sensors-logo

Journal Browser

Journal Browser

Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Remote Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2017) | Viewed by 109345

Special Issue Editor

Naval Research Laboratory, Remote Sensing Division, 4555 Overlook Ave, SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
Interests: hyperspectral and polarimetric imaging; bio-optical oceanography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

These Special Issues concern multispectral and hyperspectral imaging. Both approaches measure the wavelength dependence of the light captured by a sensor, but the nature of the instrument, and sometimes the processing approach, are different. Such work has quantified the idea of using “color” to gather information regarding the environment around us. The human eye allows for the use of color for many things—from determining fruit ripeness, to picking out Mars in the night sky. It has been about 350 years since Newton performed his experiments with prisms, heralding the start of optical spectroscopy; however, the roughly 45 years since the launch of LandSat has seen an enormous explosion in the ability of spectral imaging to impact many diverse fields. Technological advancements in several areas (spectrometers, computer processing, GPS/INS) have reduced the cost and increased the capability of using such data. Now, multispectral and hyperspectral instruments orbit the Earth and other planets, are used in factories and medical facilities, and have both military and forensic uses. Here, we limit our area of interest to the wavelength range of 200–14,000 nm.

As the field is so large, there will be two Special Issues—Part I: “Addresses the Extraction of Information from Data”, and Part II: “Instruments Themselves plus any Supporting Instrumentation or Methods”.

The first one, “Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data” will cover all work that addresses the extraction of information from the data. Instruments that measure a single optical spectrum or ones that measure tens of thousands of spectra are included. Subjects include, but are not limited to, target detection, retrieval of environmental information, industrial and medical uses. Essentially, this includes all processes used once the data is, as necessary, calibrated and geolocated, or otherwise prepared.

The second issue can be found at https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors/special_issues/Multispectral_Hyperspectral_Instrumentation.

Dr. Jeffrey H. Bowles
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (14 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review, Other

