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Electromagnetic Waves Pollution
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Electromagnetic Waves Pollution

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2018) | Viewed by 17286

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Emanuele Calabrò

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Ministry of Instruction, University and Research (MIUR), Technical Technological Institute of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy
2. CISFA (Interuniversity Consortium of Applied Physical Sciences), Viale Ferdinando Stagno D' Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
Interests: biophysics; electromagnetic fields; spectroscopy; solar energy; astrophysics; topography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We know that modern technology has largely developed using energy forms, of which the most relevant is surely electricity. Electric power stations generate alternate current (AC) at frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz—extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs)—transmitted elsewhere by high voltage transmission lines that are often located too close to buildings where humans live or work. Additionally, home devices that work using AC expose humans to ELF-EMFs. Furthermore, trams and electric trains, magnetic resonance imaging, industrial processes, such as aluminum production, and even home devices, such as audio speaker components, generate static magnetic fields (SMFs). Finally, in the last few years, the achievement of electronic household appliances induced the growing use of high-frequency electromagnetic fields (HF-EMFs), represented by radio stations and wireless home devices, of which the most used is surely the mobile phone. EMFs produce non-ionizing radiations, which give rise to the so-called “electromagnetic wave pollution”, named also electrosmog. Indeed, a large scientific production showed the harmful effects of exposure to EMFs. In particular, relevant working groups, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evidenced possible health effects from exposure to EMFs; concluding that EMFs are possibly carcinogenic to humans. The volume of these results caused the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) to publish international guidelines in order to recommend exposure limits to EMFs for occupational exposure and for general public exposure. Nevertheless, significant effects on organic systems have been observed, even below the EMFs limits recommended by ICNIRP.

In view of these facts, the aim of this Special Issue is to provide further contributions to highlight the problem of electromagnetic wave pollution and to investigate the effects of exposure to EMFs on biological systems, even below the EMFs limits recommended by ICNIRP.

Prof. Emanuele Calabrò
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Electromagnetic waves pollution
  • Electrosmog
  • Static magnetic field
  • Electric power lines
  • Radiofrequency
  • Microwaves
  • Mobile phone
  • Microwave Oven
  • Health effects
  • Cellular functions effects
  • Pearl chains
  • International Guidelines
  • Bioprotection effects

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Editorial

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6 pages, 216 KiB  
Editorial
Introduction to the Special Issue “Electromagnetic Waves Pollution”
by Emanuele Calabrò
Sustainability 2018, 10(9), 3326; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093326 - 18 Sep 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4232
Abstract
Modern technology has largely developed using energy forms of which the most relevant is surely electricity. Electric power stations generate alternate current at frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz, transmitted across high voltage transmission lines that are often located too near to buildings [...] Read more.
Modern technology has largely developed using energy forms of which the most relevant is surely electricity. Electric power stations generate alternate current at frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz, transmitted across high voltage transmission lines that are often located too near to buildings where humans live or work. In addition, home devices that work using alternate current expose humans to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Furthermore, trams, electric trains, and some industrial processes generate static magnetic fields. Electromagnetic fields produce non-ionizing radiation, which gives rise to the so-called electromagnetic waves pollution, also named electrosmog. A large scientific production study showed harmful effects of exposure to EMFs. In view of these results, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection published international guidelines in order to recommend exposure limits to EMFs for occupational exposure and for general public exposure. The aim of this thematic issue is to give a further contribution to highlight the problem of electromagnetic waves pollution and to investigate the effects of exposure to EMFs on biological systems even below the EMF limits recommended by ICNIRP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Waves Pollution)

