Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020063

Authors: Amber R. Harrison Jarrad Prangell Matthew Radnidge Aimee J. Silla

The Southern Stuttering Frog, Mixophyes australis, is a newly described threatened species endemic to Australia that is suffering severe and ongoing declines. The species is currently presumed extinct from the southern two thirds of its range, primarily driven by the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Bd). In response to the species’ decline, a conservation breeding program (CBP) was established at Symbio Wildlife Park to secure an insurance population and support future reintroductions. Herein, the establishment and management of the CBP for M. australis is described. We detail the captive husbandry framework and tracing progress from the collection of 200 wild-caught tadpoles in April 2022, through to the successful reproduction of the founder colony. Following the revision of husbandry and water management practices, and disease treatment in quarantine to overcome initial mortality, 89 Bd-free individuals were transferred to the breeding facility to establish the insurance colony. Critically, the program has achieved consistent and successful reproduction commencing in April 2024, within 2 years of tadpole collection. The breeding cohort exhibited a distinctive bimodal annual reproductive pattern in captivity, with clear peaks in breeding activity in Austral autumn (March–May) and mid-winter to early spring (July–September). We detail effective husbandry protocols for all life stages of the species, which has resulted in the generation of clutches exhibiting high fertility and high tadpole survivorship. Overall, the program to date has contributed to the reintroduction of over 7700 first-generation (F1) tadpoles and 59 head-started founder (F0) adults across 15 release sites within the species’ historical range in NSW. Herein, we provide important natural history data for the species and considerations for their breeding in captivity, which can inform future conservation efforts for this and other threatened frog species globally.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020062

Authors: Erhan Mutlu

Seagrasses are vital ecosystem engineers and habitat architects in coastal environments, with Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean playing a crucial role as an indicator of ecological health. As an endemic and vulnerable species, P. oceanica meadows are highly susceptible to environmental degradation, underscoring the importance of non-destructive monitoring techniques. Traditional SCUBA-based surveys are accurate but resource-intensive and difficult to scale, especially for estimating shoot density and leaf length. This study applies a conservative acoustic-based approach to assess Posidonia oceanica biometrics, habitat characteristics, and ecological status along the Turkish Levant coast. The method offers a non-destructive alternative to SCUBA surveys and addresses a regional knowledge gap in Mediterranean seagrass monitoring. Acoustic data collected during winter and summer 2019 along the Turkish Levant coast were analyzed to estimate seagrass biometrics and derive ecological indicators, with validation via SCUBA observations. Results show that acoustic methods can reliably estimate shoot density, leaf area index, and canopy height. They provide broad-scale coverage and efficiency, though further refinement is required to improve calibration across depths and substrates. While acoustic methods provide broad, non-invasive coverage, they are affected by spatial and temporal variability that SCUBA surveys capture more reliably. Calibration of the POSIBIOM (vers 1.1) algorithm was based on specimens collected at 15 m depth on rocky substrates. While this provided consistent regression relationships, it may limit accuracy when extrapolated to habitats such as sand, mud, or matte. This study represents the first high-resolution, spatiotemporal mapping of P. oceanica meadows and benthic habitats along a significant portion of the Turkish Levant coast using acoustics alone. Overall, the study highlights the potential of acoustics as a scalable, non-invasive tool for seagrass monitoring. This approach contributes to ecosystem-based management and conservation strategies in the Mediterranean. Future work will focus on refining models to address bottom type- and depth-dependent acoustic responses and improve biometric accuracy.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020061

Authors: Vittorio Ferrero Olivier Friard Marco Gamba

The knowledge base for many small vertebrate species remains limited, largely because traditional manual data collection methods often overlook less charismatic species, such as reptiles. To address this, our pilot study harnesses open-source deep learning and markerless pose estimation technologies to evaluate the technical feasibility of tracking the spatial use and activity profiles of captive ectotherms. Specifically, we tracked these patterns over two months in a dynamically modified environment for Australian barking geckos (Underwoodisaurus milii). Our findings reveal descriptive changes in spatial occupancy and proximity across varying structural layouts. The system achieved a high raw detection accuracy (96.4%) and spatial categorization accuracy (91.7%) when validated against manual ground-truth data, confirming its robust technical performance and precision. Additionally, we automatically evaluated spatial proxies such as activity time budget, velocity, acceleration, and height usage, standardizing the analysis of extensive video recordings for nocturnal species. This pilot test introduces a simple, cost-effective method for rapid data extraction, offering a reliable, scalable monitoring solution for the management of understudied species.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020060

Authors: Claudia Biță-Nicolae Oliviu Grigore Pop Maria Mihaela Antofie Adrian Indreica

The Carpathian Mountains are an important hotspot of European biodiversity, where geological history, climatic diversity, and altitudinal heterogeneity have determined a great diversity and endemism of vascular plants. The study was conducted in the national park of Piatra Craiului, a distinctive limestone massif in the Southern Carpathians. The dataset included 731 vascular plant species from the study area, of which 35 taxa are endemic to the Carpathians (of the 47 reported in this area), and 18 are classified as species of conservation interest in the Management Plan of the National Park (MP). The distribution of endemic species showed different habitat and altitudinal specificity across 15 vegetation types, including 14 Natura 2000 habitats and one outside the EUR 28 classification. The endemic species showed a bell-shaped altitudinal distribution, peaking at 1600–1700 m and concentrated in high-altitude open habitats rather than forested mid-elevations. The PCA separates endemic species along a main gradient from open, disturbed, light-rich habitats to stable, nutrient- and moisture-rich forest environments, and a secondary gradient related to temperature and soil reaction linked to altitude. Endemic species are predominantly associated with calcareous rocky and grassland habitats and are almost absent from mesophilic and hygrophilous habitats. A positive association between endemic species frequency and the total number of species of conservation interest per plot was detected. We concluded that species of conservation interest (such endemic species) are unevenly distributed among habitat types in the Carpathians, with the greatest diversity and abundance in subalpine rocky and grassland habitats, shaped by altitude and isolation. Although the threatened endemic species are not officially listed by national law, they are indirectly protected by management zonation. In Piatra Craiului the richest habitats in endemic species are included in the designated zones of the national park with the highest protection regime, according to the National Park’s Management Plan. Moreover, this territory is included in a Natura 2000 site (ROSAC0194 Piatra Craiului) ensuring an additional level of protection for the habitats where endemic species are found.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020059

Authors: Evelyn R. Nimmo André Eduardo Biscaia Lacerda

The world’s food, forest, and agricultural systems are under unprecedented strain [...]

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020058

Authors: Servet Ulutürk

The Anatolian Diagonal is a major mountain system in Türkiye, yet its community-level structuring effect on mammalian assemblages remains understudied. This study provides a comprehensive inventory of the mammal fauna in Ağrı Province and evaluates the biogeographical role of the Diagonal by comparing 14 provinces. Field surveys in Ağrı (2014–2015) across 228 localities identified 16 medium- and large-sized mammal species (705 individuals), including Felis silvestris as a new provincial record. Community structure followed a lognormal distribution (AIC: 95.29). Regional patterns were analysed using presence–absence data on medium- and large-sized mammals using alpha and beta diversity indices, PERMANOVA, and Partial Canonical Correspondence Analysis (PCCA). PERMANOVA revealed significant differences in mammal assemblages between the western and eastern sides of the Diagonal (F = 3.08, R2 = 0.19, p = 0.007). Beta diversity was driven predominantly by species turnover (83.8%) rather than by nestedness (16.2%). Notably, PCCA confirmed that biogeographical position significantly influenced community variation independently of habitat, elevation, and slope. These findings support a biogeographical filtering effect associated with the Anatolian Diagonal, where species replacement drives diversity patterns. The results emphasize the necessity of trans-regional conservation strategies that account for the distinct faunal compositions across this evolutionary boundary.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020057

Authors: Ana Cano-Ortiz José Daniel Sánchez-Martínez Felipe Leiva Gea Eusebio Cano

Spain is the world’s leading producer and exporter of olive oil, with Andalusia being the autonomous community with the largest cultivated area. In recent decades, agricultural practices have followed a trend toward maximizing production without adequately considering ecosystem contamination. Olive groves are, in fact, complex agroecosystems in which thousands of plant species and numerous plant communities have been documented, supporting a rich diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate fauna. Intensive and unsustainable practices have led to a decline in floral diversity and, consequently, in faunal diversity. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the loss of floristic diversity associated with herbicide use. To this end, a comparative analysis of floristic diversity was conducted across 117 plots, contrasting data collected in 2007 with that from the same plots in 2021. From a methodological perspective, an inquiry-based approach was implemented involving students from the Master’s program in Olive Growing, Olive Oil, and Health. Abundance–dominance indices were compared, and the Importance Value Index (IVI) was calculated to assess changes in plant community composition. For instance, Hordeum leporinum exhibited an IVI > 70 in 2007, decreasing in 2021 to values ranging between 11 and 31.58. Similarly, Sinapis alba subsp. mairei showed a decline in IVI from 81.06 to 26.35. A notable result is the greater floristic change observed in plots located on basic substrates where herbicides were applied, compared to plots on siliceous substrates designated for grazing. This issue clearly highlights a lack of knowledge regarding appropriate cultivation techniques that promote sustainable development and social awareness. It underscores the need for educational interventions that foster learning at all levels about agricultural practices, sustainability, and ecosystem services.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020056

Authors: Angie Elwin Ephraim Batungbacal Patrick Muinde

Kenya has a long history of both legal and illegal wildlife trade, functioning as a source, consumer, and transit hub within global wildlife markets. Yet, despite its increasing prominence, the scale and composition of Kenya’s captive-bred and ranched wildlife trade sectors remain poorly characterized, particularly following the enactment of the Wildlife Conservation and Management Act (WCMA) in 2013. This study addresses this gap by analyzing Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) annual report data from 2013 to 2023 to: (1) identify trends in the volume and taxonomic composition of CITES-listed species exported as captive-bred or ranched from Kenya; (2) quantify the number of specimens and individuals traded; (3) assess their conservation status and legal classification; and (4) identify key export destinations. Between 2013 and 2023, Kenya reported 886 CITES export records involving captive-bred and ranched specimens from 28 vertebrate taxa across nine orders. Reptiles dominated exports (81% of records), followed by birds (15%) and mammals (4%). Live animals accounted for 80% of records (with reptiles comprising 96.1% of all live animal export records), totaling more than 870,000 individuals traded over the study period. The annual number of export records more than doubled across the decade, while exports of individual live reptiles increased more than tenfold, from 8551 individuals in 2013 to 86,330 in 2023. Most exports were commercial (93%) with the United States, Germany, Spain, Taiwan, and the Republic of Korea identified as major importers. 77% of exported species have unknown or declining wild population trends, and seven species are internationally threatened, including the Critically Endangered pancake tortoise (Malacochersus tornieri). We highlight the animal welfare, conservation, and biosecurity implications of this rapidly expanding trade, as well as consistent discrepancies between exporter- and importer-reported quantities that indicate substantial monitoring and regulatory challenges. The findings provide timely evidence to inform national wildlife management and protection measures, and ongoing policy discussions including those surrounding the forthcoming Wildlife Conservation and Management Bill (2025) and the role of captive breeding in Kenya’s wildlife trade.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020055

Authors: Anke Schwarzenberger Carla E. Cáceres Dominik Martin-Creuzburg Alexander Wacker

Invertebrates possess an innate immune system that acts non-specifically against pathogens and is regulated by the circadian clock. Using the host–parasite system, Daphnia magna and its bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa, we investigated day–night differences in susceptibility. In an infection experiment where hosts were exposed to spores either during the day or night, infection was slightly higher during daytime exposure and in animals treated with exogenous melatonin. Daphnia exhibited rhythmic expression of five immune genes, with low daytime expression and a pronounced, synchronized peak immediately after the transition from day to night. This timing aligns with the documented increase in daytime susceptibility, which may benefit Pasteuria as encounter rates rise when Daphnia forage in sediment during diel vertical migration. Melatonin exposure altered immune gene expression and increased susceptibility both day and night. Melatonin can act as an immune suppressor and may also influence parasite spore maturation. Disruption of circadian rhythms and melatonin signaling by anthropogenic stressors alters the infection dynamics in this freshwater keystone organism, with consequences for population stability, ecosystem functioning, and the conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Our results spotlight the mechanisms underlying infection risk in host–pathogen systems, highlighting the importance of circadian regulation for disease dynamics in freshwater ecosystems.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020054

Authors: Teodora Alexandra Zotica Gabriela Ungureanu Simona Dumitrița Chirilă Cătălin Dumitrel Balan Irinel Eugen Popescu Irina Neta Gostin Irina Volf

Soils contaminated with heavy metals including cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, and chromium continue to represent a significant environmental issue, particularly in areas affected by industrial activities. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the feasibility and efficiency of an integrated bioremediation technique that combines, in a synergistic approach, phytoremediation with the use of natural amendments in order to reduce soil pollution with heavy metals. In addition, the potential for heavy metal recovery was investigated. The experiments were conducted under field conditions in the vicinity of the CET II Holboca power plant, using two plant species, Trifolium repens and Brassica napus, as bioaccumulators, while biochar was applied as a natural amendment. The analyses focused on metal concentrations, translocation factors, the degree of heavy metal recovery, and morpho-structural characteristics. The results indicated a high accumulation of metals in plant roots, particularly in soils treated with higher doses of biochar (4905.93 mg/kg iron for B. napus), and a significant growth stimulation (root elongation increases of up to 78% in T. repens and up to 29% in B. napus). B. napus exhibited greater translocation of metals to the aerial parts (with values up to 0.83 for zinc), whereas T. repens predominantly retained metals within the root system. The highest recovery efficiency values were observed in the case of lead, reaching 224.7% in T. repens and 86.7% in B. napus in soil amended with increased amounts of biochar. Overall, biochar application stimulated plant growth and enhanced metal uptake efficiency, suggesting a viable and practically applicable method for the ecological reconversion of contaminated land.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020053