14 pages, 5144 KiB  
Article
ISBDD Model for Classification of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Imagery
by Na Li, Zhaopeng Xu, Huijie Zhao, Xinchen Huang, Zhenhong Li, Jane Drummond and Daming Wang
Sensors 2018, 18(3), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030780 - 05 Mar 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3792
Abstract
The diverse density (DD) algorithm was proposed to handle the problem of low classification accuracy when training samples contain interference such as mixed pixels. The DD algorithm can learn a feature vector from training bags, which comprise instances (pixels). However, the feature vector [...] Read more.
The diverse density (DD) algorithm was proposed to handle the problem of low classification accuracy when training samples contain interference such as mixed pixels. The DD algorithm can learn a feature vector from training bags, which comprise instances (pixels). However, the feature vector learned by the DD algorithm cannot always effectively represent one type of ground cover. To handle this problem, an instance space-based diverse density (ISBDD) model that employs a novel training strategy is proposed in this paper. In the ISBDD model, DD values of each pixel are computed instead of learning a feature vector, and as a result, the pixel can be classified according to its DD values. Airborne hyperspectral data collected by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensor and the Push-broom Hyperspectral Imager (PHI) are applied to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. Results show that the overall classification accuracy of ISBDD model on the AVIRIS and PHI images is up to 97.65% and 89.02%, respectively, while the kappa coefficient is up to 0.97 and 0.88, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5644 KiB  
Article
Multisensor Analysis of Spectral Dimensionality and Soil Diversity in the Great Central Valley of California
by Daniel Sousa and Christopher Small
Sensors 2018, 18(2), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020583 - 14 Feb 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4589
Abstract
Planned hyperspectral satellite missions and the decreased revisit time of multispectral imaging offer the potential for data fusion to leverage both the spectral resolution of hyperspectral sensors and the temporal resolution of multispectral constellations. Hyperspectral imagery can also be used to better understand [...] Read more.
Planned hyperspectral satellite missions and the decreased revisit time of multispectral imaging offer the potential for data fusion to leverage both the spectral resolution of hyperspectral sensors and the temporal resolution of multispectral constellations. Hyperspectral imagery can also be used to better understand fundamental properties of multispectral data. In this analysis, we use five flight lines from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) archive with coincident Landsat 8 acquisitions over a spectrally diverse region of California to address the following questions: (1) How much of the spectral dimensionality of hyperspectral data is captured in multispectral data?; (2) Is the characteristic pyramidal structure of the multispectral feature space also present in the low order dimensions of the hyperspectral feature space at comparable spatial scales?; (3) How much variability in rock and soil substrate endmembers (EMs) present in hyperspectral data is captured by multispectral sensors? We find nearly identical partitions of variance, low-order feature space topologies, and EM spectra for hyperspectral and multispectral image composites. The resulting feature spaces and EMs are also very similar to those from previous global multispectral analyses, implying that the fundamental structure of the global feature space is present in our relatively small spatial subset of California. Finally, we find that the multispectral dataset well represents the substrate EM variability present in the study area – despite its inability to resolve narrow band absorptions. We observe a tentative but consistent physical relationship between the gradation of substrate reflectance in the feature space and the gradation of sand versus clay content in the soil classification system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 4678 KiB  
Article
Hyperspectral Image Classification for Land Cover Based on an Improved Interval Type-II Fuzzy C-Means Approach
by Hongyuan Huo, Jifa Guo and Zhao-Liang Li
Sensors 2018, 18(2), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020363 - 26 Jan 2018
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4545
Abstract
Few studies have examined hyperspectral remote-sensing image classification with type-II fuzzy sets. This paper addresses image classification based on a hyperspectral remote-sensing technique using an improved interval type-II fuzzy c-means (IT2FCM*) approach. In this study, in contrast to other traditional fuzzy c-means-based approaches, [...] Read more.
Few studies have examined hyperspectral remote-sensing image classification with type-II fuzzy sets. This paper addresses image classification based on a hyperspectral remote-sensing technique using an improved interval type-II fuzzy c-means (IT2FCM*) approach. In this study, in contrast to other traditional fuzzy c-means-based approaches, the IT2FCM* algorithm considers the ranking of interval numbers and the spectral uncertainty. The classification results based on a hyperspectral dataset using the FCM, IT2FCM, and the proposed improved IT2FCM* algorithms show that the IT2FCM* method plays the best performance according to the clustering accuracy. In this paper, in order to validate and demonstrate the separability of the IT2FCM*, four type-I fuzzy validity indexes are employed, and a comparative analysis of these fuzzy validity indexes also applied in FCM and IT2FCM methods are made. These four indexes are also applied into different spatial and spectral resolution datasets to analyze the effects of spectral and spatial scaling factors on the separability of FCM, IT2FCM, and IT2FCM* methods. The results of these validity indexes from the hyperspectral datasets show that the improved IT2FCM* algorithm have the best values among these three algorithms in general. The results demonstrate that the IT2FCM* exhibits good performance in hyperspectral remote-sensing image classification because of its ability to handle hyperspectral uncertainty. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Figure 1

5422 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Random Forest, k-Nearest Neighbor, and Support Vector Machine Classifiers for Land Cover Classification Using Sentinel-2 Imagery
by Phan Thanh Noi and Martin Kappas
Sensors 2018, 18(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010018 - 22 Dec 2017
Cited by 677 | Viewed by 34830
Abstract
In previous classification studies, three non-parametric classifiers, Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were reported as the foremost classifiers at producing high accuracies. However, only a few studies have compared the performances of these classifiers with different training [...] Read more.
In previous classification studies, three non-parametric classifiers, Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), were reported as the foremost classifiers at producing high accuracies. However, only a few studies have compared the performances of these classifiers with different training sample sizes for the same remote sensing images, particularly the Sentinel-2 Multispectral Imager (MSI). In this study, we examined and compared the performances of the RF, kNN, and SVM classifiers for land use/cover classification using Sentinel-2 image data. An area of 30 × 30 km2 within the Red River Delta of Vietnam with six land use/cover types was classified using 14 different training sample sizes, including balanced and imbalanced, from 50 to over 1250 pixels/class. All classification results showed a high overall accuracy (OA) ranging from 90% to 95%. Among the three classifiers and 14 sub-datasets, SVM produced the highest OA with the least sensitivity to the training sample sizes, followed consecutively by RF and kNN. In relation to the sample size, all three classifiers showed a similar and high OA (over 93.85%) when the training sample size was large enough, i.e., greater than 750 pixels/class or representing an area of approximately 0.25% of the total study area. The high accuracy was achieved with both imbalanced and balanced datasets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

