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Operationalizing the Circular City Model for Metropolitan and Port Cities Regeneration: Multiple Approaches, Tools and Evaluations

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2019) | Viewed by 55842

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Via Roma, 402, 80132 Napoli, Italy
2. CNR Institute for Research on Innovation and Services for Development, 80134 Napoli, NA, Italy
3. Institute for Research on Innovation and Services for Development of National Research Council, Pegaso University, 80100 Naples, Italy
Interests: urban design; urban planning; environmental impact assessment; heritage conservation; landscape planning; circular city; circular economy.
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As we all know, cities play a central role in the achievement of sustainable development. Cities (and in particular metropolitan cities) can represent a threat in the achievement of sustainable development but, at the same time, they can become the starting point to implement sustainable principles and goals. Many of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs of Agenda 2030) can be achieved in a city/territory.

Growing urbanization costs and natural resource depletion require the identification of new creative models to increase urban productivity in financial/economic, environmental and social dimensions.

It is necessary to rethink traditional models, exploring, and critically assessing integrated alternative development models.

Considering the “circular paradigm” as a way for implementing the urban regenerative strategy, this Special Issue aims to explore how cities, and in particular metropolitan cities and port cities are implementing circular economy in their agendas, reducing systemic entropy, increasing resilience and making port areas as drivers for the city regeneration.

Many cities are moving towards this new urban circular metabolism, but the “circular city”—as the reflection of the circular economy—is a still discussed concept in the international debate, representing a rich field of research.

The aim is to investigate practices of metropolitan and port cities that are creatively adopting circular economy as a “regenerative strategy” to achieve sustainable development, with a particular focus on operational tools and conditions of success, demonstrating the convenience in economic, social and environmental/spatial terms.

In particular, the researchers are invited to investigate about the following issues:

  • How metropolitan and port cities are including circular economy in their development strategies: new tools towards the “smart circular city model”;
  • Circular metropolitan strategies for making "inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities" and for implementing other SDG’s: the role of the port system;
  • Appropriate decision support system, tools, indicators, knowledge and data able to assess/monitor/improve the performances of the “circular city model”;
  • Good practices evaluations of circular economy implementation focused on multiple dimensions (and in particular on the social dimension of circular economy);
  • Big Data and circular economy/circular city planning;
  • The “circular city model” as the “Smart City model”: the role of utilities and ICT;
  • The role of cultural heritage and cultural landscape in public space making, to increase economic productivity and interpersonal connectivity in the fragmented city, reducing systemic entropy, reconnecting people to places and implementing the circular metropolitan city model;
  • New business models, new financing and governance tools in the “circular city” for improving efficiency and competitiveness;
  • The civic engagement to operationalize the circular paradigm

Prof. Dr. Luigi Fusco Girard
Guest Editor

Keywords

  • creative metropolitan city organization/metabolism
  • circular economy
  • circular city model
  • circular business/ financing/ governance
  • circular built / natural environment planning

Published Papers (7 papers)

