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Vaccines
Special Issues
Glycopeptide-based and Related Vaccines
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Glycopeptide-based and Related Vaccines

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2016) | Viewed by 54536

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Katherine A. Wall

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, The University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
Interests: glycopeptides; anti-cancer vaccines; T cells; rhamnose; MUC1; NAADP; autoimmune disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent progress in carbohydrate analysis and synthesis has allowed the production and testing of glycopeptide-based vaccines for a variety of applications. Advances in our understanding of how the innate immune response shapes the subsequent adaptive immune response have allowed us to more intentionally elicit the required type of response. Support for interdisciplinary research has brought carbohydrate chemists and immunologists together to accelerate progress. Particularly in the area of anti-tumor vaccines, tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) have provided new targets for vaccine development. Our understanding of how T cells recognize glycopeptide antigens has also expanded. Glycopeptides have been used as vehicles for vaccine targeting. Glycopeptide vaccines are being examined in a variety of prophylactic vaccines as well.

The special issue “Glycopeptide-based and Related Vaccines” will bring together primary articles and comprehensive reviews illustrating the rapid progress in the design and development of effective glycopeptide-based vaccines. This compilation should help stimulate yet more progress in this exciting interdisciplinary field.

Prof. Dr. Katherine A. Wall
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.


Keywords

  • glycopeptide vaccine
  • tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens
  • infectious diseases
  • anti-tumor vaccines
  • T cells
  • antibodies
  • innate immunity
  • antigen presentation
  • autoimmune disease
  • carbohydrate synthesis
  • peptide synthesis

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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1814 KiB  
Article
Coupling Peptide Antigens to Virus-Like Particles or to Protein Carriers Influences the Th1/Th2 Polarity of the Resulting Immune Response
by Rattanaruji Pomwised, Uraiwan Intamaso, Martin Teintze, Mark Young and Seth H. Pincus
Vaccines 2016, 4(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines4020015 - 05 May 2016
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5406
Abstract
We have conjugated the S9 peptide, a mimic of the group B streptococcal type III capsular polysaccharide, to different carriers in an effort to elicit an optimal immune response. As carriers, we utilized the soluble protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin and virus-like particles (VLPs) [...] Read more.
We have conjugated the S9 peptide, a mimic of the group B streptococcal type III capsular polysaccharide, to different carriers in an effort to elicit an optimal immune response. As carriers, we utilized the soluble protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin and virus-like particles (VLPs) from two plant viruses, Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus and Cowpea Mosaic Virus. We have found that coupling the peptide to the soluble protein elicits a Th2 immune response, as evidenced by the production of the peptide-specific IgG1 antibody and IL-4/IL-10 production in response to antigen stimulation, whereas the peptide conjugated to VLPs elicited a Th1 response (IgG2a, IFN-γ). Because the VLPs used as carriers package RNA during the assembly process, we hypothesize that this effect may result from the presence of nucleic acid in the immunogen, which affects the Th1/Th2 polarity of the response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glycopeptide-based and Related Vaccines)
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Review

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1392 KiB  
Review
From Immunologically Archaic to Neoteric Glycovaccines
by Marco Cavallari and Gennaro De Libero
Vaccines 2017, 5(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines5010004 - 27 Jan 2017
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8046
Abstract
Polysaccharides (PS) are present in the outermost surface of bacteria and readily come in contact with immune cells. They interact with specific antibodies, which in turn confer protection from infections. Vaccines with PS from pneumococci, meningococci, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Salmonella typhi [...] Read more.
Polysaccharides (PS) are present in the outermost surface of bacteria and readily come in contact with immune cells. They interact with specific antibodies, which in turn confer protection from infections. Vaccines with PS from pneumococci, meningococci, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Salmonella typhi may be protective, although with the important constraint of failing to generate permanent immunological memory. This limitation has in part been circumvented by conjugating glycovaccines to proteins that stimulate T helper cells and facilitate the establishment of immunological memory. Currently, protection evoked by conjugated PS vaccines lasts for a few years. The same approach failed with PS from staphylococci, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Klebsiella. All those germs cause severe infections in humans and often develop resistance to antibiotic therapy. Thereby, prevention is of increasing importance to better control outbreaks. As only 23 of more than 90 pneumococcal serotypes and 4 of 13 clinically relevant Neisseria meningitidis serogroups are covered by available vaccines there is still tremendous clinical need for PS vaccines. This review focuses on glycovaccines and the immunological mechanisms for their success or failure. We discuss recent advances that may facilitate generation of high affinity anti-PS antibodies and confer specific immunity and long-lasting protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glycopeptide-based and Related Vaccines)
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819 KiB  
Review
Immunological Evaluation of Recent MUC1 Glycopeptide Cancer Vaccines
by Md Kamal Hossain and Katherine A. Wall
Vaccines 2016, 4(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines4030025 - 26 Jul 2016
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 9179
Abstract
Aberrantly glycosylated mucin 1 (MUC1) is a recognized tumor-specific antigen on epithelial cell tumors. A wide variety of MUC1 glycopeptide anti-cancer vaccines have been formulated by many research groups. Some researchers have used MUC1 alone as an immunogen whereas other groups used different [...] Read more.
Aberrantly glycosylated mucin 1 (MUC1) is a recognized tumor-specific antigen on epithelial cell tumors. A wide variety of MUC1 glycopeptide anti-cancer vaccines have been formulated by many research groups. Some researchers have used MUC1 alone as an immunogen whereas other groups used different antigenic carrier proteins such as bovine serum albumin or keyhole limpet hemocyanin for conjugation with MUC1 glycopeptide. A variety of adjuvants have been used with MUC1 glycopeptides to improve their immunogenicity. Fully synthetic multicomponent vaccines have been synthesized by incorporating different T helper cell epitopes and Toll-like receptor agonists. Some vaccine formulations utilized liposomes or nanoparticles as vaccine delivery systems. In this review, we discuss the immunological evaluation of different conjugate or synthetic MUC1 glycopeptide vaccines in different tumor or mouse models that have been published since 2012. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glycopeptide-based and Related Vaccines)
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Figure 1

738 KiB  
Review
Entirely Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines: An Emerging Field for Specific and Selective Immune Responses
by Sharmeen Nishat and Peter R. Andreana
Vaccines 2016, 4(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines4020019 - 20 May 2016
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 12143
Abstract
Carbohydrates are regarded as promising targets for vaccine development against infectious disease because cell surface glycans on many infectious agents are attributed to playing an important role in pathogenesis. In addition, oncogenic transformation of normal cells, in many cases, is associated with aberrant [...] Read more.
Carbohydrates are regarded as promising targets for vaccine development against infectious disease because cell surface glycans on many infectious agents are attributed to playing an important role in pathogenesis. In addition, oncogenic transformation of normal cells, in many cases, is associated with aberrant glycosylation of the cell surface glycan generating tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs). Technological advances in glycobiology have added a new dimension to immunotherapy when considering carbohydrates as key targets in developing safe and effective vaccines to combat cancer, bacterial infections, viral infections, etc. Many consider effective vaccines induce T-cell dependent immunity with satisfactory levels of immunological memory that preclude recurrence. Unfortunately, carbohydrates alone are poorly immunogenic as they do not bind strongly to the MHCII complex and thus fail to elicit T-cell immunity. To increase immunogenicity, carbohydrates have been conjugated to carrier proteins, which sometimes can impede carbohydrate specific immunity as peptide-based immune responses can negate antibodies directed at the targeted carbohydrate antigens. To overcome many challenges in using carbohydrate-based vaccine design and development approaches targeting cancer and other diseases, zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs), isolated from the capsule of commensal anaerobic bacteria, will be discussed as promising carriers of carbohydrate antigens to achieve desired immunological responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glycopeptide-based and Related Vaccines)
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634 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Subunit Vaccine Carriers
by Abhishek Vartak and Steven J. Sucheck
Vaccines 2016, 4(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines4020012 - 19 Apr 2016
Cited by 231 | Viewed by 19001
Abstract
The lower immunogenicity of synthetic subunit antigens, compared to live attenuated vaccines, is being addressed with improved vaccine carriers. Recent reports indicate that the physio-chemical properties of these carriers can be altered to achieve optimal antigen presentation, endosomal escape, particle bio-distribution, and cellular [...] Read more.
The lower immunogenicity of synthetic subunit antigens, compared to live attenuated vaccines, is being addressed with improved vaccine carriers. Recent reports indicate that the physio-chemical properties of these carriers can be altered to achieve optimal antigen presentation, endosomal escape, particle bio-distribution, and cellular trafficking. The carriers can be modified with various antigens and ligands for dendritic cells targeting. They can also be modified with adjuvants, either covalently or entrapped in the matrix, to improve cellular and humoral immune responses against the antigen. As a result, these multi-functional carrier systems are being explored for use in active immunotherapy against cancer and infectious diseases. Advancing technology, improved analytical methods, and use of computational methodology have also contributed to the development of subunit vaccine carriers. This review details recent breakthroughs in the design of nano-particulate vaccine carriers, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glycopeptide-based and Related Vaccines)
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