Authors: Jesús Gabriel Ramírez-García Sandra Patricia Maciel-Torres Martha Hernández-Rodríguez Erika Nava-Reyna Pablo Arenas Baez Lorenzo Danilo Granados-Rivera

This scientometric review examines the evolution and scope of invasive (blood and tissue) and non-invasive (faeces, hair, and saliva) sampling in terrestrial mammal population genetics, with particular emphasis on the comparability of observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and the inbreeding coefficient (Fis) between studies published from 1985 to 2026. Searches in Web of Science and Scopus, filtered under PRISMA/PRISMA-S criteria, yielded a compendium of articles analysed with Bibliometrix and VOSviewer 1.6.20 to quantify temporal production, keyword evolution, collaborative networks, and publication outlets. Searches in Web of Science and Scopus, filtered under PRISMA/PRISMA-S criteria, yielded a broad corpus of 145 articles for general scientometric analyses, of which 85 met the eligibility criteria for the focused analysis of Ho, He, and Fis. The field shows steady growth (annual rate ≈ 6.1%), substantial authorship and international collaboration, and increasing thematic diversity. Adoption of non-invasive sampling has accelerated, broadening spatial and taxonomic coverage, but also increasing exposure to DNA degradation and genotyping error when laboratory quality control is insufficient. Across the literature, reporting of quality control practices (e.g., extraction blanks, negative PCR controls, multi-tube replication, and error-rate estimation) has improved over time but remains inconsistent. Comparisons indicate that differences in Ho, He, and Fis between invasive and non-invasive sampling are generally modest once marker system and species are taken into account. These findings indicate that quality control and transparency in reporting, rather than invasiveness per se, are the main factors determining comparability among studies. The scientometric patterns also reveal a methodological transition from microsatellites to SNP-based and reduced representation approaches, with implications for synthesis across marker types. Overall, this review identifies geographic and taxonomic biases in research effort and highlights the need for standardised reporting of DNA quality indicators, inclusion thresholds, and validation protocols to strengthen genetic monitoring in mammalian conservation.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020052

Authors: Oscar Hernando Eraso Terán Guillermo David Varela Jacome Mario José Añazco Romero Hugo Vinicio Vallejos Álvarez

The Andean walnut (Juglans neotropica Diels), locally known as tocte, is a keystone tree species of major socio-ecological importance in South American mountain ecosystems, facing severe anthropogenic pressure associated with genetic erosion, habitat fragmentation, and unregulated selective logging. This article presents a case study applying a qualitative phenomenological approach to examine the power relations and institutional failures shaping the sustainable management of its value chain in Imbabura Province, Ecuador. Drawing on 21 in-depth semi-structured interviews with key actors (including woodcarvers, sawyers, traders, and environmental authorities) conducted between March and September 2025 until theoretical saturation was achieved, and supported by thematic analysis in ATLAS.ti, we identified five thematic categories revealing the tension between cultural valuation and market pressure. The findings confirm the existence of a value paradox, whereby high timber demand paradoxically accelerates resource depletion rather than incentivizing conservation, as premature harvesting of young trees undermines the viability of non-timber forest products such as nuts and accelerates the loss of local genetic resources. We conclude that the long-term conservation of the species requires a transition toward polycentric stewardship, community forestry enterprises, and integrated landscape management in which the standing tree is formally recognized as carrying greater ecological and economic value than harvested timber.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020051

Authors: Juan Diego Araya Vargas Ana Hernando Jessica Mata Miranda Javier Velazquez

Costa Rica is a small country in terms of land area, but it is rich in natural resources and home to between 5 and 6 percent of the world’s biodiversity. The country is a leader in the conservation and sustainable use of protected areas through tourism, which is considered a pillar of the national economy and has become one of the most important activities for generating revenue. However, like any other activity, it can exert pressure on the environment in which it takes place, making it essential to analyze and understand how protected areas are used to implement effective management strategies. This study evaluates the frequency of tourism-related use of Corcovado National Park, considering the implementation of three key elements: 1. the frequency with which companies use the park for their tourism activities, 2. visitor density per kilometer by ranger station, and 3. the frequency of trail use based on voluntary geographic information. The research enabled the collection, analysis, and visualization of data using GIS, which facilitated the identification of tourism usage patterns by highlighting the most visited areas and establishing correlations regarding visitor density within the protected area. Among the most significant findings are sites that may be experiencing increased tourism pressure, offering the possibility of managing usage restrictions in specific areas of each station. Spatial analysis has identified areas with lower visitor concentrations, which can be leveraged to promote new attractions and disperse tourist flow throughout the park, thereby reducing pressure on the ecosystem.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020050

Authors: Bogdan Prodanov Radoslava Bekova Chavdar Gussev Magdalena Valcheva Todor Lambev Ahinora Baltakova Julian Popov Dobroslav Dechev Lyubomir Rasovski Nadezhda Dimitrova Liya Radoslavova

Coastal beach–dune systems along the Western Black Sea Coast represent geomorphologically complex and ecologically valuable environments that have been increasingly affected by long-term urbanisation and recreational pressure. This study examines the geomorphological settings, sedimentary connectivity and associated Natura 2000 dune habitats within two urbanised beach–dune systems, Pobeda (Burgas) and Asparuhovo (Varna), to improve their cadastral documentation and support objective conservation assessment. The analysis is based on high-resolution UAS-LiDAR surveys, complemented by UAS photogrammetry and field observations, allowing detailed three-dimensional characterisation of dune landforms, surface morphology and habitat patterns. The results identify foredune-dominated system architectures in both study areas, with the Pobeda (Burgas) and Asparuhovo (Varna) beach–dune systems comprising embryonic dunes, established foredune ridges and low-relief foredune plains, variably developed and spatially fragmented as a result of long-term urbanisation and recreational pressure, and spatially associated with dune habitats. Despite substantial anthropogenic modification, these elements remain recognisable, although locally fragmented and morphologically degraded. Subtle topographic changes related to trampling, informal access routes and surface compaction were detected, particularly affecting foredune crests and foredune plains, with implications for sediment transport continuity and habitat stability. The study shows that conventional habitat inventories alone are insufficient for capturing such changes. Integrated geomorphological and habitat analysis based on UAS-LiDAR provides a reliable framework for accurate mapping, conservation status assessment and informed consideration of coastal dune systems within the Natura 2000 network and related protection schemes.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020049

Authors: Dede Aulia Rahman Toto Haryanto Riki Herliansyah

Assessing individual animal health is essential for detecting early ecological stress that may scale to population-level impacts. Yet, conventional capture-based methods are invasive and logistically challenging, particularly for large mammals. This study evaluates the accuracy of drone-based morphometric measurements as a non-invasive approach for estimating elephants’ Body Condition Index (BCI). Research was conducted in Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra, using a DJI Matrice 300 RTK equipped with a multisensor camera to acquire aerial imagery, primarily from a top-down perspective. Morphometric parameters were extracted through image preprocessing, segmentation, and edge detection using an OpenCV-based Canny algorithm, followed by coordinate and Euclidean distance analyses. Drone-derived measurements were validated against field-based morphometry in captive Sumatran elephants. Linear regression revealed strong agreement between methods, with R2 values ranging from 0.91 to 0.97. Mid-body width showed the highest accuracy (R2 = 0.97, MAPE = 2.66%, RMSE = 2.36), while other body dimensions also performed consistently well. BCI-related morphometric ratios exhibited minimal differences between drone and field measurements, confirming methodological reliability. As an exploratory extension, a preliminary allometric scaling framework was applied to estimate body condition proxies in free-ranging wild elephants except for mid-body width; however, these estimates are model-derived from total body length and should be interpreted as indicative rather than as direct morphometric assessments of body condition. These findings demonstrate that drone-based photogrammetry provides a validated, practical, and non-invasive method for morphometric measurement in captive elephants, with promising but as yet incompletely validated potential for application to wild populations.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020048

Authors: John Kikuni Tchowa Médard Mpanda Mukenza Dieu-donné N’tambwe Nghonda François Malaisse Jean-François Bastin Yannick Useni Sikuzani Kouagou Raoul Sambieni Audry Tshibangu Kazadi Apollinaire Biloso Moyene Jan Bogaert

The urban trade in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) plays a key role in sustaining livelihoods in the Global South, while also suggesting potential pressure on resource supply systems. This study provides an integrated analysis of NTFP diversity, market structure, economic importance, and perceived drivers of resource decline in Kolwezi, a rapidly expanding mining city where such dynamics remain poorly documented. Data were collected through surveys conducted with 35 sellers across two major urban markets and 384 consumers from different neighbourhoods and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics to examine patterns, associations, and socio-demographic influences. A total of 65 NTFP species were recorded, including 49 plant, 14 animal, and 2 fungal species, reflecting strong dependence on Miombo ecosystems. Medicinal (59.3%) and food uses dominate, with multifunctional species such as Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J.H.Kirkbr. & Wiersama, Canarium schweinfurthii Engl., Terminalia mollis M.A.Lawson, Gardenia ternifolia subsp. jovis-tonantis (Welw.) Verdc., and Albizia antunesiana Harms, playing a central role in both household use and market supply. The trade is largely female-dominated (79.1%) and constitutes a major component of the informal urban economy, with monthly incomes ranging from USD 9 to 429.3, primarily driven by sales volume rather than unit price. However, the sector is constrained by structural and logistical limitations, including remoteness of supply areas, seasonality, and limited value addition. The perceived declining availability of high-use-value species, attributed by respondents to deforestation, mining expansion, and overexploitation, highlights perceived sustainability concerns. These pressures are perceived differently across socio-demographic groups, indicating heterogeneous understandings of environmental change. Overall, the results indicate a perceived mismatch between rising urban demand and declining resource availability, which may reflect an emerging socio-ecological imbalance between urban demand and perceived resource availability. Addressing these challenges requires integrated strategies that combine the domestication of priority species, the development of processing chains, improved infrastructure, and strengthened governance mechanisms. Such approaches are essential to reconcile livelihood support with the sustainable management of NTFPs in rapidly transforming urban landscapes.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020047

Authors: Megan Flanagan Thomas Luhring Caitlin R. Gabor

In vertebrates, corticosterone and cortisol are glucocorticoid (GC) steroid hormones central to the vertebrate stress response, but their relative contribution depends on context and life history. We used water-borne hormone sampling in lesser sirens, Siren intermedia, to examine whether corticosterone or cortisol predominates in stress responses and evaluated whether dermal secretions reliably track acute corticosterone changes. First, we measured corticosterone via dermal swabbing over a 2 h period following a hand-restraint stressor. Dermal corticosterone did not increase relative to pre-stressor baseline levels during the 2 h sampling period, suggesting that dermal measurements may not reflect acute circulating GC changes. We then measured cortisol and corticosterone across the GC profile (baseline, stressed, and recovery) using water-borne sampling techniques in juveniles. Cortisol release rates were significantly higher than corticosterone and were elevated during the recovery phase relative to baseline (p = 0.08), whereas stressed samples did not differ from baseline. Additionally, cortisol release rates were positively associated with temperature, while no effect of temperature was detected on corticosterone. Although cortisol and corticosterone were strongly correlated, cortisol responded to environmental temperatures and was repeatable, whereas corticosterone was not. Finally, we validated the use of water-borne sampling techniques to measure cortisol and corticosterone in S. intermedia. Cortisol was higher in juvenile sirens, highlighting that each GC may play functionally distinct roles across contexts. Together, these findings indicate that cortisol is the more environmentally responsive GC in juvenile S. intermedia and that water-borne sampling provides a more reliable method for assessing acute stress physiology in this species.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020046

Authors: John A. Theodorou Evangelos Konstantinidis Dimitrios Tsotsios Georgios Katselis Dimitrios K. Moutopoulos

The critically endangered fan mussel Pinna nobilis is under strict protection in the Mediterranean waters and exhibited a documented fishing history in Greece dating back to 19th and early of 20th centuries. The present study examined historical documentary evidence from Greek archives, technical reports, and oral testimonies to reconstruct traditional fishing methods and their ecological implications. Historical records revealed the widespread use of specialized fishing tools called “pinologos”, a Y-shaped iron attached to a wooden poles, deployed primarily in shallow waters (2–7 m depth) across various Greek coastal regions in the Ionian and Aegean Seas. Two types of fishing gear existed, a simple Y-shaped tong and a scissor-type gear, both designed to encircle and extract individual fan mussels, through quarter-turn rotation. Fishers selectively targeted only large, established individuals of fan mussel, as small specimens with thin shells were unsuitable for this method. Historical fishing pressure on the species was spatially and size-limited, unlike current basin-wide mortality events. These findings demonstrate that structured populations persisted even under traditional exploitation, suggesting potential for recovery if contemporary threats are mitigated. Management strategies should reference historical population structures as restoration targets.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020045

Authors: Angel Oviedo Edgar Zambrano Jean Posso-Avendaño Daniel B. Ramírez-Osorio Jose A. Usme-Ciro Lyda R. Castro