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26 pages, 5096 KiB  
Article
Operationalizing the Circular City Model for Naples’ City-Port: A Hybrid Development Strategy
by Maria Cerreta, Eleonora Giovene di Girasole, Giuliano Poli and Stefania Regalbuto
Sustainability 2020, 12(7), 2927; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072927 - 07 Apr 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4695
Abstract
The city-port context involves a decisive reality for the economic development of territories and nations, capable of significantly influencing the conditions of well-being and quality of life, and of making the Circular City Model (CCM) operational, preserving and enhancing seas and marine resources [...] Read more.
The city-port context involves a decisive reality for the economic development of territories and nations, capable of significantly influencing the conditions of well-being and quality of life, and of making the Circular City Model (CCM) operational, preserving and enhancing seas and marine resources in a sustainable way. This can be achieved through the construction of appropriate production and consumption models, with attention to relations with the urban and territorial system. This paper presents an adaptive decision-making process for Naples (Italy) commercial port’s development strategies, aimed at re-establishing a sustainable city-port relationship and making Circular Economy (CE) principles operative. The approach has aimed at implementing a CCM by operationalizing European recommendations provided within both the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework—specifically focusing on goals 9, 11 and 12—and the Maritime Spatial Planning European Directive 2014/89, to face conflicts about the overlapping areas of the city-port through multidimensional evaluations’ principles and tools. In this perspective, a four-step methodological framework has been structured applying a place-based approach with mixed evaluation methods, eliciting soft and hard knowledge domains, which have been expressed and assessed by a core set of Sustainability Indicators (SI), linked to SDGs. The contribution outcomes have been centred on the assessment of three design alternatives for the East Naples port and the development of a hybrid regeneration scenario consistent with CE and sustainability principles. The structured decision-making process has allowed us to test how an adaptive approach can expand the knowledge base underpinning policy design and decisions to achieve better outcomes and cultivate a broad civic and technical engagement, that can enhance the legitimacy and transparency of policies. Full article
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48 pages, 1752 KiB  
Article
Moving Towards the Circular Economy/City Model: Which Tools for Operationalizing This Model?
by Luigi Fusco Girard and Francesca Nocca
Sustainability 2019, 11(22), 6253; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226253 - 07 Nov 2019
Cited by 81 | Viewed by 11253
Abstract
As the world continues to urbanize, identifying and implementing new urban development models and strategies is necessary to face sustainable development challenges. To this end, the circular economy model can be implemented in cities in order to operationalize and achieve human sustainable development [...] Read more.
As the world continues to urbanize, identifying and implementing new urban development models and strategies is necessary to face sustainable development challenges. To this end, the circular economy model can be implemented in cities in order to operationalize and achieve human sustainable development managing simultaneously, in a systemic perspective, the social inequalities issue and the ecological and economic crisis. Today there are many cities that are defining themselves as a “circular city” but, to date, a clear definition of this does not exist. In the transition towards the circular city, tools (such as evaluation, governance, financial, business tools) play a fundamental role. The aim of this paper is (after an analysis of the concept of the circular city and its implementation, starting from literature, official documents and reports) to identify and analyze tools for implementing the circular city model. In particular, a set of indicators to assess (positive and/or negative) impacts of projects and initiatives of the circular city agenda is identified. Full article
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24 pages, 2003 KiB  
Article
Circular Economy Strategies in Eight Historic Port Cities: Criteria and Indicators Towards a Circular City Assessment Framework
by Antonia Gravagnuolo, Mariarosaria Angrisano and Luigi Fusco Girard
Sustainability 2019, 11(13), 3512; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133512 - 26 Jun 2019
Cited by 121 | Viewed by 15390
Abstract
The circular city is emerging as new concept and form of practice in sustainable urban development. This is a response to the complex and pressing challenges of urbanization, as highlighted in the New Urban Agenda (NUA). The concept of a “circular city” or [...] Read more.
The circular city is emerging as new concept and form of practice in sustainable urban development. This is a response to the complex and pressing challenges of urbanization, as highlighted in the New Urban Agenda (NUA). The concept of a “circular city” or “circular city-region” derives from the circular economy model applied in the spatial territorial dimension. It can be associated with the concept of a “self-sustainable” regenerative city, as stated in paragraph n.71 of the NUA. This paper aims to develop an extensive form of “screening” of circular economy actions in emerging circular cities, focusing on eight European historic port cities self-defined as “circular”. The analysis is carried out as a review of circular economy actions in the selected cities, and specifically aims to identify the key areas of implementation in which the investments in the circular economy are more oriented, as well as to analyze the spatial implications of the reuse of buildings and sites, proposing a set of criteria and indicators for ex-ante and ex-post evaluations and monitoring of circular cities. Results show that the built environment (including cultural heritage), energy and mobility, waste management, water management, industrial production (including plastics, textiles, and industry 4.0 and circular design), agri-food, and citizens and communities can be adopted as strategic areas of implementation of the circular city model in historic cities, highlighting a lack of indicators in some sectors and identifying a possible framework for “closed” urban metabolism evaluation from a life-cycle perspective, focusing on evaluation criteria and indicators in the (historic) built environment. Full article
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27 pages, 3345 KiB  
Article
The Circular Regeneration of a Seaport
by Joanna Williams
Sustainability 2019, 11(12), 3424; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123424 - 21 Jun 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6011
Abstract
This paper seeks to operationalize the circular city concept for the process of regenerating a city port. It draws on a detailed case study—Stockholm Royal Seaport (SRSP)—and uses systems mapping techniques to understand the process. The paper develops a theoretical conceptualisation of a [...] Read more.
