with high accuracy is possible using UAV RGB orthoimagery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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18 pages, 2452 KiB  
Article
Yield Estimation of Paddy Rice Based on Satellite Imagery: Comparison of Global and Local Regression Models
by Yi-Shiang Shiu and Yung-Chung Chuang
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(2), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020111 - 09 Jan 2019
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5343
Abstract
Precisely estimating the yield of paddy rice is crucial for national food security and development evaluation. Rice yield estimation based on satellite imagery is usually performed with global regression models; however, estimation errors may occur because the spatial variation is not considered. Therefore, [...] Read more.
Precisely estimating the yield of paddy rice is crucial for national food security and development evaluation. Rice yield estimation based on satellite imagery is usually performed with global regression models; however, estimation errors may occur because the spatial variation is not considered. Therefore, this study proposed an approach estimating paddy rice yield based on global and local regression models. In our study area, the overall per-field data might not available because it took lots of time and manpower as well as resources. Therefore, we gathered and accumulated 26 to 63 ground survey sample fields, accounting for about 0.05% of the total cultivated areas, as the training samples for our regression models. To demonstrate whether the spatial autocorrelation or spatial heterogeneity exists and dominates the estimation, global models including the ordinary least squares (OLS), support vector regression (SVR), and the local model geographically weighted regression (GWR) were used to build the yield estimation models. We obtained the representative independent variables, including 4 original bands, 11 vegetation indices, and 32 texture indices, from SPOT-7 multispectral satellite imagery. To determine the optimal variable combination, feature selection based on the Pearson correlation was used for all of the regression models. The case study in Central Taiwan rendered that the error rate was between 0.06% and 13.22%. Through feature selection, the GWR model’s performance was more relatively stable than the OLS model and nonlinear SVR model for yield estimation. Where the GWR model considers the spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity of the relationships between the yield and the independent variables, the OLS and nonlinear SVR models lack this feature; this led to the rice yield estimation of GWR in this study be more stable than those of the other two models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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19 pages, 5550 KiB  
Article
Multi-Temporal Analysis of Forest Fire Probability Using Socio-Economic and Environmental Variables
by Sea Jin Kim, Chul-Hee Lim, Gang Sun Kim, Jongyeol Lee, Tobias Geiger, Omid Rahmati, Yowhan Son and Woo-Kyun Lee
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11010086 - 06 Jan 2019
Cited by 86 | Viewed by 8696
Abstract
As most of the forest fires in South Korea are related to human activity, socio-economic factors are critical in estimating their probability. To estimate and analyze how human activity is influencing forest fire probability, this study considered not only environmental factors such as [...] Read more.
As most of the forest fires in South Korea are related to human activity, socio-economic factors are critical in estimating their probability. To estimate and analyze how human activity is influencing forest fire probability, this study considered not only environmental factors such as precipitation, elevation, topographic wetness index, and forest type, but also socio-economic factors such as population density and distance from urban area. The machine learning Maximum Entropy (Maxent) and Random Forest models were used to predict and analyze the spatial distribution of forest fire probability in South Korea. The model performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method, and models’ outputs were compared based on the area under the ROC curve (AUC). In addition, a multi-temporal analysis was conducted to determine the relationships between forest fire probability and socio-economic or environmental changes from the 1980s to the 2000s. The analysis revealed that the spatial distribution was concentrated in or around cities, and the probability had a strong correlation with variables related to human activity and accessibility over the decades. The AUC values for validation were higher in the Random Forest result compared to the Maxent result throughout the decades. Our findings can be useful for developing preventive measures for forest fire risk reduction considering socio-economic development and environmental conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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17 pages, 15391 KiB  
Article
Development of Stereo Visual Odometry Based on Photogrammetric Feature Optimization
by Sung-Joo Yoon and Taejung Kim
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11010067 - 01 Jan 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5194
Abstract
One of the important image processing technologies is visual odometry (VO) technology. VO estimates platform motion through a sequence of images. VO is of interest in the virtual reality (VR) industry as well as the automobile industry because the construction cost is low. [...] Read more.