Fibropapillomatosis, a disease associated with Scutavirus chelonidalpha5, commonly known as Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5), manifests as benign tumors that impair the motor, visual, and physiological functions of affected sea turtles. In this study, blood and tissue samples were collected from turtles exhibiting fibropapilloma-like lesions as well as from clinically healthy individuals. A nested PCR approach was employed to amplify the viral UL30 and UL28 genes for the detection and characterization of the virus variants. The mitochondrial control region was used to assess the relationship between the turtle population and the viral variant. Among the 19 turtles analyzed, six tested positive for ChHV5, including both symptomatic and asymptomatic turtles. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that three positive samples belonged to the Western Atlantic/Caribbean clade, whereas the other three grouped within the Atlantic clade. New oligonucleotides and probes were designed for ChHV5 qPCR detection, accounting for the globally accumulated genetic variability. The qPCR test parameters demonstrated an optimized assay with an efficiency of 101.4% and a detection limit of 2.4 genome copy equivalents (GCE)/μL. This study confirms the presence of two ChHV5 viral variants in rescued turtles from the Caribbean region of Colombia, including both clinically affected and asymptomatic individuals. Therefore, these results support the association between ChHV5 and fibropapillomatosis. Furthermore, analysis of the mitochondrial control region supports the hypothesis of horizontal transmission of the virus. A novel qPCR protocol with a synthetic control is proposed to improve early diagnosis and strengthen conservation and prevention strategies.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020044

Authors: Molly A. Carson Elizabeth W. Boyer Jay R. Stauffer

The Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus, has been introduced and dispersed in North American waters, where it has adversely impacted native fishes. We must identify physical/chemical/biological parameters that will target the Round Goby but not have an adverse impact on native fishes if we are to control its further dispersal. Temperature is a quantifiable parameter influencing both the behavior and survival of fishes and may provide insights to predict their dispersal and survival. The temperature preference of the Round Goby was investigated in a horizontal thermal gradient. Fish were collected from LeBoeuf in Erie County, Pennsylvania, in August 2024. Round Gobies were acclimated to 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. The relationship between preference temperature and acclimation temperature was best explained by p = (0.91a) + 4.2. (R2 = 0.83), where p = preferred temperature and a = acclimation temperature. When acclimated to 25 °C, three fish swam into water at 30 °C and immediately lost equilibrium. The final preferred temperature was estimated to be 26.5 °C. The difference between preferred temperature and acclimation temperature for most temperate fishes decreases as acclimation temperature increases. This trend was not observed for the Round Goby.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020043

Authors: Sara Silva Paulo Barros Mario Santos

Wind energy stands as one of the most technologically mature renewable sources, playing a pivotal role in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. However, wind farms and associated infrastructures increase collision risk for flying organisms. Implementing higher cut-in speeds is a proven mitigation strategy to significantly decrease wildlife mortality rates, particularly for bat species, by preventing turbine operation during low-wind periods of high activity. The suggested, non-standard, increased cut-in speed for wind turbines is generally 5.0 m/s. To test the effectiveness of cut-in speed increase, bat activity was monitored at three wind farms in northern Portugal (Gevancas, Azinheira, and Lagoa de Dom João e Feirão), to characterize spatial and temporal activity patterns and assess the potential associated risk. Ultrasonic acoustic detection was carried out at fixed stations, at heights of 55 m above ground level from March to October. Wind speed data were recorded concurrently using anemometers mounted on meteorological towers. Contradicting recommendations, the results show that significant bat activity might occur at wind speeds above the current curtailment values. Since turbine operation coincides with peak bat activity, it is imperative to implement site-specific mitigation strategies, such as optimized cut-in speeds, to minimize mortality risk.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020042

Authors: Jeremy T. Bruskotter John A. Vucetich Lisa Naughton-Treves José Vicente López-Bao Benjamin Ghasemi Nicole D. Sintov Tara L. Teel Neil H. Carter L. Mark Elbroch Adrian Treves

Human intolerance is a critical factor limiting both the distributions and populations of large carnivores. Using gray wolves as a case study, we synthesize a half-century of scholarship with the aims of clarifying the conceptual foundations of “tolerance” and integrating insights from across the social sciences. Specifically, we review longitudinal studies of attitudes toward wolves and show how trends vary across the populations examined. We then identify and discuss three complementary theories that help explain variation in tolerance across individuals, social groups, and societies: (1) Risk–benefit theories illuminate how perceptions of risks, benefits, and controllability shape individuals’ tolerance of carnivores; (2) Modernization theory explains societal shifts in values and shows how reduced threats from carnivores impact tolerance at the societal level; and (3) Social Identity Theory highlights how identification with interest groups (e.g., hunters, environmentalists) shape beliefs in a manner that serves to exacerbate inter-group conflicts. Linking these theoretical perspectives provides a more holistic framework for understanding why tolerance can change within populations, and why inter-group conflicts persist even as societal attitudes have become more favorable. We conclude by outlining research priorities aimed at improving our understanding of tolerance and the conditions that allow for human–carnivore coexistence.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020041

Authors: Sirma Zidarova Vasil Popov Zornitsa Zaharieva

Our knowledge of the marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna), a vulnerable mustelid species, is inadequate and fragmentary. Developing effective conservation strategies is significantly hampered by a lack of information on its distribution and preferred habitats. This research uses 77 recent species’ presence records to model its current distribution and predict its near-future distribution across a significant part of its European range under two climate change scenarios. Regions characterized by arid conditions and low elevations exhibit the highest suitability, but intensive agriculture causes habitat degradation and fragmentation across significant portions of these areas. Under the moderate future climate scenario (SSP2-4.5), the model predicts an increase in suitability across extensive parts of hilly areas, alongside a reduction in regions such as the sub-Mediterranean zones. This change is mainly attributable to rising winter temperatures. The pessimistic scenario (SSP5-8.5) forecasts a considerable decline in suitability, driven by anticipated high summer temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns. The territories crucial for the prolonged preservation of V. peregusna in the Balkans and the importance of preserving landscape heterogeneity in agricultural areas were highlighted. The resulting distribution predictions provide useful information to assist in the development of region-specific measures for better monitoring and conservation of the marbled polecat.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020040

Authors: Seweryn Lipiński

Open-access biodiversity repositories such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) are central to contemporary conservation research, yet their heterogeneous data sources introduce quality issues and spatial sampling biases that may compromise conservation analyses. This study evaluates the spatial and taxonomic quality of GBIF occurrence data for five protected species representing mammals and vascular plants in Central Europe. A transparent data-cleaning workflow was applied, including coordinate validation, removal of duplicate and erroneous locations, and taxonomic harmonization. Spatial sampling bias was quantified using nearest neighbor distance-based metrics, enabling comparison of clustering patterns before and after data cleaning. Raw datasets exhibited strong spatial clustering across all species, with nearest neighbor ratios (NNR) ranging from 0.06 to 0.73. Data cleaning reduced the number of retained records by approximately 15–57% and increased NNR values to 0.27–0.80, indicating the removal of extreme spatial artifacts. However, NNR values remained well below unity after cleaning, demonstrating persistent non-random spatial sampling structure related to uneven sampling effort. The strongest relative improvements were observed for plant species derived from herbarium records. These results highlight the need to distinguish between data quality errors and structural spatial bias in open biodiversity data and underscore the necessity of bias-aware methods beyond standard data-cleaning procedures in conservation analyses.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020039

Authors: Maritza Lucia Vaca-Cárdenas Julio Mauricio Oleas-Lopez Santiago Fahureguy Jiménez-Yánez Freddy Renan Costales Zavala Pedro Vicente Vaca-Cárdenas Diego Francisco Cushquicullma-Colcha Marcelo Eduardo Moscoso-Gómez

The authors would like to make the following correction to the published paper [...]

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6020038

Authors: Ayanda G. Masombuka Engela P. de Crom Kelly A. Marnewick

This review synthesises the existing literature on meaningful experiences in nature and their potential to shape conservation behaviour in urban protected areas. Empirical evidence suggests that individuals are more likely to engage in environmental stewardship when they have meaningful encounters with nature. Such experiences, characterised by strong emotional connection and lasting cognitive impact, can transform perceptions, emotions, and behaviours, as a result motivating pro-conservation actions. To achieve this, a thematic synthesis approach was adopted, guided by inclusion criteria that consider empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, and cultural and spiritual narratives. Drawing on theories such as biophilia and constructivism, the review explores how emotional responses (e.g., awe, wonder, transcendence and life-changing moments) nurture a deeper connection to nature and inspire conservation-oriented behaviours. The findings highlight the importance of designing nature-based activities that evoke meaningful experiences, bridging the gap between emotional connection and practical conservation action.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010037

Authors: Lizah Makombore Joshua Farley Julia Danielsen Anna Claire Marchessault

Scientists estimate that humanity has exceeded seven of nine planetary boundaries, threatening the entire planet with potentially catastrophic consequences for all species. We therefore have a moral imperative for future generations and other species to return to the safe side of those boundaries. Threats to these boundaries take the form of social dilemmas, defined as situations in which individuals acting in their own interest undermine collective welfare, which can only be solved through cooperation. Western economic theory has conditioned us to believe that humans are inherently selfish. This assumption has led economists, scientists, and policymakers to increasingly pursue market-based solutions to conservation approaches, which have yielded limited success. In contrast, this article argues that humans are inherently cooperative. We employ Multi-Level Selection Theory (MLS) to depict the evolutionary advantages of cooperation and to define morality as putting the group ahead of the individual. We examine two examples of MLS in action: Territories of Life (TOL) and Ubuntu. The paper provides guidance for pathways of Ecozoic governance, planning, and restoration. Applied in a Western context in Burlington, Vermont, the philosophies hold true, showing that social norms and group identity already shape ecological behavior in Burlington residents’ lawn care practices. Ultimately, providing an alternative economic model built on these ethical foundations, we introduce the Neighbor’s Goodwill that reframes social dilemmas in a game theory context. The Neighbor’s Goodwill demonstrates how loyalty, reciprocity, and social belonging alter payoff structures. This research is founded on the fact that humans are inherently social and tend to make decisions in the interest of the whole group over their own.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010036

Authors: Yuniria Lizeth Guerrero-Beltrán Manuel García-Ulloa Gómez Víctor Manuel Peinado-Guevara Celeste Osiris Montoya-Ponce Andrés Martín Góngora-Gómez Lizeth Carolina Villanueva-Fonseca Carlos Humberto Sepúlveda Héctor José Peinado-Guevara César Paúl Ley-Quiñónez Marcial Arellano Martínez

The artisanal harvesting of Anadara mazatlanica is of fundamental importance to the sociocultural identity and economic livelihood of the coastal communities located in the San Ignacio–Navachiste–Macapule (SINM) lagoon system in Mexico; its conservation depends on the sustainable use of the species and its habitat, which is considered vulnerable to multiple socioeconomic and environmental pressures. The circular economy (CE) emerges as a potential approach to integrate resource exploitation, waste reduction, and community-oriented conservation management. This study analyzed the perceptions of A. mazatlanica harvesters, covering social, economic, environmental, and recycling dimensions (theoretical approach) and corroborated by exploratory factor analysis, thereby identifying the main challenges and areas of opportunity for the transition to sustainable development models. A quantitative (exploratory–descriptive) approach was used, employing a structured questionnaire that included a sociodemographic section and 23 items on a Likert scale. The findings revealed a high sociocultural appreciation of artisanal fishing and community cohesion (x¯ = 4.55). In contrast, economic perceptions showed a moderately negative level (x¯ = 2.48), indicating a dependence on intermediaries, limited added value, and institutional support. The CE dimension (x¯ = 1.55) suggested an underutilization of shells. In addition, the mean value of 3.44 for environmental perceptions highlighted awareness of ecosystem deterioration and regulatory deficiencies. These results highlight the need to enhance fisheries governance, diversify value chains, and integrate circular innovations to ensure the sustainability of this fishery.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010035

Authors: Bojana Z. Jadranin Marija V. Vesović Djordje P. Božović Michal Goga Milorad M. Vujičić Pavel Širka Beáta Papp Aneta D. Sabovljević Marko S. Sabovljević

A rare and threatened pleurocarpous amblystegiaceaen dendrothelmatic moss, Anacamptodon splachnoides, was the subject of in vitro establishment and propagation. Tests on growth and rapid propagation were applied with the aim of preparing plant material for outdoor ex situ conservation and reintroduction into nature. This integrative conservation approach provides novel methodologies applicable to conservation programmes and management strategies, while also providing fundamental insights into the species’ biology. It further enables research on the species without harming its native populations, allowing for the exploration of questions raised during this investigation, such as spore biology and sex expression. A. splachnoides acts as both a shelter and signal species for a special microhabitat type, which also supports other rare organisms, and prolonged drought seems to affect reproduction, spore dispersal, and germinability more strongly than gametophore survival.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010034

Authors: Joëlle Elvire Kanté Koko Zébéto Houédakor Taméon Benoît Danvidé

In response to flood risks, nature-based solutions are increasingly recommended as resilience strategies. Wetlands are proposed as natural levers given their regulatory properties. This represents another way of promoting wetlands and, consequently, a call for their conservation. However, for nature-based solutions to be implemented effectively, residents’ perceptions and practices must be taken into account. To this end, in the flood-prone Greater-Nokoué region, this study highlighted residents’ perceptions and practices on the issue. Questionnaire surveys were conducted among 430 wetland residents with diverse socio-demographic profiles, who were either new or long-term residents living near wetlands (swamp formations and water bodies). The main results show that nearly half of the residents recognise the usefulness of wetlands in flood management. Both positive and negative perceptions are influenced by socio-demographic factors (gender, age, level of education) and residential factors (duration of residence near wetlands). Despite this fairly positive perception, wetlands are underused in flood management. Similarly, nature-based solutions are not exploited in alternative flood management approaches.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010033