Research

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9 pages, 1823 KiB  
Article
In Vivo Cytotoxicity Induced by 60 Hz Electromagnetic Fields under a High-Voltage Substation Environment
by J. Antonio Heredia-Rojas, Abraham Octavio Rodríguez-De la Fuente, Ricardo Gomez-Flores, Omar Heredia-Rodríguez, Laura E. Rodríguez-Flores, Michaela Beltcheva and Ma. Esperanza Castañeda-Garza
Sustainability 2018, 10(8), 2789; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082789 - 07 Aug 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3445
Abstract
Living beings permanently receive electromagnetic radiation, particularly from extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs), which may cause adverse health effects. In this work, we studied the in vivo cytotoxic effects of exposing BALB/c mice to 60 Hz and 8.8 µT EMFs during 72 h [...] Read more.
Living beings permanently receive electromagnetic radiation, particularly from extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs), which may cause adverse health effects. In this work, we studied the in vivo cytotoxic effects of exposing BALB/c mice to 60 Hz and 8.8 µT EMFs during 72 h and 240 h in a switchyard area, using animals exposed to 60 Hz and 2.0 mT EMFs or treated with 5 mg/kg mitomycin C (MMC) as positive controls. Micronucleus (MN) frequency and male germ cell analyses were used as cytological endpoints. ELF-EMF exposure was observed to significantly (p < 0.05) increase MN frequency at all conditions tested, with the 2 mT/72 h treatment causing the highest response, as compared with untreated control. In addition, increased sperm counts were observed after switchyard area ELF-EMF exposure, as compared with untreated control. In contrast, low sperm counts were obtained for 72 h/2.0 mT-exposed animals and for MMC-treated mice (p < 0.05), without altering male germ cell morphological characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Waves Pollution)
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11 pages, 1730 KiB  
Article
Exposure to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields in Homes and Areas Surrounding Urban Transformer Stations in Silla (Spain): Environmental Impact Assessment
by Enrique A. Navarro-Camba, Jaume Segura-García and Claudio Gomez-Perretta
Sustainability 2018, 10(8), 2641; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082641 - 27 Jul 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3898
Abstract
Exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELFs) is almost inevitable almost anywhere in the world. An ELF magnetic field (ELF-MF) of around 1 mG = 0.1 μT is typically measured in any home of the world with a certain degree of development [...] Read more.
Exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELFs) is almost inevitable almost anywhere in the world. An ELF magnetic field (ELF-MF) of around 1 mG = 0.1 μT is typically measured in any home of the world with a certain degree of development and well-being. There is fear and concern about exposure to electromagnetic fields from high- and medium-voltage wiring and transformer stations, especially internal transformer stations (TSs), which in Spain are commonly located inside residential buildings on the ground floor. It is common for neighbors living near these stations to ask for stations to be moved away from their homes, and to ask for information about exposure levels and their effects. Municipality is the closest administration to the citizens that must solve this situation, mediating between the citizens, the utility companies and the national administration. In this case, the municipality of Silla (València, Spain) wanted to know the levels of exposure in the dwellings annexed to the TSs, to compare them with Spanish legislation and the recommendations coming from epidemiological studies. This article presents the first systematic campaign of ELF-MF measurements from TSs carried out in a Spanish city. Many measurements were carried out in the rooms of the apartments doing spatial averages of spatial grid measurements. Measurements are made in the bed and bedrooms and a weighted average and an environmental impact indicator were obtained for each location. We found that old TSs usually provide the highest peak exposure levels. A notable result of this work is that approximately one quarter of the population living above or next to a TS would be exposed to a weighted MF level greater than 0.3 μT, and that about a 10% of this population would not be able to relocate their bedroom or living room to minimize the level of exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Waves Pollution)
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Review

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14 pages, 1003 KiB  
Review
Comparative Analysis of Biological Effects Induced on Different Cell Types by Magnetic Fields with Magnetic Flux Densities in the Range of 1–60 mT and Frequencies up to 50 Hz
by Cristian Vergallo and Luciana Dini
Sustainability 2018, 10(8), 2776; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082776 - 06 Aug 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2908
Abstract
Moderate static magnetic fields (SMFs) are generated from sources such as new-generation electric trams and trains, electric arc welding, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices, as well as during the industrial production of aluminium, while extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic fields (ELF-PMFs) are [...] Read more.
Moderate static magnetic fields (SMFs) are generated from sources such as new-generation electric trams and trains, electric arc welding, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices, as well as during the industrial production of aluminium, while extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic fields (ELF-PMFs) are produced by house power installations, household appliances, and high voltages transmission lines. Moderate SMFs and ELF-PMFs with magnetic flux densities (B) in the range of 1–60 mT and frequencies (f) up to 50 Hz are common MF exposure sources for the population. Even though humans are continually exposed to these MFs, to date no definitive endpoint has been drawn about their safety. In this review, the state of knowledge about the biological effects induced by these MFs on different cell types will be addressed. In our own observation, the putative modulation of Ca2+/H+ and Na+/H+ plasma membrane antiporters of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was found to occur after a 24 h exposure to a 6 mT SMF, and the bystander effect observed on U937 cells cultivated for up to 6 h in the conditioned medium harvested from human PBLs previously exposed for 24 h to the same MF (secondary necrosis induction) will be also herein discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Waves Pollution)
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