2543 KiB  
Article
Dimension Reduction Aided Hyperspectral Image Classification with a Small-sized Training Dataset: Experimental Comparisons
by Jinya Su, Dewei Yi, Cunjia Liu, Lei Guo and Wen-Hua Chen
Sensors 2017, 17(12), 2726; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17122726 - 25 Nov 2017
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5032
Abstract
Hyperspectral images (HSI) provide rich information which may not be captured by other sensing technologies and therefore gradually find a wide range of applications. However, they also generate a large amount of irrelevant or redundant data for a specific task. This causes a [...] Read more.
Hyperspectral images (HSI) provide rich information which may not be captured by other sensing technologies and therefore gradually find a wide range of applications. However, they also generate a large amount of irrelevant or redundant data for a specific task. This causes a number of issues including significantly increased computation time, complexity and scale of prediction models mapping the data to semantics (e.g., classification), and the need of a large amount of labelled data for training. Particularly, it is generally difficult and expensive for experts to acquire sufficient training samples in many applications. This paper addresses these issues by exploring a number of classical dimension reduction algorithms in machine learning communities for HSI classification. To reduce the size of training dataset, feature selection (e.g., mutual information, minimal redundancy maximal relevance) and feature extraction (e.g., Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Kernel PCA) are adopted to augment a baseline classification method, Support Vector Machine (SVM). The proposed algorithms are evaluated using a real HSI dataset. It is shown that PCA yields the most promising performance in reducing the number of features or spectral bands. It is observed that while significantly reducing the computational complexity, the proposed method can achieve better classification results over the classic SVM on a small training dataset, which makes it suitable for real-time applications or when only limited training data are available. Furthermore, it can also achieve performances similar to the classic SVM on large datasets but with much less computing time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Figure 1

3025 KiB  
Article
A Hyperspectral Image Classification Framework with Spatial Pixel Pair Features
by Lingyan Ran, Yanning Zhang, Wei Wei and Qilin Zhang
Sensors 2017, 17(10), 2421; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102421 - 23 Oct 2017
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 10859
Abstract
During recent years, convolutional neural network (CNN)-based methods have been widely applied to hyperspectral image (HSI) classification by mostly mining the spectral variabilities. However, the spatial consistency in HSI is rarely discussed except as an extra convolutional channel. Very recently, the development of [...] Read more.
During recent years, convolutional neural network (CNN)-based methods have been widely applied to hyperspectral image (HSI) classification by mostly mining the spectral variabilities. However, the spatial consistency in HSI is rarely discussed except as an extra convolutional channel. Very recently, the development of pixel pair features (PPF) for HSI classification offers a new way of incorporating spatial information. In this paper, we first propose an improved PPF-style feature, the spatial pixel pair feature (SPPF), that better exploits both the spatial/contextual information and spectral information. On top of the new SPPF, we further propose a flexible multi-stream CNN-based classification framework that is compatible with multiple in-stream sub-network designs. The proposed SPPF is different from the original PPF in its paring pixel selection strategy: only pixels immediately adjacent to the central one are eligible, therefore imposing stronger spatial regularization. Additionally, with off-the-shelf classification sub-network designs, the proposed multi-stream, late-fusion CNN-based framework outperforms competing ones without requiring extensive network configuration tuning. Experimental results on three publicly available datasets demonstrate the performance of the proposed SPPF-based HSI classification framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Figure 1

3800 KiB  
Article
A Sparse Dictionary Learning-Based Adaptive Patch Inpainting Method for Thick Clouds Removal from High-Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery
by Fan Meng, Xiaomei Yang, Chenghu Zhou and Zhi Li
Sensors 2017, 17(9), 2130; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092130 - 15 Sep 2017
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6728
Abstract
Cloud cover is inevitable in optical remote sensing (RS) imagery on account of the influence of observation conditions, which limits the availability of RS data. Therefore, it is of great significance to be able to reconstruct the cloud-contaminated ground information. This paper presents [...] Read more.
Cloud cover is inevitable in optical remote sensing (RS) imagery on account of the influence of observation conditions, which limits the availability of RS data. Therefore, it is of great significance to be able to reconstruct the cloud-contaminated ground information. This paper presents a sparse dictionary learning-based image inpainting method for adaptively recovering the missing information corrupted by thick clouds patch-by-patch. A feature dictionary was learned from exemplars in the cloud-free regions, which was later utilized to infer the missing patches via sparse representation. To maintain the coherence of structures, structure sparsity was brought in to encourage first filling-in of missing patches on image structures. The optimization model of patch inpainting was formulated under the adaptive neighborhood-consistency constraint, which was solved by a modified orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm. In light of these ideas, the thick-cloud removal scheme was designed and applied to images with simulated and true clouds. Comparisons and experiments show that our method can not only keep structures and textures consistent with the surrounding ground information, but also yield rare smoothing effect and block effect, which is more suitable for the removal of clouds from high-spatial resolution RS imagery with salient structures and abundant textured features. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Figure 1