Authors: Magdalena Negru Alina Constantina Florea Monica Angela Neblea

Leontopodium alpinum is a globally protected species and a valuable resource for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to evaluate the propagation of edelweiss through ex situ culture, analyzing its morphological and physiological performance under controlled conditions. The morphological and physiological evaluation was carried out by conducting a single-factor experimental design in a controlled environment. A statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (α = 0.05) and Pearson Correlation was performed. There were significant differences between three repetitions of the same cultivar for total leaf number, leaf size category distribution and inflorescence diameter. The correlations between morphological indicators revealed a strong positive correlation between plant width, plant volume, number of inflorescences per stem, and collar diameter on the one hand and between length of the floral stem and number/length of roots on the other. The physiological indicators (estimated transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic pigments) suggested a conservative functional and photosynthetic pigment profile. The species’ ability to maintain structural and physiological integrity under controlled conditions reinforces the value of ex situ cultivation as a complementary conservation tool for endangered species and provides a solid basis for valorization programs in commercial crops.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010032

Authors: Reuven Yosef Swapnil Kumbhojkar

Leopards (Panthera pardus) are considered solitary carnivores, but recent research reveals a more complex lifestyle that incorporates kin selection, hidden social structures, and behavioral innovation and plasticity. This paper combines theoretical advancements in kin selection with empirical findings from the peri-urban Jhalana Forest Reserve in Jaipur, India. Our research demonstrates that kin-tolerant spatial organization, maternal investment, temporal avoidance strategies, and adaptive responses to human-induced pressures form the foundation of leopard ecology in Jhalana. Female philopatry leads to the formation of matrilineal clusters, and maternal strategies play a crucial role in cub survival, with a cumulative two-year survival rate estimated at 61.8%. Emotional behaviors, such as grief-like responses to the loss of cubs, further challenge the notion that leopards are purely solitary animals. These findings have significant implications for evolutionary theory, conservation management, and human–wildlife coexistence. Jhalana serves as a model system where solitude and social behavior intersect, redefining our understanding of leopard ecology and guiding conservation efforts in human-dominated landscapes.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010031

Authors: Mohamad N. Tamalene Akhmad David K. Putra Andy Kurniawan

The interaction between humans and birds plays an important role in shaping the sustainability of tropical rainforest ecosystems, particularly through bird vocalizations that function as bioacoustic indicators of ecological conditions while simultaneously embedding socio-cultural meanings within local communities. This study aims to (1) classify types and categories of bird sounds as perceived by rural communities, and (2) assess the role of bird vocalizations as cultural symbols supporting community-based conservation practices. The study was conducted across six islands and eight villages in North Maluku, Eastern Indonesia, using a qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews and community workshops. A total of 435 respondents, all of whom were farmers residing along forest margins, participated in the study. The results documented 51 bird species belonging to 26 families, whose vocalizations were interpreted and classified by local communities into three acoustic categories: 21 species with loud calls (41.18%), 12 species with melodious calls (23.53%), and 18 species with sad calls (35.29%). Melodious vocalizations were commonly associated with values of beauty, calmness, and social harmony, whereas loud calls were predominantly interpreted as warnings, signals of alertness, or indicators of environmental change. These findings demonstrate that bird sounds serve not merely as ecological cues, but as culturally embedded symbols that guide daily activities, moral values, and conservation ethics within rural communities. By documenting the cultural significance of bird vocalizations across a clearly defined geographic context, this study provides an empirical basis for culturally informed conservation strategies aimed at protecting bird species subject to high levels of cultural use and ecological pressure.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010030

Authors: Miroslav Bukan Snježana Kereša Boris Lazarević Karlo Sokalić Ivan Pejić Hrvoje Šarčević

Drought is regarded as the most significant environmental factor affecting the productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) worldwide. The integration of maize landraces, conserved in germplasm bank collections, into elite breeding programs could increase the resilience of modern hybrids to drought and mitigate the genetic erosion identified within the genetic base of cultivated maize. In this study, seeds of fifteen Croatian maize landraces were exposed to four levels of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) to evaluate the effect of drought on their seed germination and seedling root parameters. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among landraces (G) and applied drought stress treatments (PEG) for all traits, as well as a significant PEG × G interaction for all traits except germination potential. The application of the highest drought stress level, caused by a 20% PEG water solution, reduced germination percentage by 51%, germination potential by 99%, root length by 87%, root diameter by 26%, root area by 91% and root volume by 93% compared to the control. Three landraces, MAK7, MAK11 and MAK15, showing high germination potential, long roots and large root area and volume under drought conditions, were identified as pre-breeding candidates for possible reintroduction into modern breeding programs aimed at increasing drought tolerance. The applied method of PEG-induced drought effectively identified drought-tolerant landraces and can be used for rapid screening of drought tolerance in large numbers of genebank accessions conserved in genebanks.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010029

Authors: Kostas Sagonas Thomas Daftsios Dionisios Iakovidis Nikolaos Gogolos Ioannis Mitsopoulos Vasileios Zafeiropoulos Panayiota Maragou

In August 2023, a large forest fire burned more than 60% of the Dadia–Lefkimi–Soufli Forest National Park in northeastern Greece, following another large fire in 2022. To quantify the effects of these fires on local herpetofauna, we analyzed community composition, abundance, and diversity before and after the 2023 event. Standardized visual encounter surveys were conducted across 29 sites between 2015 and 2024, spanning burned and unburned areas. Species richness, abundance, and diversity metrics, together with Bray–Curtis community dissimilarities, were compared across sampling periods and fire-severity classes. Amphibian assemblages showed high postfire persistence, with 82% of regional species still detected and no significant changes in diversity indices, likely reflecting the buffering role of perennial streams and other hydrologically stable refugia. In contrast, reptile communities showed clear compositional shifts and experienced severe declines: overall reptile species richness decreased to 30% of prefire levels and diversity indices dropped significantly. Tortoises (i.e., Testudo graeca, T. hermanni) declined by nearly 90% relative to prefire estimates, indicating high vulnerability of low-mobility, long-lived species. Snakes were not detected in any burned sites, whereas only a few small-bodied lizards and the freshwater turtle Mauremys rivulata persisted locally. These findings demonstrate that extreme, landscape-scale fires can restructure reptile communities in Mediterranean forests, particularly where long-term habitat change and drought had already reduced population resilience. The study underscores the need for targeted postfire restoration, conservation planning for slow-dispersing taxa, and long-term biodiversity monitoring under increasingly frequent fire regimes.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010028

Authors: Samer Fatfat Ali Badreddine Lobna Ben-Nakhla Majd Habib Gema Hernandez-Milian Giulio Pojana Luigi Bundone

Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) sightings along the Lebanese coast were recorded between 2020 and 2025. This study aims to provide insights into the consistency of monk seal presence, their habitat use, and their feeding behaviour in the studied area. The research relied on photographic and video materials gathered from social media reports, as well as contributions from local fishers and divers. A total of 43 sightings were recorded, with photo-identification possible for 34 of these. The study confirmed the presence of at least three distinct individuals, including one adult female frequently utilizing marine caves in Amchit and Rawsheh. Video recordings of feeding behaviour revealed prey species such as grey mullet and octopus, which are also targeted by local fisheries, suggesting potential conflicts between the seals and the fishing sector. This study emphasizes the need for a more systematic, long-term monitoring approach, including the use of infrared cameras, to identify suitable habitats and more accurately assess seal presence. The research further recommends a region-wide effort to understand monk seal movements within the Levantine Basin and to support broader conservation initiatives for the species.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010027

Authors: Ndivhuwo Shivambu Nimmi Seoraj-Pillai Tshifhiwa Nangammbi

The illegal wildlife trade remains a significant threat to biodiversity in South Africa. The poaching of native species in the country has increased over the years, primarily driven by the demand for abalone, rhino horns, and pangolin scales. This study analysed TRAFFIC wildlife crime records between 1984 and 2025 to identify hotspots, trends in enforcement over time, and the most affected species. We found that provinces such as Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal have the highest diversity of species affected, while the Western Cape recorded the highest number of incidents, predominantly seizures. Seizure was the most common wildlife activity, followed by poaching and illegal harvesting, with fewer cases of smuggling, breeding, and prosecution. A total of 50 species across nine animal classes were impacted, with white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum (Burchell, 1817)), abalone (Haliotis midae (Linnaeus, 1758)), lion (Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758)), and ground pangolin (Smutsia temminckii (Smuts, 1832)) among the most frequently targeted. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between seizures and arrests (Pearson’s r = 0.90, p = 0.001) across provinces. This indicates a substantial strengthening of law-enforcement activity across provinces, likely driven by enhanced detection or reporting, as reflected in a rising proportion of cases resulting in arrests. Species such as elephants and pangolins were associated with enforcement outcomes, particularly those involving horns, tusks, scales, and dead specimens. There is a need for targeted interventions in high-risk areas, and provinces must collaborate in combating the wildlife trade. Limitations in data completeness and species representation suggest the need for improved surveillance and reporting mechanisms to fully understand and combat illegal wildlife trade in South Africa.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010026

Authors: Raida Benseghir Rolando Trejo-Pérez Karima Lafore Michel Leboeuf Nicolas Bélanger

Reconciling carbon (C) sequestration with biodiversity conservation remains a key challenge for sustainable forest management, as C–biodiversity relationships vary across taxa and contexts. We evaluated how botanical composition, forest structure, C pools, and land use predict species richness of insects, birds, and bats across mature temperate forests in southern Québec, Canada. Generalized linear models were fitted for insects and birds, while bat data were analyzed descriptively due to low and uneven richness. Botanical composition and forest structure were the most consistent predictors across groups. Insects responded strongly to vegetation structure and C allocation, with richness decreasing with shrub density and mineral soil C but increasing with the soil:above-ground C ratio and distance from infrastructure. Bird richness increased with herbaceous cover and wetland area, emphasizing the value of open and moist habitats. Across taxa, C pools acted as secondary but complementary predictors. Based on observational analyses, our results show that C–biodiversity relationships are compartment-specific and taxon-sensitive, and suggest that maintaining structural complexity, diverse vegetation strata, wetland habitats, and soil C pools may help align biodiversity conservation with C sequestration objectives in temperate forests.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010025

Authors: Geoff Kaine Vic Wright

Increasing community awareness of, and engagement in, biodiversity and nature are key elements in many environmental conservation strategies. However, the public may take little or no action to protect biodiversity even though they may feel a strong sense of concern about its decline. This suggests that, although members of the public may be cognitively and affectively engaged with conserving biodiversity, this engagement does not necessarily translate into behavioural engagement and support for environmental policies. We hypothesised that the association between cognitive and affective engagement with conserving biodiversity on the one hand, and conservation behaviour on the other, depends on the relevance and importance of conserving biodiversity with respect to personal needs. Using a survey of the New Zealand public (n = 1000) we found that engagement with biodiversity was associated with the personal relevance and needs-based importance of conserving biodiversity. Importantly, using conditional process analysis, we found that involvement moderates the link between cognitive and affective engagement and conservation behaviour with the link strengthening as involvement intensifies. These findings help to explain why cognitive and affective engagement with conserving biodiversity do not translate inevitably into behavioural engagement with conserving biodiversity and support for environmental policies. The implication is that, to stimulate action, knowledge and sentiment must be accompanied by the perception that action to protect biodiversity will contribute in significant ways to meeting personal needs.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010024

Authors: Alex Donnelly Ivana Schork Mariane C. Kaizer Luiza F. Passos

Anurans are among the most threatened vertebrates worldwide, yet their acoustic ecology in fragmented habitats remains understudied. This research investigated acoustic overlaps and resource partitioning among amphibian species inhabiting Maceira Pond in Caparaó National Park, Brazil using bioacoustic methods. Six hours of recordings were analysed to determine key acoustic parameters and identify the resident species. A principal component analysis was used to assess acoustic parameters, whilst a cluster analysis examined acoustic similarities. Twelve species from four families were detected, of which eight were identified and five remained unidentified. Four species showed over 90% acoustic overlap, while two had less than 50%, with one at about 17%. Central frequency, peak frequency, duration, bandwidth, and pace significantly contributed to call differentiation. The R-value confirmed clustering patterns, indicating likely low acoustic interference due to few sympatric species. This study provides the first acoustic niche assessment for this community and highlights the need for further research on spatial and temporal partitioning in these threatened amphibian assemblages.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010023