One of the important image processing technologies is visual odometry (VO) technology. VO estimates platform motion through a sequence of images. VO is of interest in the virtual reality (VR) industry as well as the automobile industry because the construction cost is low. In this study, we developed stereo visual odometry (SVO) based on photogrammetric geometric interpretation. The proposed method performed feature optimization and pose estimation through photogrammetric bundle adjustment. After corresponding the point extraction step, the feature optimization was carried out with photogrammetry-based and vision-based optimization. Then, absolute orientation was performed for pose estimation through bundle adjustment. We used ten sequences provided by the Karlsruhe institute of technology and Toyota technological institute (KITTI) community. Through a two-step optimization process, we confirmed that the outliers, which were not removed by conventional outlier filters, were removed. We also were able to confirm the applicability of photogrammetric techniques to stereo visual odometry technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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21 pages, 9504 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Effect of Multi-Sensor Data on the Detection of Margalefidinium polykrikoides in the South Sea of Korea
by Jisun Shin, Keunyong Kim, Young Baek Son and Joo-Hyung Ryu
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11010036 - 26 Dec 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3787
Abstract
Since 1995, Margalefidinium polykrikoides blooms have occurred frequently in the waters around the Korean peninsula. In the South Sea of Korea (SSK), large-scale M. polykrikoides blooms form offshore and are often transported to the coast, where they gradually accumulate. The objective of this [...] Read more.
Since 1995, Margalefidinium polykrikoides blooms have occurred frequently in the waters around the Korean peninsula. In the South Sea of Korea (SSK), large-scale M. polykrikoides blooms form offshore and are often transported to the coast, where they gradually accumulate. The objective of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of multi-sensor data for identifying M. polykrikoides blooms in the SSK from July 2018 to August 2018. We found that the Spectral Shape values calculated from in situ spectra and M. polykrikoides cell abundances in the SSK were highly correlated. Comparing red tide spectra from near-coincident multi-sensor data, remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs) spectra were similar to the spectra of in situ measurements from blue to green wavelengths. Rrs true-color composite images and Spectral Shape images of each sensor showed a clear pattern of M. polykrikoides patches, although there were some limitations for detecting red tide patches in coastal areas. We confirmed the complementarity of red tide data extracted from each sensor using an integrated red tide map. Statistical assessment showed that the sensitivity of red tide detection increased when multi-sensor data were used rather than single-sensor data. These results provide useful information for the application of multi-sensor for red tide detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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16 pages, 23248 KiB  
Article
Digital Surface Model Interpolation Based on 3D Mesh Models
by Soohyeon Kim, Sooahm Rhee and Taejung Kim
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11010024 - 24 Dec 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5880
Abstract
A digital surface model (DSM) is an important geospatial infrastructure used in various fields. In this paper, we deal with how to improve the quality of DSMs generated from stereo image matching. During stereo image matching, there are outliers due to mismatches, and [...] Read more.
A digital surface model (DSM) is an important geospatial infrastructure used in various fields. In this paper, we deal with how to improve the quality of DSMs generated from stereo image matching. During stereo image matching, there are outliers due to mismatches, and non-matching regions due to match failure. Such outliers and non-matching regions have to be corrected accurately and efficiently for high-quality DSM generation. This process has been performed by applying a local distribution model, such as inverse distance weight (IDW), or by forming a triangulated irregular network (TIN). However, if the area of non-matching regions is large, it is not trivial to interpolate elevation values using neighboring cells. In this study, we proposed a new DSM interpolation method using a 3D mesh model, which is more robust to outliers and large holes. We compared mesh-based DSM with IDW-based DSM and analyzed the characteristics of each. The accuracy of the mesh-based DSM was a 2.80 m root mean square error (RMSE), while that for the IDW-based DSM was 3.22 m. While the mesh-based DSM successfully removed empty grid cells and outliers, the IDW-based DSM had sharper object boundaries. Because of the nature of surface reconstruction, object boundaries appeared smoother on the mesh-based DSM. We further propose a method of integrating the two DSMs. The integrated DSM maintains the sharpness of object boundaries without significant accuracy degradation. The contribution of this paper is the use of 3D mesh models (which have mainly been used for 3D visualization) for efficient removal of outliers and non-matching regions without a priori knowledge of surface types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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20 pages, 9790 KiB  
Article
Satellite-Based Prediction of Arctic Sea Ice Concentration Using a Deep Neural Network with Multi-Model Ensemble
by Jiwon Kim, Kwangjin Kim, Jaeil Cho, Yong Q. Kang, Hong-Joo Yoon and Yang-Won Lee
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11010019 - 22 Dec 2018
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5587
Abstract
Warming of the Arctic leads to a decrease in sea ice, and the decrease of sea ice, in turn, results in warming of the Arctic again. Several microwave sensors have provided continuously updated sea ice data for over 30 years. Many studies have [...] Read more.