This paper seeks to operationalize the circular city concept for the process of regenerating a city port. It draws on a detailed case study—Stockholm Royal Seaport (SRSP)—and uses systems mapping techniques to understand the process. The paper develops a theoretical conceptualisation of a circular urban regeneration process. It reflects on how such a framing might be applied to a port system. The research explores the dimensions and dynamics of a circular regeneration process. It provides evidence to support the benefits of combining circular actions—loop, regenerate and adapt—in a successful regeneration process. It indicates how these circular actions will interact with other sustainable strategies (support actions) adopted in a city port (e.g., optimisation, substitution, sharing, etc.). This begins to provide an indication of the combination of actions which might be successfully applied. Finally, a performance framework for monitoring the development of “circular capacities” through the regeneration process in a port system is presented and tested in SRSP. The paper evaluates whether existing sustainability indicators would provide adequate information for performance monitoring. It finds that in the case of SRSP sustainability reporting currently does not provide adequate information for a robust evaluation to be completed. However, the investigation does begin to identify what data should be collected for performance monitoring. Full article
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29 pages, 3891 KiB  
Article
Circular Economy and Resilience Thinking for Historic Urban Landscape Regeneration: The Case of Torre Annunziata, Naples
by Katia Fabbricatti and Paolo Franco Biancamano
Sustainability 2019, 11(12), 3391; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123391 - 19 Jun 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5206
Abstract
The landscape, as an archive of the traces of the history of man and nature, can be considered a holistic indicator of sustainable, inclusive, safe, resilient cities as set out in Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. The UNESCO Recommendations on Historic Urban Landscape [...] Read more.
The landscape, as an archive of the traces of the history of man and nature, can be considered a holistic indicator of sustainable, inclusive, safe, resilient cities as set out in Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. The UNESCO Recommendations on Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) reflect it as a dynamic/evolving system that changes over time to meet social needs: it requires to be managed in a sustainable way, not only as a resource to be preserved. The beauty of the landscape is a common element in the development policies of many small-medium European and Italian cities. However, the state of abandonment and decay, the lack of investments, of often emigrated skills are the detractors. The circular economy model applied to the HUL leads to the ability to maximize the value of settlements, activating social, economic and environmental synergies. The research identifies the relationship among Circularity, Productivity and Resilience as an effective key to achieve the goals of Agenda 2030. The methodological approach tested on the case study of Torre Annunziata, Naples has reached a system of resilience performance indicators to express the complex nature of HUL and define a scenario of circular regeneration, based on the recreation of a virtuous circuit between physical, environmental, social, economic systems. Full article
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26 pages, 4774 KiB  
Article
Circular Economy and the Role of Universities in Urban Regeneration: The Case of Ortigia, Syracuse
by Stefania De Medici, Patrizia Riganti and Serena Viola
Sustainability 2018, 10(11), 4305; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10114305 - 20 Nov 2018
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 7485
Abstract
Regeneration processes activate stable regimes of interaction and interdependence among the architectural, economic, cultural and social sub-systems in settlements. The thesis of this paper is that in order to progress towards sustainable and inclusive cities, urban governance should widen the decision-making arena, promoting [...] Read more.
Regeneration processes activate stable regimes of interaction and interdependence among the architectural, economic, cultural and social sub-systems in settlements. The thesis of this paper is that in order to progress towards sustainable and inclusive cities, urban governance should widen the decision-making arena, promoting virtuous circular dynamics based on knowledge transfer, strategic decision making and stakeholders’ engagement. The historic urban landscape is a privileged la b for this purpose. The paper adapts the Triple-Helix model of knowledge-industry-government relationships to interpret the unexpected regimes of interaction between Local Authority and Cultural Heritage Assets triggered in the late 90es by the establishment of a knowledge provider such as a Faculty of Architecture in the highly degraded heritage context of the city of Syracuse, Italy. Following this approach, the authors explain the urban regeneration happened over the last 20 years in the port city of Syracuse, based on knowledge sharing and resources’ protection that promoted processes of social engagement and institutional empowerment for both new residents and entrepreneurs. Full article
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14 pages, 11204 KiB  
Article
An Overview of Problems and Solutions for Urban Freight Transport in Brazilian Cities
by Leise K. Oliveira, Betty Barraza, Bruno V. Bertocini, Cassiano A. Isler, Dannúbia R. Pires, Ellen C. N. Madalon, Jéssica Lima, José G. V. Vieira, Leonardo H. Meira, Lilian S. F. P. Bracarense, Renata A. Bandeira, Renata L. M. Oliveira and Suellem Ferreira
Sustainability 2018, 10(4), 1233; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041233 - 18 Apr 2018
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4607
Abstract
Urban freight transport is a challenge for Brazilian cities due to the lack of adequate planning for freight flow movement. Public managers also show negligence and a lack of awareness when dealing with urban logistics. Decision-support data on urban freight transport are still [...] Read more.
Urban freight transport is a challenge for Brazilian cities due to the lack of adequate planning for freight flow movement. Public managers also show negligence and a lack of awareness when dealing with urban logistics. Decision-support data on urban freight transport are still scarce, despite being of fundamental value to economic development. With this in mind, this paper presents problems and solutions regarding urban freight transport in Brazilian cities. Data were obtained through a survey conducted in nine cities and analysed by means of descriptive statistics and the successive intervals method. Additionally, a cluster analysis was performed to identify patterns regarding the typical characteristics of each city in order to compare and generalise the perception of retailers regarding problems and solutions at the national level. The results indicate divergent opinions among retailers from different cities, even from cities with similar socioeconomic profiles and urban dynamics. The municipalities which demonstrated the most similarities were (i) Betim and Niteroi, in the Southeast of Brazil; (ii) Palmas and Quixada, in the North and Northeast, respectively; and (iii) Palmas and Caruaru, also in the North and Northeast. The results reinforce the importance of studying the local context and involving stakeholders in the process of planning urban logistics solutions. Full article
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