Authors: Ilze Matisone Roberts Matisons Diāna Jansone Agnese Anta Liepiņa

The eastern Baltic region is rich in hemiboreal forests, which are both commercially important and provide habitats for rare and/or endangered forest-dwelling species, which are sensitive to accelerating climatic changes. Under the intensifying climatic disturbances that are stressing forests worldwide, sanitary logging is a widely used harvesting technique for the mitigation of commercial losses. The effects of salvage logging on the biodiversity of forests remain ambiguous due to the larger scale and higher intensity of timber harvesting, which can alter the recovery of stands and succession of their vegetation. Furthermore, EU legislation is increasingly emphasizing conservation/restoration and mandating its implementation. The recovery of ecosystems, and hence the biodiversity of disturbed managed forests, can take several decades to centuries, depending on the site conditions. Long-term (~60 years, four remeasurements) changes in the composition and structure of vegetation, as an indicator of overall health and nutrient cycling, were studied in conventionally managed hemiboreal forests. Potential forest transformation (paludification) risks associated with large-scale logging were assessed in mixed coniferous stands in the Baltics, Latvia. Following logging, the stands were conventionally managed, including artificial regeneration. According to ground cover vegetation, 50 years was the period for the disturbance effects to start subsiding, as a dynamic equilibrium was reached and the canopies of regenerating trees were closing. A gradual decrease in moisture levels in the middle parts of salvage-logged areas, and later at their edges, indicated that the stands have escaped paludification, likely as the climate has been warming. Distance from the edge of the salvage-logged areas had a secondary effect on ground cover vegetation recovery after storms, alleviating concerns about the explicit negative impact of the scale of harvesting. Thus, in managed seminatural forest landscapes with a historically small to moderate scale of anthropogenic disturbance, salvage logging at a scale locally deemed as large had a transient effect in the Baltics. This indicates successful regeneration of the forest ecosystem over a timeframe shorter than the conventional rotation period, suggesting overall conservation efficiency of conventionally managed forests. Accordingly, salvage logging can be sustainable in terms of biodiversity and forest continuity in the long run under traditional management, as environmental changes accelerate.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010022

Authors: Isabela Silva Eve Bohnett Michael Volk Reed Noss Jon Oetting Thomas Hoctor

Rapid urban expansion across southwestern Florida has led to extensive habitat fragmentation and degradation, presenting significant ecological challenges for the persistence of multiple species, including the Big Cypress fox squirrel (Sciurus niger avicennia; BCFS), a state threatened and imperiled subspecies endemic to the Big Cypress Basin. This study uses high-resolution ecological modeling, Omniscape, to assess the functional connectivity of BCFS habitat within the urbanizing landscape of Fort Myers, Florida, and a green infrastructure (GI) transect-based approach to identify strategies for improving habitat and connectivity within the urban landscape. Results demonstrate that BCFS movement is disproportionately represented in high-density urban zones, with priority bottleneck patterns emerging in surrounding lower-density, transitional land use areas such as suburban neighborhoods and golf courses. By combining spatial modeling and applied GI design, this study offers a replicable framework for embedding species conservation into local and regional planning processes. Given the model-based and species-specific scope of this study, future research should focus on empirical validation and extending this framework across multiple species and scales. Overall, the findings emphasize the importance of multiscalar, landscape-sensitive planning strategies to mitigate anthropogenic fragmentation, enhance ecological resilience, and support the long-term persistence of native species in rapidly developing regions.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010021

Authors: Andrew T. M. Chin Namrata Shrestha Jonathan L. W. Ruppert Marie-Josée Fortin

Urban areas worldwide face significant pressure from population growth and urban expansion, resulting in habitat loss. Urban planners need to develop a comprehensive strategy for protecting, restoring and enhancing natural heritage (such as natural features and assets), at the municipal and regional levels. Here, we propose an approach to design a Natural Heritage System (NHS) that interconnects natural features and areas. This resulting NHS aims to guide and prioritize the protection, restoration, and enhancement of ecological areas and their functions. The NHS integrates terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem functions for conservation planning. We leverage the Marxan optimization tool to identify target areas using 36 ecological features. We compare three spatial scenarios: regional-scale, watershed-scale, and a hybrid approach. We found that the hybrid scenario proved to be the most effective, covering 52% of the jurisdiction. Then, we classified the target areas into three tiers of the NHS: (1) existing natural cover (23.4%), (2) potential natural cover (12.3%), and (3) contributing areas (16.3%). Contributing areas represent additional parts of the NHS within developed or partly developed landscapes to support overall NHS health and ecological function. These tiers allow for tailored management actions: protection of existing natural cover and restoration of potential natural cover. Altogether, the areas identified for the NHS by Marxan provide a strong, science-based framework to address urbanization impacts and support long-term implementation of biodiversity and urban sustainability solutions. It also provides enhancement opportunities through green infrastructure in contributing areas using nature-based solutions aiming to conserve biodiversity in urban areas.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010020

Authors: José L. Tella Cristina B. Sánchez-Prieto Pedro Romero-Vidal

Madagascar is a global biodiversity hotspot, with approximately 90% of all its plant and animal species being endemic, most of them associated with forest ecosystems. This rich biodiversity is threatened by relentless deforestation; in 2014 only about 15% of the national territory retained highly fragmented native forests, and deforestation continues with worrying forecasts for the coming decades. This rapid loss of habitat is not only causing species losses, but also the loss of important ecological functions that may disappear well before the extinction of the species involved. Here we want to draw attention to the three species of parrots endemic to Madagascar, for which there is a lack of systematically collected data on their distribution and population trends. We compiled available evidence, including data derived from citizen science, suggesting that the distribution and abundance of at least two of the three parrot species have declined in recent decades. These declines are likely driven not only by forest loss but also by persecution for the pet trade, crop protection, and hunting for food. There is also evidence, although still scarce, showing that these parrot species not only act as plant antagonists, but also fulfill mutualistic functions such as seed dispersal by different mechanisms, pollination, and maintenance of plant health. We urge researchers to study the current distribution and population size of the Malagasy parrots, as well as the full antagonism–mutualism spectrum of relationships with their food plants. This is needed for assessing their current conservation status, which may be significantly worse than that reflected by the IUCN Red List, and for identifying important ecological functions that may be lost before the disappearance of the species involved, which can be key to the maintenance and regeneration of the forests they inhabit.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010019

Authors: Ana Patrícia Almeida Miguel Araújo Vitor Encarnação Jaime A. Ramos

This study examines a long-term dataset where 16 passerine species, classified as long-distance migrants, short-distance migrants, and residents were monitored at the Santo André National Ringing Station (Portugal) from 1997 to 2024. Using standardized capture data from 16 passerines species collected during the autumn migration period, we evaluated trends in population abundance over a 27-year time span. Our analyses revealed pronounced and statistically robust declines in all long-distance migratory species, particularly savi’s warbler, grasshopper warbler, and sedge warbler, which are now almost locally extinct. In contrast, short-distance migrants and resident species exhibited more heterogeneous patterns depending on their ecological specialization, yet all strictly insectivorous taxa, except for the chiffchaff, showed marked population declines, particularly the bluethroat and the sardinian warbler. The parallel decline in insectivorous species across migratory strategies points to a widespread trophic effect, likely linked to the global depletion of insect populations, driven by habitat destruction, pesticide use, pollution, and climate change. Collectively, these findings emphasize the urgent need for regionally adapted, long-term monitoring programs to inform effective conservation strategies in the face of accelerating climate and land-use change.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010018

Authors: Emmanouela Kamperi Konstantinos Bertsouklis Apostolos-Emmanouil Bazanis Eireni Dima Panayiotis Trigas Maria Tsakiri Maria Panitsa

This study provides a comprehensive and refined framework for the micropropagation of the critically endangered Greek endemic Silene conglomeratica. Using a limited seed stock, a reliable in vitro propagation protocol was developed, supporting both ex situ conservation and potential commercial applications in floriculture and landscape architecture. Nodal explants excised from aseptic seedlings, established on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, were successfully used for culture initiation. Supplementation with 1.0 mg L−1 meta-topolin (mT) and 0.2 mg L−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) promoted shoot proliferation. Subsequent subculturing on half-strength Rugini Olive Medium (OM/2) supplemented with 0.5 mg L−1 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP) resulted in high multiplication rates and a high frequency of spontaneous rooting. Rooting initiation was further optimized using OM/2 supplemented with 0.5 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The high acclimatization percentage (80%) confirms the feasibility of this protocol for ex situ conservation and highlights its applicability for nursery production and specialized landscape use. Overall, this study contributes an efficient and scalable propagation strategy that supports both the conservation and sustainable utilization of this valuable endemic species. Future work should focus on refining these protocols through more targeted testing of concentrations and alternative combinations of growth regulators and nutrient compositions.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010017

Authors: Benjamin Kilham James R. Spotila Andrew A. Timmins

To establish the best approach for conserving a species, it is necessary to understand the biology of that species. To better understand the behavior of American black bears (Ursus americanus), we observed 246 black bears for 7950 h in nature over a 24-year period to quantify how the bears communicated. Black bears communicated using several different behaviors. These included thirteen types of vocalizations, eight olfactory behaviors, eight marking behaviors, sixteen different body postures and gestures constituting their body language, and various emotional expressions. Some behaviors appeared to be automatic, including facial expression, ear movements, some forms of body language, the intensity of various vocalizations, and various moans. Other behaviors appeared to be intentional, including mechanically generated sounds and actions that could be used to bluff or deceive, such as the chomping of teeth, huffing, swatting, false charging, and various vocalizations. The conservation of black bears can be improved by establishing management strategies that take into account the vocal and non-vocal communication of the bears. Conflicts and negative encounters between humans and bears can be reduced through behavioral modifications by humans based on our new understanding of the communication system of bears. Knowledge of the communication system of the black bear provides a basis for improved conservation through the non-lethal management of bears involved in bear–human conflicts.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010016

Authors: Manuel Santiago-Plata Jennifer Adams Janet L. Rachlow Lisette P. Waits

The recent recognition of the Neotropical otter (Lontra annectens) as a distinct species highlights the need to evaluate its genetic status and connectivity across fragmented tropical habitats. We analyzed genetic diversity, population structure, and recent demographic patterns of L. annectens from two contrasting regions in northern Costa Rica—Tortuguero National Park (TNP) and the Sarapiquí River Basin (SRB). Non-invasive fecal and anal-gland secretion samples collected during 2021–2022 were genotyped at ten nuclear DNA microsatellite loci. Genetic diversity was moderate across regions (mean allelic richness [AR] = 3.98–4.03, observed heterozygosity [Ho] = 0.52–0.58), expected heterozygosity [He] = 0.62–0.65) with no significant inter-regional differences. Bayesian clustering, principal component analysis, and pairwise FST (0.002) supported a near-panmictic population. Kinship analyses detected localized clusters of related individuals, suggesting weak but non-random structuring, while contemporary migration estimates indicated low-frequency, asymmetric gene flow from SRB to TNP. Bottleneck tests revealed signatures of recent demographic contraction in both regions, particularly in TNP. These findings demonstrate limited yet ongoing connectivity among riverine subpopulations and emphasize that increasing habitat fragmentation could erode this exchange. Maintaining hydrological corridors and monitoring genetically vulnerable subpopulations should be conservation priorities to preserve gene flow and long-term viability of L. annectens in northern Costa Rica.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010015

Authors: Maritza Lucia Vaca-Cárdenas Julio Mauricio Oleas-Lopez Santiago Fahureguy Jiménez-Yánez Freddy Renan Costales Zavala Pedro Vicente Vaca-Cárdenas Diego Francisco Cushquicullma-Colcha Marcelo Eduardo Moscoso-Gómez

Alpacas thrive in Andean ecosystems, efficiently converting natural pasture into products such as fiber and meat, making their breeding a production alternative in Guamote. Intensive grazing and the shift in the spatial distribution of plants due to climate change negatively impact the moorlands. In this context, this study analyzed the influence of floristic composition on the productivity and quality of natural pastures. The methodology included a floristic inventory in a sample of 98 cells in four communities, collecting flora data using the Parker method to measure species composition, density, and cover. In addition, soil fertility and nutritional quality of desirable pastures were assessed through physical and chemical analyses. Principal component and cluster analyses were then applied to correlate the variables. The results showed 26 species, with Poaceae and Asteraceae standing out as dominant and abundant. Tablillas and Pull Quishuar stood out for their productivity and carrying capacity (4.83 t/ha), while Galte Bisñag showed high protein and plant vitality in their pastures. Component 1 stood out for its high production (3.71 t/ha) and carrying capacity in fertile soils; Axis 2 linked Galte Bisñag with high nutritional quality and vegetation cover, while Axis 3 related Asaraty with compacted soils and an intermediate balance. The direct influence between floral species and the productivity of natural pastures leads to the exploration and implementation of measures for sustainable grazing.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010014

Authors: Katrina Medina Leydy Sandoval-Vargas Iván Valdebenito Adriana Rodríguez-Forero

Parassi mullet (Mugil incilis) is an ecologically and economically important species that supports small-scale artisanal fisheries. However, scarce knowledge of its reproductive biology limits the development of management and conservation strategies. This research describes key milt and sperm characteristics, including milt volume, sperm concentration, motility, and ultrastructural features. Males produced an average of 40.0 ± 20 µL of milt, with sperm concentrations between 6.00 and 20.37 × 109 spermatozoa mL−1. Sperm motility varied between 10% and 80%, with a mean duration of 14.13 ± 4.49 min. Mature spermatozoa measured 33.79 ± 0.67 µm and exhibited a subspherical head without an acrosome, a short midpiece, and a cylindrical flagellum. The nucleus contains electron-dense heterogeneous chromatin. The centriolar complex was positioned outside the nuclear fossa consistent with Type II spermiogenesis. The flagellum comprises a main piece and tapering end piece. The axoneme had 9 + 0 arrangement at the basal body region and the typical 9 + 2 configuration along its length. These results provide the first detailed description of sperm morphology in parassi mullet and contribute to an understanding of its reproductive biology, supporting future applications in taxonomy, toxicology, conservation and aquaculture programs.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010013

Authors: Atilla Dinçer Kara Derya Gülçin Efehan Ulaş Elif Yıldız Ay Özkan Evcin Kerim Çiçek Javier Velázquez Ali Uğur Özcan