Warming of the Arctic leads to a decrease in sea ice, and the decrease of sea ice, in turn, results in warming of the Arctic again. Several microwave sensors have provided continuously updated sea ice data for over 30 years. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the relationships between the satellite-derived sea ice concentration (SIC) of the Arctic and climatic factors associated with the accelerated warming. However, linear equations using the general circulation model (GCM) data, with low spatial resolution, cannot sufficiently cope with the problem of complexity or non-linearity. Time-series techniques are effective for one-step-ahead forecasting, but are not appropriate for future prediction for about ten or twenty years because of increasing uncertainty when forecasting multiple steps ahead. This paper describes a new approach to near-future prediction of Arctic SIC by employing a deep learning method with multi-model ensemble. We used the regional climate model (RCM) data provided in higher resolution, instead of GCM. The RCM ensemble was produced by Bayesian model averaging (BMA) to minimize the uncertainty which can arise from a single RCM. The accuracies of RCM variables were much improved by the BMA2 method, which took into consideration temporal and spatial variations to minimize the uncertainty of individual RCMs. A deep neural network (DNN) method was used to deal with the non-linear relationships between SIC and climate variables, and to provide a near-future prediction for the forthcoming 10 to 20 years. We adjusted the DNN model for optimized SIC prediction by adopting best-fitted layer structure, loss function, optimizer algorithm, and activation function. The accuracy was much improved when the DNN model was combined with BMA2 ensemble, showing the correlation coefficient of 0.888. This study provides a viable option for monitoring Arctic sea ice change of the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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16 pages, 1341 KiB  
Article
Developing Land-Use Regression Models to Estimate PM2.5-Bound Compound Concentrations
by Chin-Yu Hsu, Chih-Da Wu, Ya-Ping Hsiao, Yu-Cheng Chen, Mu-Jean Chen and Shih-Chun Candice Lung
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(12), 1971; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121971 - 06 Dec 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6945
Abstract
Epidemiology estimates how exposure to pollutants may impact human health. It often needs detailed determination of ambient concentrations to avoid exposure misclassification. However, it is unrealistic to collect pollutant data from each and every subject. Land-use regression (LUR) models have thus been used [...] Read more.
Epidemiology estimates how exposure to pollutants may impact human health. It often needs detailed determination of ambient concentrations to avoid exposure misclassification. However, it is unrealistic to collect pollutant data from each and every subject. Land-use regression (LUR) models have thus been used frequently to estimate individual levels of exposures to ambient air pollution. This paper used remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) tools to develop ten regression models for PM2.5-bound compound concentration based on measurements of a six-year period including NH 4 + ,   SO 4 2 − ,   NO 3 − , OC, EC, Ba, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Sb. The explained variance (R2) of these LUR models ranging from 0.60 to 0.92 confirms that this study successfully estimated the fine spatial variability of PM2.5-bound compound concentrations in Taiwan where the distribution of traffic, industrial area, greenness, and culture-specific PM2.5 sources like temples collected from GIS and remote sensing data were main variables. In particular, while they were much less used, this study showcased the necessity of remote sensing data of greenness in future LUR studies for reducing the exposure bias. In terms of local residents’ health outcome or health effect indicators, this study further offers much-needed support for future air epidemiological studies. The results provide important insights into expanding the application of GIS and remote sensing on exposure assessment for PM2.5-bound compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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19 pages, 5441 KiB  
Article
Using TanDEM-X Pursuit Monostatic Observations with a Large Perpendicular Baseline to Extract Glacial Topography
by Sang-Hoon Hong, Shimon Wdowinski, Falk Amelung, Hyun-Cheol Kim, Joong-Sun Won and Sang-Wan Kim
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(11), 1851; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111851 - 21 Nov 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4091
Abstract
Space-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) applications have been widely used to monitor the cryosphere over past decades. Owing to temporal decorrelation, interferometric coherence often severely degrades on fast moving glaciers. TanDEM-X observations can overcome the temporal decorrelation because of their simultaneous measurements [...] Read more.