1605 KiB  
Article
A Robust Sparse Representation Model for Hyperspectral Image Classification
by Shaoguang Huang, Hongyan Zhang and Aleksandra Pižurica
Sensors 2017, 17(9), 2087; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092087 - 12 Sep 2017
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4083
Abstract
Sparse representation has been extensively investigated for hyperspectral image (HSI) classification and led to substantial improvements in the performance over the traditional methods, such as support vector machine (SVM). However, the existing sparsity-based classification methods typically assume Gaussian noise, neglecting the fact that [...] Read more.
Sparse representation has been extensively investigated for hyperspectral image (HSI) classification and led to substantial improvements in the performance over the traditional methods, such as support vector machine (SVM). However, the existing sparsity-based classification methods typically assume Gaussian noise, neglecting the fact that HSIs are often corrupted by different types of noise in practice. In this paper, we develop a robust classification model that admits realistic mixed noise, which includes Gaussian noise and sparse noise. We combine a model for mixed noise with a prior on the representation coefficients of input data within a unified framework, which produces three kinds of robust classification methods based on sparse representation classification (SRC), joint SRC and joint SRC on a super-pixels level. Experimental results on simulated and real data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and clear benefits from the introduced mixed-noise model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Figure 1

6416 KiB  
Article
Progressive Line Processing of Kernel RX Anomaly Detection Algorithm for Hyperspectral Imagery
by Chunhui Zhao, Weiwei Deng, Yiming Yan and Xifeng Yao
Sensors 2017, 17(8), 1815; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081815 - 07 Aug 2017
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3676
Abstract
The Kernel-RX detector (KRXD) has attracted widespread interest in hyperspectral image processing with the utilization of nonlinear information. However, the kernelization of hyperspectral data leads to poor execution efficiency in KRXD. This paper presents an approach to the progressive line processing of KRXD [...] Read more.
The Kernel-RX detector (KRXD) has attracted widespread interest in hyperspectral image processing with the utilization of nonlinear information. However, the kernelization of hyperspectral data leads to poor execution efficiency in KRXD. This paper presents an approach to the progressive line processing of KRXD (PLP-KRXD) that can perform KRXD line by line (the main data acquisition pattern). Parallel causal sliding windows are defined to ensure the causality of PLP-KRXD. Then, with the employment of the Woodbury matrix identity and the matrix inversion lemma, PLP-KRXD has the capacity to recursively update the kernel matrices, thereby avoiding a great many repetitive calculations of complex matrices, and greatly reducing the algorithm’s complexity. To substantiate the usefulness and effectiveness of PLP-KRXD, three groups of hyperspectral datasets are used to conduct experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Figure 1