The brown bear (Ursus arctos) occurs across several regions of Türkiye and occasionally damages beehives near rural settlements. This study examines temporal data and the spatial arrangement of beehive damage incidents recorded in the Ilgaz district of Çankırı, Türkiye during 2023–2024. The temporal data were evaluated across lunar phases. A chi-square test showed that incidents did not distribute evenly. A higher frequency was found during the Waxing Crescent phase. Spatial intensity was mapped using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), where bandwidth selection followed a cross-validation procedure. KDE results showed clear concentrations of incidents in the southern and southwestern parts of the district, while other areas recorded few or none. A Decision Tree (DT) classifier based on eleven environmental variables was used to identify predictors of incident presence. The DT achieved an AUC of 0.808. It identified “distance to settlement” as the primary separating variable, followed by “distance to road”, “distance to forest”, and the “Human Footprint Index”. Beehive damage followed a non-random temporal pattern across lunar phases. It clustered near settlements. Conflict timing followed both environmental conditions and human activity. The findings provide an empirical basis for reducing apiary losses and improving coexistence measures between local communities and brown bears in the Ilgaz region.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010012

Authors: Xander Kremer Ana Gracanin David B. Lindenmayer Kara N. Youngentob

Monitoring the size of wildlife populations is crucial for the effective implementation of conservation management strategies, and a variety of methods have been developed for this purpose. One such approach is the double-observer method, which has recently gained prominence in monitoring programs for the southern greater glider (Petauroides volans), an iconic nocturnal arboreal marsupial native to Australia. While this method has been successfully applied at lower population densities, its reliability and applicability at higher-density sites has not been evaluated. This case study represents the first instance of an investigation and discussion on the application of the double-observer method in greater glider monitoring at higher-density sites. We found that in higher-density areas, the proximity of individuals makes it more difficult to reliably distinguish unique (individual) animals between observers, and the increased number of observations per transect extends the time required for data recording. Transects with more animal observations showed significantly longer delays between observers (z = 5.062, p < 0.001). Additionally, discrepancies in the number of animal observations between observers significantly altered the intended 15–20 min interval (z = 2.71, p = 0.007). Deviations from the standard 15–20 min interval between observers were common, occurring at 44 of the 66 sites, where actual time-lags ranged from 0 to 64 min. Consequently, longer intervals increased the potential for animal movement, while shorter intervals risked observer independence. These factors, combined with our experience applying the double-observer method across sites with markedly different greater glider densities, suggest that the critical non-movement assumption may be violated more frequently than previously recognised. We discuss the limitations of applying the double-observer method to survey high-density populations and recommend prioritising research on greater glider movement patterns and alternative survey techniques to improve the accuracy and reliability of monitoring programs at higher-density sites.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010011

Authors: Jean-Paul M. Tasi Jean-Maron Maloti Ma Songo Jean Semeki Ngabinzeke Didier Bazile Bocar Samba Ba Jean-François Bissonnette Damase P. Khasa

Forests are important biodiversity reservoirs and require sustainable management to prevent deforestation and forest degradation. Forest landscape restoration (FLR) has been proposed as a sustainable initiative aimed at restoring ecosystem functions and improving the well-being of surrounding populations. In 2005, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) initiated a project to protect 200 ha of savanna in Manzonzi landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo, on the outskirts of the Luki Biosphere Reserve. The biodiversity changes related to this ecological restoration project remain unpublished. To address this knowledge gap, floristic inventories of the protected Manzonzi landscape were carried out over a 12-year period and we assessed how changes in the floral composition of this landscape evolved and affected the provision of ecosystem services (ES). We found that protection of the savanna by banning recurring bush fires and fencing off the area promoted the richness and abundance of forest species, such as Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich, Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W. Wight. These forest taxa replaced grassland species, such as Hymenocardia acida Tul. and Maprounea africana Müll. Arg., and served to benefit the local population, who use these forest taxa as food, fuelwood, and medicines. This study revealed that protected savanna improved woody biomass, plant diversity (richness/abundance), and carbon storage, significantly boosting essential ES for communities; yet these positive trends reversed when active monitoring ceased. Protecting savannas improves the environment and benefits communities, but stopping protection efforts can undo these gains, emphasizing the need for ongoing conservation.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010010

Authors: Abigail Meeks Christopher Serenari Elena Rubino David Newstead Trey Barron S. Anthony Deringer

Insufficient investment in wildlife that lacks strong aesthetic or emotional appeal to humans poses a significant obstacle to achieving broader conservation goals. Species that are not considered charismatic are nonetheless vital to ecosystems and deserve attention from conservationists, researchers, and the public. However, effective strategies for bridging the gap between these species and traditionally charismatic ones remain underexplored. Our exploratory study introduced the concept of charisma orientations to examine their influence on pro-bird behaviors, such as following guidelines, reporting disturbances, and participating in community advocacy. We identified six relational and socially negotiated orientations—ecological importance, intrinsic right to exist, protection support, affective meaning, and perceived decline—that together represent key perspectives through which waterbirds are understood. A survey of 615 Texas coastal recreationists revealed that relying solely on positive charisma diminishes the appeal of waterbirds for participants. The species likeability frame was relevant only in the context of reporting disturbances, while a moral policy stance (the belief that waterbirds need protection) was significant in predicting advocacy. Younger males and individuals who felt current regulations were adequate were less likely to engage in waterbird conservation behaviors. Our findings suggest that examining the intersection of contested charismatic species and various charisma orientations can uncover subtle nuances often overlooked due to an overemphasis on positive charisma and emotional resonance, which may only partially apply or not apply at all.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010009

Authors: Andrea Mazzatenta

Despite its global distribution, the impacts of wild pigs on the environment are poorly understood. However, wild boar (Sus scrofa) is recognized as a pest species, causes extensive damage to agriculture, biodiversity, and forests, and contributes to motor vehicle accidents. This study investigates the causes and mechanisms underlying the demographic explosion of wild boar in Italy. The analysis is based exclusively on official datasets from Italian governmental institutes, allowing quantitative correlations between population dynamics, culling rates, and economic impacts. By integrating historical data, population biology, reproductive physiology, and chemical communication, the study reveals that anthropogenic pressures, counterintuitively driven by wildlife management practices, have significantly contributed to population growth. A shift from a K-strategy to an r-strategy in reproductive behavior, induced by sustained control pressure, has led to increased birth rates and accelerated expansion. Disruptions in species homeostasis trigger harmful changes in ecosystem structure and functionality, delineating a model of environmental damage. These findings highlight the urgency of adopting an integrated wildlife management approach that combines conservation biology and physiological principles with targeted operational interventions to prevent further degradation affecting both the species and the ecosystem.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010008

Authors: Mirna Castro-Bello Diana Dolores Vázquez-Martínez Cornelio Morales-Morales Jorge Fuentes-Pacheco Diego Esteban Gutiérrez-Valencia Carlos Virgilio Marmolejo-Vega Sergio Ricardo Zagal-Barrera

Since 2019, the Mexican Government has implemented the Sembrando Vida Program (SVP) to address environmental degradation and social marginalization in rural areas. This research analyzed the SVP’s targeting mechanisms to assess the fulfillment of its objectives in the central region of the state of Guerrero, Mexico. The methodology included an analysis of the Operating Rules; a review of the beneficiary registry; the construction of environmental, social, and economic indicators; proportional stratified sampling with a 90% confidence level; and an SVP evaluation using indicators and confidence intervals. Targeting mechanisms identified agrarian subjects aged ≥ 18 years with 2.5 hectares living below the poverty line. Changes in the indicator matrix highlight a focus on food self-sufficiency and poverty levels, among others. Key results from the indicators include 100% social recovery, 62.3% of beneficiaries increased their agricultural income, and 100% application of learned environmental techniques. The intervals showed that between 26.49–42.19% of individuals joined the agricultural sector; 55.68–71.58% diversified their crops; and 86.15–95.65% made improvements in health, housing, or education. The evaluation of the SVP demonstrated its impact on environmental preservation and the improvement of the socioeconomic well-being of the rural population in the study area.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010007

Authors: Rasuna Mishima Makoto Kobayashi Noboru Kuramoto

The necessity of citizen involvement in biodiversity conservation activities is widely recognized in practical conservation operations. Clarifying the roles of annual-fee membership schemes is important, as they enable diverse styles of citizen participation. Kyororo is a museum whose main theme is the Satoyama in snowy regions, and the Kyororo Friends Association is an affiliated annual-fee membership program. This study examines the results of a questionnaire survey distributed among the association’s members to examine their perceptions of Kyororo’s activities, in addition to their characteristics—such as age group, place of residence, and type of involvement—and their motivations for joining the association. This study contributes by revising four potential roles of annual-fee membership in terms of promoting citizen participation. The first is as a platform for citizen involvement that is independent of geographic distance or direct participation. The second is as a platform for sustaining the involvement of individuals who have contributed to the accumulated history of the activities. The third is as platforms for citizens who understand and trust community-level nature, conservation activities, and their values to affiliate with and provide their support. The fourth is as a platform for sustained citizen support through regular fixed-amount payments to trusted entities.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010006

Authors: Jorge Ramos

The conservation status of saltscapes can vary. These areas possess their own biodiversity, which can even be stimulated by balanced socio-ecological systems, particularly those where the development of economic activities has a low ecological footprint, as is the case of traditional salt production. This study examined the conservation status of Portuguese saltscapes, related not only to the ancient activity of extracting salt-based products, but also to the more recent emergence of cultural ecosystem services, particularly those related to tourism. Using the concept of socio-ecological systems the methodological approach combines cross-referencing official statistical data with aerial imagery analysis, testing the conservation status of some saltscapes, determining whether traditional salt production areas tended to be regenerated or abandoned. The results showed that, in the main areas related to traditional salt production, conservation of saltscapes has been ongoing in recent years, particularly through the regeneration of several production areas. In some of these salt pan areas, tourism activities have been developed, increasing the resilience of the activity from a socioeconomic perspective. Saltscapes—with a particular focus on the conservation of traditional salt pans—provide ecosystem services that go beyond mere salt extraction, as they are being revalued both ecologically and culturally.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010005

Authors: José M. Fernández-García Nerea Jauregi Mikel Olano Esteban Iriarte Jon Ugarte Aitor Lekuona José M. Martínez Pilar Oliva-Vidal Antoni Margalida

The Eurasian Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) is the most abundant obligate scavenger in Europe. It depends on wild and domestic carcasses whose availability and location are relatively unpredictable in terms of space and time, but also on predictable sources of anthropogenic origin. In this study, satellite and accelerometer data from 10 adult individuals captured in the Basque Country (N Spain) were analysed with the aims of identifying feeding sites and determining the types of resources used. The annual cycle of the species was subdivided into three phases: pre-laying and incubation (December–March), rearing (April–July) and post-rearing (August–November). Our results showed that 64% of trophic resources were consumed in mountain pastures and on extensive or semi-extensive livestock farms, highlighting the importance of these farming systems for the species in the study area. However, 36% of the resources were exploited in more predictable anthropic environments, such as landfills and supplementary feeding stations and, to a much lesser extent, intensive farms. Individual variability was detected in terms of trophic behaviour. On semi-extensive farms, the most consumed carcasses were sheep (48%) and horses (37%), while on intensive farms, it was pigs (81%). During the pre-laying and incubation phase, feeding events detected in landfills were reduced, with vultures focusing on resources close to the colony. We observed that the population studied differed from other Spanish populations in its greater use of trophic resources from extensive and semi-extensive livestock farms, as expected from their spatial-temporal distribution and local availability.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010004

Authors: Inga Wolframm Donna Arrabal Elske van den Brink Jennifer Korterink de Vries

Equine yards represent a substantial yet often overlooked land-use category in Europe, with potential to contribute to biodiversity and environment conservation. This study explored behavioral drivers and barriers to biodiversity implementation on Dutch equine yards using the COM-B model (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation—Behavior). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 yard owners, covering both private and commercial operations ranging from <3 hectares to >3 hectares. Data were analyzed thematically using a deductive COM-B framework, with coded responses quantified to assess the relative weight of barriers and enablers. Reflective motivation emerged as a consistent enabler, grounded in values such as equine welfare, sustainability, and responsible land use. However, barriers were more prevalent overall, particularly within physical and social opportunity. Small yards faced constraints related to time, labor, and land tenure, while larger yards reported challenges integrating biodiversity into routines and navigating regulatory complexity. Psychological capability was not a major constraint, though yard owners expressed a clear need for externally sourced, informed advice. These findings suggest that while motivation is high, structural barriers limit implementation. Unlocking the ecological potential of equine yards will require targeted, size-sensitive policy support, recognition of their land stewardship role, and better integration of biodiversity into daily management practices.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010003