Space-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) applications have been widely used to monitor the cryosphere over past decades. Owing to temporal decorrelation, interferometric coherence often severely degrades on fast moving glaciers. TanDEM-X observations can overcome the temporal decorrelation because of their simultaneous measurements by two satellite constellations. In this study, we used the TanDEM-X pursuit monostatic mode with large baseline formation following a scientific phase timeline to develop highly precise topographic elevation models of the Petermann Glacier of Northwest Greenland. The large baseline provided the advantage of extracting topographic information over low relief areas, such as the surface of a glacier. As expected, coherent interferometric phases (>0.8) were well maintained over the glaciers, despite their fast movement, due to the nearly simultaneous TanDEM-X measurements. The height ambiguity, which was defined as the altitude difference corresponding to a 2π phase change of the flattened interferogram, of the dataset was 10.63 m, which was favorable for extracting topography in a low relief region. We validated the TanDEM-X derived glacial topography by comparing it to the SAR/Interferometric radar altimeter observations acquired by CryoSat-2 and the IceBridge Airborne Topographic Mapper laser altimeter measurements. Both observations showed very good correlation within a few meters of the offsets (−12.5~−3.1 m), with respect to the derived glacial topography. Routine TanDEM-X observations will be very useful to better understand the dynamics of glacial movements and topographic change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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22 pages, 15254 KiB  
Article
Change Detection in Hyperspectral Images Using Recurrent 3D Fully Convolutional Networks
by Ahram Song, Jaewan Choi, Youkyung Han and Yongil Kim
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(11), 1827; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111827 - 17 Nov 2018
Cited by 132 | Viewed by 11103
Abstract
Hyperspectral change detection (CD) can be effectively performed using deep-learning networks. Although these approaches require qualified training samples, it is difficult to obtain ground-truth data in the real world. Preserving spatial information during training is difficult due to structural limitations. To solve such [...] Read more.
Hyperspectral change detection (CD) can be effectively performed using deep-learning networks. Although these approaches require qualified training samples, it is difficult to obtain ground-truth data in the real world. Preserving spatial information during training is difficult due to structural limitations. To solve such problems, our study proposed a novel CD method for hyperspectral images (HSIs), including sample generation and a deep-learning network, called the recurrent three-dimensional (3D) fully convolutional network (Re3FCN), which merged the advantages of a 3D fully convolutional network (FCN) and a convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM). Principal component analysis (PCA) and the spectral correlation angle (SCA) were used to generate training samples with high probabilities of being changed or unchanged. The strategy assisted in training fewer samples of representative feature expression. The Re3FCN was mainly comprised of spectral–spatial and temporal modules. Particularly, a spectral–spatial module with a 3D convolutional layer extracts the spectral–spatial features from the HSIs simultaneously, whilst a temporal module with ConvLSTM records and analyzes the multi-temporal HSI change information. The study first proposed a simple and effective method to generate samples for network training. This method can be applied effectively to cases with no training samples. Re3FCN can perform end-to-end detection for binary and multiple changes. Moreover, Re3FCN can receive multi-temporal HSIs directly as input without learning the characteristics of multiple changes. Finally, the network could extract joint spectral–spatial–temporal features and it preserved the spatial structure during the learning process through the fully convolutional structure. This study was the first to use a 3D FCN and a ConvLSTM for the remote-sensing CD. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed CD method, we performed binary and multi-class CD experiments. Results revealed that the Re3FCN outperformed the other conventional methods, such as change vector analysis, iteratively reweighted multivariate alteration detection, PCA-SCA, FCN, and the combination of 2D convolutional layers-fully connected LSTM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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22 pages, 11444 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Pre-Event VHR Optical Data and Post-Event PolSAR Data to Investigate Damage Caused by the 2011 Japan Tsunami in Built-Up Areas
by Minyoung Jung, Junho Yeom and Yongil Kim
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(11), 1804; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111804 - 14 Nov 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2713
Abstract
Combining pre-disaster optical and post-disaster synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite data is essential for the timely damage investigation because the availability of data in a disaster area is usually limited. This article proposes a novel method to assess damage in urban areas by [...] Read more.