4975 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Chlorophyll-a Algorithms Considering Different Trophic Statuses and Optimal Bands
by Salem Ibrahim Salem, Hiroto Higa, Hyungjun Kim, Hiroshi Kobayashi, Kazuo Oki and Taikan Oki
Sensors 2017, 17(8), 1746; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081746 - 31 Jul 2017
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4748
Abstract
Numerous algorithms have been proposed to retrieve chlorophyll-a concentrations in Case 2 waters; however, the retrieval accuracy is far from satisfactory. In this research, seven algorithms are assessed with different band combinations of multispectral and hyperspectral bands using linear (LN), quadratic polynomial [...] Read more.
Numerous algorithms have been proposed to retrieve chlorophyll-a concentrations in Case 2 waters; however, the retrieval accuracy is far from satisfactory. In this research, seven algorithms are assessed with different band combinations of multispectral and hyperspectral bands using linear (LN), quadratic polynomial (QP) and power (PW) regression approaches, resulting in altogether 43 algorithmic combinations. These algorithms are evaluated by using simulated and measured datasets to understand the strengths and limitations of these algorithms. Two simulated datasets comprising 500,000 reflectance spectra each, both based on wide ranges of inherent optical properties (IOPs), are generated for the calibration and validation stages. Results reveal that the regression approach (i.e., LN, QP, and PW) has more influence on the simulated dataset than on the measured one. The algorithms that incorporated linear regression provide the highest retrieval accuracy for the simulated dataset. Results from simulated datasets reveal that the 3-band (3b) algorithm that incorporate 665-nm and 680-nm bands and band tuning selection approach outperformed other algorithms with root mean square error (RMSE) of 15.87 mg·m−3, 16.25 mg·m−3, and 19.05 mg·m−3, respectively. The spatial distribution of the best performing algorithms, for various combinations of chlorophyll-a (Chla) and non-algal particles (NAP) concentrations, show that the 3b_tuning_QP and 3b_680_QP outperform other algorithms in terms of minimum RMSE frequency of 33.19% and 60.52%, respectively. However, the two algorithms failed to accurately retrieve Chla for many combinations of Chla and NAP, particularly for low Chla and NAP concentrations. In addition, the spatial distribution emphasizes that no single algorithm can provide outstanding accuracy for Chla retrieval and that multi-algorithms should be included to reduce the error. Comparing the results of the measured and simulated datasets reveal that the algorithms that incorporate the 665-nm band outperform other algorithms for measured dataset (RMSE = 36.84 mg·m−3), while algorithms that incorporate the band tuning approach provide the highest retrieval accuracy for the simulated dataset (RMSE = 25.05 mg·m−3). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

3758 KiB  
Article
Grading of Chinese Cantonese Sausage Using Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with Chemometric Methods
by Aiping Gong, Susu Zhu, Yong He and Chu Zhang
Sensors 2017, 17(8), 1706; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081706 - 25 Jul 2017
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4634
Abstract
Fast and accurate grading of Chinese Cantonese sausage is an important concern for customers, organizations, and the industry. Hyperspectral imaging in the spectral range of 874–1734 nm, combined with chemometric methods, was applied to grade Chinese Cantonese sausage. Three grades of intact and [...] Read more.
Fast and accurate grading of Chinese Cantonese sausage is an important concern for customers, organizations, and the industry. Hyperspectral imaging in the spectral range of 874–1734 nm, combined with chemometric methods, was applied to grade Chinese Cantonese sausage. Three grades of intact and sliced Cantonese sausages were studied, including the top, first, and second grades. Support vector machine (SVM) and random forests (RF) techniques were used to build two different models. Second derivative spectra and RF were applied to select optimal wavelengths. The optimal wavelengths were the same for intact and sliced sausages when selected from second derivative spectra, while the optimal wavelengths for intact and sliced sausages selected using RF were quite similar. The SVM and RF models, using full spectra and the optimal wavelengths, obtained acceptable results for intact and sliced sausages. Both models for intact sausages performed better than those for sliced sausages, with a classification accuracy of the calibration and prediction set of over 90%. The overall results indicated that hyperspectral imaging combined with chemometric methods could be used to grade Chinese Cantonese sausages, with intact sausages being better suited for grading. This study will help to develop fast and accurate online grading of Cantonese sausages, as well as other sausages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Figure 1

3036 KiB  
Article
A Satellite-Based Imaging Instrumentation Concept for Hyperspectral Thermal Remote Sensing
by Thomas Udelhoven, Martin Schlerf, Karl Segl, Kaniska Mallick, Christian Bossung, Rebecca Retzlaff, Gilles Rock, Peter Fischer, Andreas Müller, Tobias Storch, Andreas Eisele, Dennis Weise, Werner Hupfer and Thiemo Knigge
Sensors 2017, 17(7), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071542 - 01 Jul 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7805
Abstract
This paper describes the concept of the hyperspectral Earth-observing thermal infrared (TIR) satellite mission HiTeSEM (High-resolution Temperature and Spectral Emissivity Mapping). The scientific goal is to measure specific key variables from the biosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, and geosphere related to two global problems of [...] Read more.
This paper describes the concept of the hyperspectral Earth-observing thermal infrared (TIR) satellite mission HiTeSEM (High-resolution Temperature and Spectral Emissivity Mapping). The scientific goal is to measure specific key variables from the biosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, and geosphere related to two global problems of significant societal relevance: food security and human health. The key variables comprise land and sea surface radiation temperature and emissivity, surface moisture, thermal inertia, evapotranspiration, soil minerals and grain size components, soil organic carbon, plant physiological variables, and heat fluxes. The retrieval of this information requires a TIR imaging system with adequate spatial and spectral resolutions and with day-night following observation capability. Another challenge is the monitoring of temporally high dynamic features like energy fluxes, which require adequate revisit time. The suggested solution is a sensor pointing concept to allow high revisit times for selected target regions (1–5 days at off-nadir). At the same time, global observations in the nadir direction are guaranteed with a lower temporal repeat cycle (>1 month). To account for the demand of a high spatial resolution for complex targets, it is suggested to combine in one optic (1) a hyperspectral TIR system with ~75 bands at 7.2–12.5 µm (instrument NEDT 0.05 K–0.1 K) and a ground sampling distance (GSD) of 60 m, and (2) a panchromatic high-resolution TIR-imager with two channels (8.0–10.25 µm and 10.25–12.5 µm) and a GSD of 20 m. The identified science case requires a good correlation of the instrument orbit with Sentinel-2 (maximum delay of 1–3 days) to combine data from the visible and near infrared (VNIR), the shortwave infrared (SWIR) and TIR spectral regions and to refine parameter retrieval. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