Authors: Nia Toshkova Nikolay Simov

Understanding the drivers of population dynamics in long-lived, slow reproducing species such as bats is critical for conservation, particularly during vulnerable life history stages like hibernation. We reviewed winter mortality records from more than 109 monitored hibernacula in Bulgaria. We found that unusual mortality events (UME > 7 individuals) were recorded at only four sites, involving carcasses from at least five species, indicating that such events are uncommon and likely under-detected due to uneven survey effort. Because the conditions under which bats hibernate can shape vulnerability to stressors, we used available long-term survey data to outline species-specific hibernation preferences as a first step toward identifying ecological settings that may influence winter mortality risk. Across Bulgaria, species exhibited distinct preferences for hibernacula: most bats selected humid, low-altitude caves, whereas others occupied colder, high-elevation roosts. Roost temperatures and altitudes differed significantly among species, with Miniopterus schreibersii using the broadest range of conditions, yet neither variable explained variation in colony size. We further analysed the age structure of deceased Miniopterus schreibersii (Bonaparte, 1837) from Bulgaria’s largest hibernation colony following mortality events in winter 2022. Carcasses spanned a wide range of age classes, yet younger individuals predominated, consistent with the idea that early-life mortality represents a key demographic filter in bats. These findings emphasise the need for consistent mortality monitoring in bats, using standardised protocols that account for detection biases, scavenger removal, and site-specific variation. Such efforts are essential for clarifying the roles of environmental extremes, disease, and human disturbance in winter mortality.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010002

Authors: María Villacañas Antonio J. Carpio Cristina Acosta-Muñoz

The global decline in biodiversity, mainly caused by human activities such as land use change, agricultural intensification, habitat degradation, and climate change, is impacting many species, including raptors. The lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni), a threatened colonial raptor strongly associated with traditional agricultural landscapes, has experienced marked distributional and demographic changes across Spain. Understanding the environmental and anthropogenic factors shaping its occurrence is essential for guiding effective conservation actions. In this study, we combined national-scale presence data with local breeding information to identify the main drivers influencing the species’ spatial patterns and potential causes of local population change. Nationally, the lesser kestrel showed positive associations with prey availability, grasslands, and non-irrigated croplands, while urban areas, water bodies, and higher altitudes negatively affected its occurrence. Climatic variables, particularly precipitation during the warmest quarter and temperature seasonality, were also significant predictors. At the local scale (Córdoba province), colony abundance increased in non-irrigated agricultural areas and certain human-modified habitats, but declined in woodlands, open natural areas, and landscapes characterised by larger patch sizes. Overall, our findings highlight the relevance of preserving heterogeneous, traditional agricultural mosaics and maintaining prey-rich open habitats. By integrating national and local perspectives, this study identifies priority areas for conservation and provides actionable insights to support efforts aimed at halting the decline of the lesser kestrel in Spain.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation6010001

Authors: Davide Scaccini Gabriele Zeni Paul Hendriks Enzo Moretto

Saproxylic insects are key forest components but highly vulnerable to practices that reduce deadwood quality and diversity. We investigated the response of Platycerus caraboides (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)—an elusive, cool-adapted stag beetle associated with moist, small-diameter decayed wood—to forest coppicing in the Euganean Hills (northeastern Italy). Surveys were conducted both before (2017–2020) and after coppicing (2021–2025) to compare plots that had undergone coppicing with those that remained uncoppiced. Field investigation focused on the volume of downed woody debris and on P. caraboides occurrence, quantified as encounter rates of deadwood bearing stag beetle oviposition scars or the evidence of stag beetle presence. Coppicing and wood harvesting reduced the overall volume of deadwood but did not significantly affect the amount of small-diameter downed woody debris. Nevertheless, P. caraboides showed consistently lower encounter rates in coppiced areas, particularly during the initial survey period, suggesting that altered microclimatic conditions and reduced debris quality may hinder colonization or larval development. These findings underscore the need to retain small- and medium-diameter woody debris, maintain partial canopy cover, and enhance structural heterogeneity to conserve overlooked, cool-adapted saproxylic species—especially under climate change and in line with EU biodiversity restoration goals.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040086

Authors: Coleman Z. Little Neelendra K. Joshi

The authors would like to issue the following corrections about the published paper [...]

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040085

Authors: Valentina Lucia Astrid Laface Luigi Torino

The Orchidaceae family in Calabria has been scarcely investigated during the 21st century, and available knowledge remains fragmentary, particularly for the rarer taxa. The last comprehensive study dates back to 2002, whereas subsequent checklists, limited to restricted areas of the region, provide incomplete or taxonomically uncertain data. Considering that the family is protected at global (CITES, Bern Convention, IUCN) and national (Italian Red List) levels, broader and more systematic attention is required. In this work, focused on the southern sector of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, with special reference to the mountain and foothill areas of the Aspromonte massif and in the adjacent districts, we describe four new hybrids for science, each assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), and report four previously unrecorded taxa for the region, evaluated as VU/CR. In addition, two hybrids, newly recorded for the Calabrian flora, were likewise assigned a CR conservation status. The study also provides confirmation of historical records of Ophrys speculum and identifies the southernmost stations in continental Italy for both O. speculum and Orchis branciforti Standardized floral and labellar morphometric traits were measured on representative individuals from each population, including the parental species in the case of hybrids. Conservation status was evaluated following IUCN criteria and GeoCAT-derived AOO values, complemented by field observations on population size, habitat conditions, and site-specific threats. Hybrid names comply with ICN provisions. These findings enhance understanding of orchid biodiversity in Southern Italy and provide new insights for regional conservation efforts.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040084

Authors: Stefanos Ispikoudis Elias Pipinis Emmanouil Tziolas Stefanos Kostas Christos Damianidis Konstantinos Mantzanas Pavlos Smiris

Juniper formations are valuable habitats for fauna and flora and play an important role in protecting the ecosystem, where they grow, from erosion and degradation. Juniper habitats are included in the European Directive 92/43. Juniperus phoenicea is of great ecological importance in Mediterranean areas, as it is often among the only species that can survive under extremely unfavorable conditions. Along with other species, it forms the habitat 2250* “Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.” Habitat 2250* is a priority habitat, and today, it is under threat due to several factors such as coastal erosion, forest fires, etc. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the factors that affect the rooting of J. phoenicea shoot cuttings collected from plants growing in their natural habitat. Specifically, the effects of the cutting collection season and the different concentrations (0, 3, 6, and 12 g·L−1) of the plant growth regulator K-IBA (indole-3-butyric acid potassium salt) on the rooting of J. phoenicea shoot cuttings in two propagation systems (mist and fog) were investigated. The shoot cuttings of J. phoenicea rooted in high percentages reaching more than 90%. The factors studied played an important role, and significant differences in the rooting ability of cuttings were found, as well as in the number and length of roots. For the optimal results, cuttings should be collected in winter and treated with 6 g·L−1 K-IBA under a mist system or in summer with 3 g·L−1 K-IBA under a fog system. The results of the present study can be used to make up a basic step for conservation and restoration efforts and for sustainable exploitation strategies for this valuable phytogenetic resource.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040083

Authors: Jeffrey K. McCrary Alain Kheim Meyrat Ricardo M. Rueda Luz Maria Calvo-Irabien

Volcanic crater interiors in Nicaragua’s Pacific region are a valuable, understudied, and threatened native plant resource. Laguna de Apoyo Nature Reserve encompasses a crater and lake formed following a Quaternary volcanic explosion in Pacific Nicaragua. The flora of the tropical dry forest in the crater’s interior surrounding the lake has not been extensively assessed. We identified 403 native and 72 introduced plant species and their uses through a combination of survey plots, unstructured interviews, expert consultations, and targeted searches for plant species coordinated with key informants in the Reserve. Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Asteraceae were the most represented native species, whereas the most significant numbers of introduced species were found in Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Fabaceae. Forty-one species have conservation priority status. Documented uses were found for 70% of the native species and 88% of the introduced species. The most significant numbers of plant species with reported use types were ornamentals and fuelwood. This study constitutes the most comprehensive plant species inventory in a protected area of Nicaragua’s tropical dry forest biome. These findings indicate native plant diversity is high, introduced species pose considerable risks, and most species are integrated into local uses. Consequently, management decisions should explicitly promote native diversity, protect threatened species, better control introduced species, and encourage sustainable use.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040082

Authors: Francine Luhusu Kutshukina Louis Pasteur Bamenga Bopoko Sage Weremubi Mwisha Hippolyte Ditona Tsumbu Papy Nsevolo Miankeba Pyrus Flavien Essouman Ebouel Victorine Mbadu Zebe Baudouin Michel Jean-Claude Micha

This study analyzes the functioning and sustainability of the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium spp.) value chain in the Mangroves Marine Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, using the VCA4D methodology, which integrates economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observations, and documentary review. The value chain, vital for local communities, also supplies urban markets in Boma, Muanda, Matadi, and Kinshasa. It involves five main actor groups: fishers, middlemen, retailers, restaurateurs, and consumers. High informality, fishers’ dependence on downstream actors, and the lack of traceability and sanitary control compromise overall efficiency and food safety. Value added is predominantly captured by urban retailers, particularly in Kinshasa. Socially and environmentally, the chain exhibits major vulnerabilities, including precarious livelihoods, low female inclusion, limited access to services, and anthropogenic pressures on ecosystems. The study therefore recommends, among other measures, establishing a sustainable management framework, including the protection of breeding areas and regulation of fishing effort, and strengthening actor capacities through improved preservation infrastructure and promotion of transparent pricing mechanisms. These measures aim to enhance the equity, resilience, and sustainability of this critical fishery resource.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040081

Authors: Yue Zhang Zhiguo Dou Guoxiang Liao Daoyan Xu Shengjun Yan Shifei Li

The dugong (Dugong dugon) is the sole extant species of the genus Dugong within the order Sirenia, and the only strictly herbivorous marine mammal. As one of the oldest marine mammals, it plays a vital role in maintaining marine biodiversity. Inhabiting the shallow waters of the Indian Ocean and western Pacific, its populations and their seagrass habitats continue to decline due to compounded pressures from human activities and climate change. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) currently classifies the species as vulnerable to endangered. Dugongs were once widely distributed along China’s southern coast, but sightings have become extremely rare since 2000. Population recovery remains challenging, necessitating urgent actions to enhance protection and restoration of critical habitats—particularly seagrass beds—alongside foundational scientific research. This paper examines the conservation status and threats to China’s dugong population and their habitats, analyzes conservation challenges, and proposes protection strategies (including strengthening protection and management of dugongs and their habitats; exploring population recovery methods; enhancing habitat monitoring; improving population monitoring techniques; and raising public awareness). These protection strategies aim to advance dugong conservation.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040080

Authors: Lidia Banaszczyk Līva Purmale-Trasūne Gederts Ievinsh

Ex situ collections of rare and endangered plant species are crucial components of integrated conservation systems, as outlined in the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. Plant tissue culture collections play an essential role in achieving conservation objectives, as they offer a means of propagating plant material for habitat restoration and other practical applications. This study analyzes existing tissue culture protocols for coastal plant species of the Baltic Sea region, reviewing micropropagation research spanning 25 families and 112 highly coastal-specific species. The analysis of 232 experimental studies showed that tissue culture studies have been conducted with 38 coastal-specific species of the Baltic Sea region, which is only 34% of the initially identified target species. Special attention in the field of tissue culture technology development should be paid to several highly coastal-specific species with great potential for practical use, such as Blysmus rufus, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Halimione spp., Cochlearia spp., Euphrasia spp., and Odontites spp. Comprehensive research on tissue cultures of coastal plant species is imperative to establish micropropagation protocols for underrepresented taxonomic groups. The research should prioritize functional studies with ecological relevance and the development of practical biotechnological approaches for commercial applications.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040079

Authors: Taxiarchis Danelis Anagnostis Theodoropoulos Anastasios Bounas Elisavet-Aspasia Toli Aristea Paraskevopoulou Athanasios Korakis Konstantinos Sotiropoulos

Facultative paedomorphosis, the retention of larval traits in sexually mature individuals, plays a crucial role in species ecology and evolution and is influenced by complex interactions between environmental factors. Here, we compile all known cases of paedomorphosis in all newt species in Greece and report 20 new localities, mainly in Northern Pindos National Park. Our results indicate that paedomorphosis tends to occur more frequently in stable aquatic environments in combination with unfavourable external conditions (lack of precipitation and higher temperatures). Furthermore, species-specific patterns related to the occurrence of paedomorphosis were also unveiled: Mesotriton alpestris prefers high-elevation and permanent ponds; Lissotriton graecus occurs predominantly in artificial, lowland ponds; and Triturus macedonicus is associated with a stable hydroperiod and fish absence. Overall, conservation strategies should explicitly account for paedomorphic populations, emphasizing the value of artificial ponds, which are able to support this life-history strategy. Lastly, the Northern Pindos Mountain Range emerges as a major European intra-specific diversity hotspot.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040078

Authors: Fernando Barri Thiago Costa Jessica Manzano-García Flavio Cappa

Although the creation of protected areas helps to protect biodiversity, it does not necessarily contribute to the reduction in some conflicts, such as livestock predation by large carnivores. We evaluated the presence of puma (Puma concolor) in a large ranch converted into a National Park and in surrounding rancher areas in the Dry Chaco of Argentina. Two years after livestock removal from the protected area, puma occupancy was associated with wild prey richness, which was greater in the park than in the neighboring ranches, and was negatively related to livestock presence. We also evaluated ranchers’ perceptions of puma presence and their tolerance to livestock predation. Ranchers showed a negative perception of puma presence and a low tolerance to livestock predation. Therefore, this study suggests that, while the creation of a protected area can improve both predator and prey densities, successful mitigation of human–predator conflict requires further strategies and interventions, like economic compensation and environmental education programs.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040077

Authors: Chamali Kodikara Dilara Gunawardane Dasangi Warakapitiya Minoli Perera Dinithi C. Peiris