Combining pre-disaster optical and post-disaster synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite data is essential for the timely damage investigation because the availability of data in a disaster area is usually limited. This article proposes a novel method to assess damage in urban areas by analyzing combined pre-disaster very high resolution (VHR) optical data and post-disaster polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data, which has rarely been used in previous research because the two data have extremely different characteristics. To overcome these differences and effectively compare VHR optical data and PolSAR data, a technique to simulate polarization orientation angles (POAs) in built-up areas was developed using building orientations extracted from VHR optical data. The POA is an intrinsic parameter of PolSAR data and has a physical relationship with building orientation. A damage level indicator was also proposed, based on the consideration of diminished homogeneity of POA values by damaged buildings. The indicator is the difference between directional dispersions of the pre and post-disaster POA values. Damage assessment in urban areas was conducted by using the indicator calculated with the simulated pre-disaster POAs from VHR optical data and the derived post-disaster PolSAR POAs. The proposed method was validated on the case study of the 2011 tsunami in Japan using pre-disaster KOMPSAT-2 data and post-disaster ALOS/PALSAR-1 data. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method accurately simulated the POAs with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 2.761° and successfully measured the level of damage in built-up areas. The proposed method can facilitate efficient and fast damage assessment in built-up areas by comparing pre-disaster VHR optical data and post-disaster PolSAR data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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22 pages, 29462 KiB  
Article
Automatic Ship Detection Using the Artificial Neural Network and Support Vector Machine from X-Band Sar Satellite Images
by Jeong-In Hwang and Hyung-Sup Jung
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(11), 1799; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111799 - 13 Nov 2018
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 6468
Abstract
In this paper, an automatic ship detection method using the artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) from X-band SAR satellite images is proposed. When using machine learning techniques, the most important points to consider are (i) defining the proper input [...] Read more.
In this paper, an automatic ship detection method using the artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) from X-band SAR satellite images is proposed. When using machine learning techniques, the most important points to consider are (i) defining the proper input neurons and (ii) selecting the correct training data. We focused on generating two optimal input data neurons that (i) strengthened ship targets and (ii) mitigated noise effects by image processing techniques, including median filtering, multi-looking, etc. The median filter and multi-look operations were used to reduce the background noise, and the median filter operation was also used to remove ships in an image in order to maximize the difference between the pixel values of ships and the sea. Through the root-mean-square difference calculation, most ship targets, even including small ships, were emphasized in the images. We tested the performance of the proposed method using X-band high-resolution SAR images including COSMO-SkyMed, KOMPSAT-5, and TerraSAR-X images. An intensity difference map and a texture difference map were extracted from the X-band SAR single-look complex (SLC) images, and then, the maps were used as input neurons for the ANN and SVM machine learning techniques. Finally, we created ship-probability maps through the machine learning techniques. To validate the ANN and SVM results, optimal threshold values were obtained by using the statistical approach and then used to identify ships from the ship-probability maps. Consequently, the level of recall achieved was greater than 90% in most cases. This means that the proposed method enables the detection of most ship targets from X-band SAR images with a reduced number of false detections from negative effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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23 pages, 5570 KiB  
Article
Improved Satellite Retrieval of Tropospheric NO2 Column Density via Updating of Air Mass Factor (AMF): Case Study of Southern China
by Hugo Wai Leung Mak, Joshua L. Laughner, Jimmy Chi Hung Fung, Qindan Zhu and Ronald C. Cohen
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(11), 1789; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111789 - 12 Nov 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4891
Abstract
Improving air quality and reducing human exposure to unhealthy levels of airborne chemicals are important global missions, particularly in China. Satellite remote sensing offers a powerful tool to examine regional trends in NO2, thus providing a direct measure of key parameters [...] Read more.
Improving air quality and reducing human exposure to unhealthy levels of airborne chemicals are important global missions, particularly in China. Satellite remote sensing offers a powerful tool to examine regional trends in NO2, thus providing a direct measure of key parameters that strongly affect surface air quality. To accurately resolve spatial gradients in NO2 concentration using satellite observations and thus understand local and regional aspects of air quality, a priori input data at sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution to account for pixel-to-pixel variability in the characteristics of the land and atmosphere are required. In this paper, we adapt the Berkeley High Resolution product (BEHR-HK) and meteorological outputs from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to describe column NO2 in southern China. The BEHR approach is particularly useful for places with large spatial variabilities and terrain height differences such as China. There are two major objectives and goals: (1) developing new BEHR-HK v3.0C product for retrieving tropospheric NO2 vertical column density (TVCD) within part of southern China, for four months of 2015, based upon satellite datasets from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI); and (2) evaluating BEHR-HK v3.0C retrieval result through validation, by comparing with MAX-DOAS tropospheric column measurements conducted in Guangzhou. Results show that all BEHR-HK retrieval algorithms (with R-value of 0.9839 for v3.0C) are of higher consistency with MAX-DOAS measurements than OMI-NASA retrieval (with R-value of 0.7644). This opens new windows into research questions that require high spatial resolution, for example retrieving NO2 vertical column and ground pollutant concentration in China and other countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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15 pages, 7124 KiB  
Article
Vegetation Height Estimate in Rice Fields Using Single Polarization TanDEM-X Science Phase Data
by Seung-Kuk Lee, Sun Yong Yoon and Joong-Sun Won
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(11), 1702; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111702 - 29 Oct 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3388
Abstract
This study presents the retrieval of rice paddy height using single polarization (single-pol) interferometric SAR (InSAR) data by means of model-based height inversion without an external DEM. A total of eight TanDEM-X (TDX) scenes were used and the TDX images were; acquired using [...] Read more.