23 pages, 1326 KiB  
Review
Non-Destructive Spectroscopic Techniques and Multivariate Analysis for Assessment of Fat Quality in Pork and Pork Products: A Review
by Christopher T. Kucha, Li Liu and Michael O. Ngadi
Sensors 2018, 18(2), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020377 - 28 Jan 2018
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 6484
Abstract
Fat is one of the most important traits determining the quality of pork. The composition of the fat greatly influences the quality of pork and its processed products, and contribute to defining the overall carcass value. However, establishing an efficient method for assessing [...] Read more.
Fat is one of the most important traits determining the quality of pork. The composition of the fat greatly influences the quality of pork and its processed products, and contribute to defining the overall carcass value. However, establishing an efficient method for assessing fat quality parameters such as fatty acid composition, solid fat content, oxidative stability, iodine value, and fat color, remains a challenge that must be addressed. Conventional methods such as visual inspection, mechanical methods, and chemical methods are used off the production line, which often results in an inaccurate representation of the process because the dynamics are lost due to the time required to perform the analysis. Consequently, rapid, and non-destructive alternative methods are needed. In this paper, the traditional fat quality assessment techniques are discussed with emphasis on spectroscopic techniques as an alternative. Potential spectroscopic techniques include infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopy. Hyperspectral imaging as an emerging advanced spectroscopy-based technology is introduced and discussed for the recent development of assessment for fat quality attributes. All techniques are described in terms of their operating principles and the research advances involving their application for pork fat quality parameters. Future trends for the non-destructive spectroscopic techniques are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

15 pages, 4699 KiB  
Technical Note
Proposal of a Method to Determine the Correlation between Total Suspended Solids and Dissolved Organic Matter in Water Bodies from Spectral Imaging and Artificial Neural Networks
by Maurício R. Veronez, Lucas S. Kupssinskü, Tainá T. Guimarães, Emilie C. Koste, Juarez M. Da Silva, Laís V. De Souza, William F. M. Oliverio, Rogélio S. Jardim, Ismael É. Koch, Jonas G. De Souza, Luiz Gonzaga, Jr., Frederico F. Mauad, Leonardo C. Inocencio and Fabiane Bordin
Sensors 2018, 18(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010159 - 09 Jan 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6334
Abstract
Water quality monitoring through remote sensing with UAVs is best conducted using multispectral sensors; however, these sensors are expensive. We aimed to predict multispectral bands from a low-cost sensor (R, G, B bands) using artificial neural networks (ANN). We studied a lake located [...] Read more.
Water quality monitoring through remote sensing with UAVs is best conducted using multispectral sensors; however, these sensors are expensive. We aimed to predict multispectral bands from a low-cost sensor (R, G, B bands) using artificial neural networks (ANN). We studied a lake located on the campus of Unisinos University, Brazil, using a low-cost sensor mounted on a UAV. Simultaneously, we collected water samples during the UAV flight to determine total suspended solids (TSS) and dissolved organic matter (DOM). We correlated the three bands predicted with TSS and DOM. The results show that the ANN validation process predicted the three bands of the multispectral sensor using the three bands of the low-cost sensor with a low average error of 19%. The correlations with TSS and DOM resulted in R2 values of greater than 0.60, consistent with literature values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Data)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop