Educational Differences in Smoking among Adolescents in Germany: What is the Role of Parental and Adolescent Education Levels and Intergenerational Educational Mobility?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
Boys (%) | Girls (%) | Total (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age in years: Mean (SD) | 14.8 (1.66) | 14.9 (1.72) | 14.8 (1.69) |
Sex | 2,593 (51.4) | 2,460 (48.6) | 5,053 (100.0) |
Region of residence | |||
Newly-formed German states (incl. Berlin) | 845 (19.2) | 846 (19.2) | 1,691 (19.2) |
Old West German states | 1,748 (80.8) | 1,614 (80.8) | 3,362 (80.8) |
Immigration background | |||
Yes | 360 (15.5) | 341 (15.9) | 701 (15.7) |
No | 2,233 (84.5) | 2,119 (84.1) | 4,352 (84.3) |
Parental education | |||
High | 970 (38.5) | 893 (37.6) | 1,863 (38.0) |
Low | 1,623 (61.5) | 1,567 (62.4) | 3,190 (62.0) |
Adolescent education | |||
High | 848 (33.2) | 1,044 (42.1) | 1,892 (37.5) |
Low | 1,745 (66.8) | 1,416 (57.9) | 3,161 (62.5) |
Intergenerational educational mobility | |||
Stable high | 539 (21.4) | 573 (24.2) | 1,112 (22.7) |
Potentially upwardly mobile | 309 (11.8) | 471 (17.9) | 780 (14.8) |
Potentially downwardly mobile | 431 (17.1) | 320 (13.4) | 751 (15.3) |
Stable low | 1,314 (49.8) | 1,096 (44.5) | 2,410 (47.2) |
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Smoking
2.2.2. Parental and Adolescent Education Levels and Intergenerational Educational Mobility
2.2.3. Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Parental and Adolescent Education Levels and Smoking
Boys (n = 2,593) | Girls (n = 2,460) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | |
Adolescent smoking prevalence | ||||
Parental education | ||||
High | 18.0 | (15.3–21.0) | 16.1 | (13.7–18.8) |
Low | 23.2 | (20.9–25.7) | 25.1 | (22.6–27.7) |
Adolescent education | ||||
High | 11.9 | (9.4–15.0) | 16.3 | (14.2–18.7) |
Low | 25.8 | (23.4–28.4) | 25.6 | (23.0–28.4) |
Intergenerational educational mobility | ||||
Stable high | 12.3 | (9.4–16.0) | 14.3 | (11.5–17.6) |
Potentially upwardly mobile | 11.0 | (7.9–15.3) | 19.0 | (15.7–22.7) |
Potentially downwardly mobile | 25.1 | (21.0–29.7) | 19.2 | (14.7–24.7) |
Stable low | 26.1 | (23.3–29.1) | 27.5 | (24.5–30.9) |
Parental smoking prevalence | ||||
Parental education | ||||
High | 41.5 | (38.3–44.8) | 40.5 | (36.6–44.5) |
Low | 56.1 | (53.1–59.1) | 56.3 | (53.2–59.3) |
Adolescent education | ||||
High | 37.3 | (34.1–40.7) | 41.3 | (37.4–45.3) |
Low | 57.0 | (54.3–59.8) | 56.9 | (53.6–60.2) |
Intergenerational educational mobility | ||||
Stable high | 33.3 | (29.0–37.8) | 36.8 | (31.7–42.2) |
Potentially upwardly mobile | 44.6 | (38.9–50.5) | 47.4 | (42.2–52.6) |
Potentially downwardly mobile | 51.8 | (47.1–56.5) | 47.0 | (40.9–53.2) |
Stable low | 58.8 | (55.4–62.2) | 59.9 | (56.2–63.4) |
Close friends’ smoking prevalence | ||||
Parental education | ||||
High | 45.3 | (41.8–48.8) | 45.2 | (41.2–49.3) |
Low | 52.1 | (49.3–55.0) | 56.3 | (53.5–59.1) |
Adolescent education | ||||
High | 41.1 | (37.4–44.9) | 45.1 | (41.7–48.6) |
Low | 53.6 | (50.9–56.3) | 57.3 | (54.5–60.0) |
Intergenerational educational mobility | ||||
Stable high | 40.6 | (36.0–45.4) | 41.7 | (36.6–47.0) |
Potentially upwardly mobile | 42.1 | (36.1–48.3) | 49.6 | (44.7–54.5) |
Potentially downwardly mobile | 51.2 | (46.2–56.1) | 51.4 | (45.1–57.7) |
Stable low | 54.5 | (51.2–57.5) | 59.1 | (55.9–62.2) |
Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Boys (n = 2,593) | |||||||
Parental education | High | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Low | 1.53 *** | 1.20–1.96 | 1.02 | 0.80–1.28 | 0.96 | 0.74–1.25 | |
Adolescent education | High | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Low | 3.57 *** | 2.54–5.02 | 3.55 *** | 2.55–4.95 | 2.85 *** | 2.00–4.07 | |
Girls (n = 2,460) | |||||||
Parental education | High | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Low | 1.97 *** | 1.52–2.55 | 1.51 ** | 1.16–1.97 | 1.31 | 1.00–1.72 | |
Adolescent education | High | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Low | 2.52 *** | 1.94–3.27 | 2.21 *** | 1.70–2.85 | 1.76 *** | 1.34–2.32 |
3.2. Intergenerational Educational Mobility and Smoking
Model 1 a | Model 2 b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Boys (n = 2,593) | ||||
Stable high | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Potentially upwardly mobile | 0.86 | 0.56–1.32 | 0.86 | 0.55–1.35 |
Potentially downwardly mobile | 3.21 *** | 2.18–4.73 | 2.67 *** | 1.73–4.11 |
Stable low | 3.46 *** | 2.34–5.10 | 2.67 *** | 1.76–4.04 |
Girls (n = 2,460) | ||||
Stable high | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Potentially upwardly mobile | 1.35 | 0.93–1.95 | 1.16 | 0.78–1.73 |
Potentially downwardly mobile | 1.93 ** | 1.21–3.08 | 1.53 | 0.94–2.49 |
Stable low | 3.22 *** | 2.26–4.58 | 2.22 *** | 1.54–3.20 |
4. Discussion
4.1. The KiGGS Data in the Light of Previous Research and Temporal Trends in Adolescent Smoking Behaviour
4.2. Gender Differences
4.3. Interpreting Educational Differences in Adolescent Smoking Behaviour
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
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Kuntz, B.; Lampert, T. Educational Differences in Smoking among Adolescents in Germany: What is the Role of Parental and Adolescent Education Levels and Intergenerational Educational Mobility? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 3015-3032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10073015
Kuntz B, Lampert T. Educational Differences in Smoking among Adolescents in Germany: What is the Role of Parental and Adolescent Education Levels and Intergenerational Educational Mobility? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(7):3015-3032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10073015
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuntz, Benjamin, and Thomas Lampert. 2013. "Educational Differences in Smoking among Adolescents in Germany: What is the Role of Parental and Adolescent Education Levels and Intergenerational Educational Mobility?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 7: 3015-3032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10073015