This study presents the retrieval of rice paddy height using single polarization (single-pol) interferometric SAR (InSAR) data by means of model-based height inversion without an external DEM. A total of eight TanDEM-X (TDX) scenes were used and the TDX images were; acquired using a large cross-track baseline configuration during the TDX Science Phase (June–August 2015). A single-pol inversion approach for a flooded rice field is proposed and evaluated over the Buan test site in South Korea. A novel approach is adopted for the estimation of the ground (i.e., water level) interferometric phase within a flooded rice paddy from TDX data acquired during a period of early rice growth. It is consequently possible to apply the model-based inversion algorithm to the single-pol InSAR data. Rice height maps during the rice growth cycle presented and validated by field measurements. The results demonstrated the high performance of the inversion with a correlation coefficient of 0.78 and an RMSE of 0.10 m. The proposed methodology will be useful to monitor rice plants and to predict a gross rice yield, along with dual and fully polarimetric interferometric SAR data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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16 pages, 13608 KiB  
Article
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping and Comparison Using Decision Tree Models: A Case Study of Jumunjin Area, Korea
by Sung-Jae Park, Chang-Wook Lee, Saro Lee and Moung-Jin Lee
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(10), 1545; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101545 - 25 Sep 2018
Cited by 84 | Viewed by 5749
Abstract
We assessed landslide susceptibility using Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID), exhaustive CHAID, and Quick, Unbiased, and Efficient Statistical Tree (QUEST) decision tree models in Jumunjin-eup, Gangneung-si, Korea. A total of 548 landslides were identified based on interpretation of aerial photographs. Half of the [...] Read more.
We assessed landslide susceptibility using Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID), exhaustive CHAID, and Quick, Unbiased, and Efficient Statistical Tree (QUEST) decision tree models in Jumunjin-eup, Gangneung-si, Korea. A total of 548 landslides were identified based on interpretation of aerial photographs. Half of the 548 landslides were selected for modeling, and the remaining half were used for verification. We used 20 landslide control factors that were classified into five categories, namely topographic elements, hydrological elements, soil maps, forest maps, and geological maps, to determine landslide susceptibility. The relationships of landslide occurrence with landslide-inducing factors were analyzed using CHAID, exhaustive CHAID, and QUEST models. The three models were then verified using the area under the curve (AUC) method. The results showed that the CHAID model (AUC = 87.1%) was more accurate than the exhaustive CHAID (AUC = 86.9%) and QUEST models (AUC = 82.8%). The verification results showed that the CHAID model had the highest accuracy. There was high susceptibility to landslides in mountainous areas and low susceptibility in coastal areas. Analyzing the characteristics of the landslide control factors in advance will enable us to obtain more accurate results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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16 pages, 3939 KiB  
Article
A Performance Evaluation of a Geo-Spatial Image Processing Service Based on Open Source PaaS Cloud Computing Using Cloud Foundry on OpenStack
by Kiwon Lee and Kwangseob Kim
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(8), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081274 - 13 Aug 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4450
Abstract
Recently, web application services based on cloud computing technologies are being offered. In the web-based application field of geo-spatial data management or processing, data processing services are produced or operated using various information communication technologies. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) is a type of cloud computing [...] Read more.
Recently, web application services based on cloud computing technologies are being offered. In the web-based application field of geo-spatial data management or processing, data processing services are produced or operated using various information communication technologies. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) is a type of cloud computing service model that provides a platform that allows service providers to implement, execute, and manage applications without the complexity of establishing and maintaining the lower-level infrastructure components, typically related to application development and launching. There are advantages, in terms of cost-effectiveness and service development expansion, of applying non-proprietary PaaS cloud computing. Nevertheless, there have not been many studies on the use of PaaS technologies to build geo-spatial application services. This study was based on open source PaaS technologies used in a geo-spatial image processing service, and it aimed to evaluate the performance of that service in relation to the Web Processing Service (WPS) 2.0 specification, based on the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) after a test application deployment using the configured service supported by a cloud environment. Using these components, the performance of an edge extraction algorithm on the test system in three cases, of 300, 500, and 700 threads, was assessed through a comparison test with another test system, in the same three cases, using Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) without Load Balancer-as-a-Service (LBaaS). According to the experiment results, in all the test cases of WPS execution considered in this study, the PaaS-based geo-spatial service had a greater performance and lower error rates than the IaaS-based cloud without LBaaS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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18 pages, 5418 KiB  
Article
Application of Ensemble-Based Machine Learning Models to Landslide Susceptibility Mapping
by Prima Riza Kadavi, Chang-Wook Lee and Saro Lee
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(8), 1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081252 - 09 Aug 2018
Cited by 151 | Viewed by 8449
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to produce landslide susceptibility maps using various ensemble-based machine learning models (i.e., the AdaBoost, LogitBoost, Multiclass Classifier, and Bagging models) for the Sacheon-myeon area of South Korea. A landslide inventory map including a total of 762 [...] Read more.
The main purpose of this study was to produce landslide susceptibility maps using various ensemble-based machine learning models (i.e., the AdaBoost, LogitBoost, Multiclass Classifier, and Bagging models) for the Sacheon-myeon area of South Korea. A landslide inventory map including a total of 762 landslides was compiled based on reports and aerial photograph interpretations. The landslides were randomly separated into two datasets: 70% of landslides were selected for the model establishment and 30% were used for validation purposes. Additionally, 20 landslide condition factors divided into five categories (topographic factors, hydrological factors, soil map, geological map, and forest map) were considered in the landslide susceptibility mapping. The relationships among landslide occurrence and landslide conditioning factors were analyzed and the landslide susceptibility maps were calculated and drawn using the AdaBoost, LogitBoost, Multiclass Classifier, and Bagging models. Finally, the maps were validated using the area under the curve (AUC) method. The Multiclass Classifier method had higher prediction accuracy (85.9%) than the Bagging (AUC = 85.4%), LogitBoost (AUC = 84.8%), and AdaBoost (84.0%) methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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10 pages, 4173 KiB  
Letter
A Simple Method for the Parameterization of Surface Roughness from Microwave Remote Sensing
by Saeid Gharechelou, Ryutaro Tateishi and Brian A. Johnson
Remote Sens. 2018, 10(11), 1711; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111711 - 30 Oct 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5813
Abstract
Generally, the characterization of land surface roughness is obtained from the analysis of height variations observed along transects (e.g., root mean square (RMS) height, correlation length, and autocorrelation function). These surface roughness measurements are then used as inputs for surface dynamics modeling, e.g., [...] Read more.
Generally, the characterization of land surface roughness is obtained from the analysis of height variations observed along transects (e.g., root mean square (RMS) height, correlation length, and autocorrelation function). These surface roughness measurements are then used as inputs for surface dynamics modeling, e.g., for soil erosion modeling, runoff estimation, and microwave remote sensing scattering modeling and calibration. In the past, researchers have suggested various methods for estimating roughness parameters based on ground measurements, e.g., using a pin profilometer, but these methods require physical contact with the land and can be time-consuming to conduct. The target of this research is to develop a technique for deriving surface roughness characteristics from digital camera images by applying photogrammetric and geographical information systems (GIS) analysis techniques. First, ground photos acquired by a digital camera in the field were used to create a point cloud and 3D digital terrain model (DTM). Then, the DTM was imported to a GIS environment to calculate the surface roughness parameter for each field site. The results of the roughness derivation can be integrated with soil moisture for backscattering simulation, e.g., for inversion modeling to retrieve the backscattering coefficient. The results show that the proposed method has a high potential for retrieving surface roughness parameters in a time- and cost-efficient manner. The selection of homogeneous fields and the increased spatial distribution of sites in the study area will show a better result for microwave backscattering modeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “International Symposium on Remote Sensing 2018”)
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