Pangolins (Manidae), recognized for their distinctive keratinous scales, are the world’s most trafficked mammals. This is primarily due to their extensive use in traditional medicine systems in Africa and Asia, where their body parts, particularly their scales, are used in various health practices. This high demand fueled widespread poaching and illegal wildlife trade, placing immense pressure on their populations. A critical knowledge gap persists regarding the specific body parts utilized and the global extent of pangolin use in traditional medicine, which hinders effective conservation strategies and demand mitigation efforts. Bridging the divide between traditional knowledge and modern scientific research is essential to ensure both cultural practices and species preservation. Therefore, this review comprehensively examines the complex relationship between pangolins and human health practices. It explores the cultural, medicinal, and ecological significance of pangolins, addresses sustainability challenges of their populations, and outlines the key drivers of their exploitation.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040076

Authors: Yunchao Tan

Climate change is expected to have significant yet distinct impacts on arthropods. Studying the species distribution of odonates, which are considered a model taxon for studying climate change and a flagship group for assessing ecosystem health, can reveal potential future patterns of geographic change. My study predicts the impacts of different climate change scenarios on the future habitat and distribution of odonates. I used MaxEnt to construct species distribution models (SDMs) for 30 North American odonate species across seven functional groups, categorized based on functional traits about each genus’s life history, dispersal, morphology, and ecology. Each model was applied to three future years and three different Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs). My results show that odonates will experience increasing overall habitat suitability and increasing range size with shifts northward; however, the total suitable habitat will shrink into smaller, geographically separated pockets. While most functional groups will follow the aforementioned trends, Libellula will experience a decrease in range size, and Aeshna will move the furthest north while experiencing the greatest increase in overall habitat suitability and range size. Overall, SSP5 will result in increased variability among functional groups in their habitat and distribution. This study has implications for understanding invertebrate responses to global change and may refocus conservation efforts on species with specific functional traits. The functional approach used here may be further applicable to other organisms and regions.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040075

Authors: Welington Ribeiro Mayerly Alexandra Guerrero-Moreno Everton Cruz da Silva Fernando Abreu Oliveira Helton Luis Nina Lameira Leandro Juen Karina Dias-Silva James Ferreira Moura Jr. José Max Barbosa Oliveira-Junior

Anthropogenic pressures and climate change have increasingly affected biodiversity and ecosystem services, particularly in freshwater ecosystems, which are among the most sensitive and vulnerable environments. Citizen science has emerged as a promising approach to expand ecological knowledge and strengthen biomonitoring efforts, mitigating the limitations of conventional research in scale, cost, and speed. This study presents a global bibliometric analysis of citizen science applied to freshwater biomonitoring using aquatic insects. A total of 153 articles indexed in Scopus and Web of Science, published between 2002 and 2025, were analyzed. Results reveal a marked increase in publications since 2010, concentrated mainly in the Global North, especially the United States (37.51%) and Germany (14.42%). The most frequent taxa were Odonata (25.58%) and Diptera (25.19%), with studies focusing primarily on species (70.59%) level, and adult stage (69%). Participants were mainly from the general public (70%) and naturalists (12%), predominantly under contributory models (98%). Reported challenges involved taxonomic limitations (28%) and citizen science engagement (28%). Despite these constraints, the findings highlight the growing relevance of citizen science as a complementary tool for aquatic biomonitoring, emphasizing the need for inclusive approaches, taxonomic training, and participatory strategies in biodiversity conservation.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040074

Authors: Maria Kachamakova Polina K. Nikova Vladimir Todorov Blagovesta Zheleva Yordan Koshev

After a series of successful reintroductions, the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) is expanding its range throughout Europe. Timely monitoring of beaver activity contributes to early detection of environmental impacts and aids in mitigating human–wildlife conflicts and other threats. However, the signs of beaver presence are difficult to detect in some environments, e.g., densely vegetated river banks or in areas with considerable water level variability. In these cases, new technologies can offer opportunities for easier and faster monitoring. In the current study, we provide a characterisation of the wood-gnawing activity of a newly established beaver population in Northern Bulgaria, using a traditional transect method. In addition, we test the application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to detect and map the signs of beaver activity. The overall gnawing-activity characteristics of newly established Castor fiber populations in Bulgaria follow the pattern documented in earlier studies: the affected trees were mainly willow and poplar, located at less than 10 m from the riverbank, with a diameter mostly under 30 cm. However, there were considerable differences in the tree size and distance from the water between the two studied habitats—the Danube River and its tributaries. No dams were recorded, probably due to the rivers’ sizes. We found no significant difference in the detection rates of the UAV with and without canopy cover. Overall, the UAV-based transects were reliable for the detection of the species’ presence, but not for quantification of its activity patterns, due to the low detection rates, in comparison with ground-level transects. We believe that the method is promising because it is cost- and time-saving but could be improved using cameras with better resolution and by involving machine learning algorithms. The drone detection method could help identify the areas with the densest populations of the species, where Natura 2000 protected zones could then be established.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040073

Authors: Cristina Stancă-Moise Anca Șipoș George Moise Lila Gima Cristian Felix Blidar

Urban and peri-urban ecosystems play a growing role in biodiversity conservation, yet multi-annual comparative studies from Central-Eastern Europe remain scarce. This study presents the first three-year (2021–2023) dataset comparing ground beetle assemblages between the Dumbrava Forest (peri-urban protected oak forest) and the Sub Arini Park (semi-anthropic urban park) in Sibiu, Romania. Using standardized pitfall trapping (41 traps, 2360.9 m2 monitored area), a total of 5008 individuals, belonging to 46 species and 12 families, were recorded. Species richness was slightly higher in Sub Arini (26 species) than in Dumbrava (22 species), forest-associated species (e.g., Pterostichus niger) and generalists (P. melanarius) dominated in the Dumbrava Forest, while P. oblongopunctatus was more strongly associated with forest habitats. Diversity indices showed moderate similarity between communities (Bray–Curtis = 0.46; Jaccard = 0.62). Shannon diversity reached H′ = 2.41 in Sub Arini and H′ = 2.03 in Dumbrava, reflecting higher evenness in the urban park. Predators comprised 65–70% of all beetles, underlining their regulatory function in soil ecosystem balance. Climatic variability—milder winters and warmer summers—favored population fluctuations of forest species and the dominance of eurytopic taxa in the park. These findings demonstrate that peri-urban forests act as climatic refugia for specialists, while urban parks function as dynamic hotspots for generalist diversity. The study provides baseline data for integrating insect monitoring into regional biodiversity management and climate adaptation strategies across Central-Eastern Europe.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040072

Authors: Carlie Sommers Michael Hewson Rolf Schlagloth Sophie George

This study assessed the suitability of Woppa (Great Keppel Island), Queensland, as potential koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) habitat by combining existing koala-habitat ranking datasets with satellite-derived vegetation-health indices to inform conservation planning. This exploratory analysis establishes a spatial baseline to guide future ecological surveys, cultural consultation, and restoration planning on Woppa. Analysis of the Koala Habitat Ranking (NESP) and Regional Ecosystems (RE) layers indicated that only 2.7% of the island’s vegetation is classified as high-quality koala habitat. Satellite-derived indices (NDVI and LAI) were used to evaluate the vegetation condition of these and other vegetated areas across wet and dry seasons; some high-ranked patches displayed comparatively greater resilience to seasonal stress; however, the remote-sensing data did not confirm the presence or abundance of key Eucalyptus species. Given the small extent of high-ranked habitat and projected climate stressors, the study does not recommend translocation. Instead, it emphasises the need for targeted ground-truthing to verify tree species and habitat structure, monitoring of vegetation health, habitat restoration where feasible, and co-designed decision-making with the Woppaburra People, including assessments of carrying capacity, genetic viability, and disease risk, before any reintroduction is contemplated.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040071

Authors: Russbelt Yaulilahua-Huacho Luis Donato Araujo-Reyes Cesar Percy Estrada-Ayre Percy Eduardo Basualdo-Garcia Anthony Enriquez-Ochoa Syntia Porras-Sarmiento Miriam Liz Palacios-Mucha

Andean high-altitude ecosystems are critical to sustaining biodiversity, agriculture, and the livelihoods of indigenous populations. However, accelerating glacier retreat, irregular precipitation, and intensive water use have exacerbated ecosystem degradation and water insecurity. This study conducts a scoping review (PRISMA-ScR) of peer-reviewed and grey literature (2000–2025) to examine how water footprint (WF) management through its blue, green, and gray components can be operationalized within an Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) and Human Rights-Based Approach (HRBA) to ensure equitable access and ecological sustainability in the Andes. Quantitative synthesis from 72 sources shows that agricultural withdrawals account for over 78% of total blue-water use, while glacier-fed runoff has declined by 32% over the past two decades. Empirical evidence from Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia demonstrates that integrating indigenous irrigation systems with modern efficiency technologies reduces consumptive water use by up to 25% and enhances wetland biodiversity indices by 15–20%. These findings support the development of an Integrated Water-Biodiversity-Rights Framework (IWBRF) that links WF indicators (WFAM and ISO 14046) with ecosystem integrity and social equity metrics. The study advances theory by clarifying how WF indicators inform rather than replace IWRM and HRBA decision processes, offering a practical model for achieving water justice, biodiversity protection, and climate resilience in fragile Andean ecosystems.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040070

Authors: Simone Buratti Carolina Elena Girometta Lorenzo Goppa Claudia Picozzi Paola Rossi Elena Savino Maria Letizia Gargano Giuseppe Venturella Adriana de Mello Gugliotta Vera Maria Valle Vitali Manuela Rollini

Saprotrophic and lignocellulolytic fungi from tropical areas especially represent a promising yet relatively underexplored frontier for both taxonomy and applied research. This makes ex situ conservation through culture collections of paramount importance. Here, 10 lignocellulolytic strains isolated from the State of São Paulo (Brazil) and deposited in the Brazilian Culture Collection (now CCIBt) were identified through the ITS region. In order to prevent accidental losses, these strains have been shared with the collection of the University of Milano—Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), as well as the MicUNIPV Fungal Research Culture Collection—University of Pavia (Italy). Most of the fungal species in the examined set exhibit a neotropical distribution, while 3 out of 10 are nowadays recognized as subcosmopolitan despite their prevalence in the neotropical area. One holotropical, one cosmopolitan and one holarctic species are also present. Based on the literature, 8 out of the 10 characterized species are known to produce psilocybin (e.g., Psilocybe cubensis and Candolleomyces candolleanus) and/or enzymes with potential applications in environmental and medical biotechnology (e.g., Lentinus crinitus). All 10 strains were described for their micro- and macro-characteristics; their growth rate was evaluated and culture pictures provided. Taxonomic and nomenclatural controversies concerning Candolleomyces candolleanus, Cubamyces lactineus and Pycnoporus sanguineus are discussed.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040069

Authors: Sofía Velázquez Keyla Soto Hidalgo Monica C. Rivas Sofía Burgos Kelcie L. Chiquillo

The detrimental effects of anthropogenic pollution are often magnified across ecosystems due to the interconnected nature of land, rivers, and oceans. Phytoremediation is an accessible technique that leverages the ability of plants to absorb and sequester pollutants and can potentially mitigate contaminants entering the ocean. It is a cost-effective and minimally invasive alternative to traditional water treatment methods. This study investigates the potential of the grapevine species Cissus verticillata (L.), a native plant from Puerto Rico, to be used in the phytoremediation of a creek in a highly urbanized site impacted by contaminated runoff due to heavy rainfall and sanitary waters. A mesocosm experiment was conducted using distilled water mixed with nutrients and known concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) salts to assess whether C. verticillata could accumulate heavy metals in its tissues. Results showed that C. verticillata successfully absorbed heavy metals, with removal efficiencies of 80.13% (±0.16 SE) for Pb and 44% (±1 SE) for Cd. Results indicated a translocation factor <1 for both cadmium and lead, meaning C. verticillata is not a hyperaccumulator, but a metal stabilizer, as evident by the below detection limit (BDL) of the metals in Juan Mendez Creek. Despite evidence of new vegetative growth among individuals, no significant changes in total biomass or chlorophyll concentration were detected, indicating that C. verticillata maintained physiological stability under heavy metal exposure. Therefore, C. verticillata’s wide availability, adaptability to various environments, and climbing nature—which makes it less vulnerable to runoff and strong currents during rainy seasons—position it as a promising candidate for conservation initiatives and pollution management strategies.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040068

Authors: Francesca Romana Reinero Andrea Marsella Gaetano Vitale Antonio Pacifico Makenna Mahrer Primo Micarelli

Whale sharks seasonally aggregate in Djibouti (East Africa), supporting ecotourism activities which benefit the local community. However, the environmental factors influencing whale shark relative abundance at this site are still not well understood. Environmental drivers of immature whale shark surface sightings have been analyzed across a five-year period (2017, 2020, 2022, 2024 and 2025) in the Gulf of Tadjoura (Djibouti) using a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) and Hurdle model. Across 111 surface sightings and 83 photo-identified whale sharks, both sea surface chlorophyll-a (SSC) concentrations and sea surface temperature (SST) have significantly affected their relative abundance (p < 0.001), while wind strength appeared to have a weaker and more complex effect (p < 0.05). Whale shark surface sightings in the Gulf of Tadjoura increased when SSC and SST exceeded thresholds of 0.5 mg/m−3 and 26 °C, respectively. In contrast, the positive effect of wind strength ≥ 7 knots was limited, indicating that wind-driven influences on whale shark surface detections are localized and transient. Since prey abundance and distribution are the main drivers of whale shark seasonal aggregations, understanding the environmental effects on food availability at coastal locations and, consequently, on whale shark surface sightings is crucial. The present study highlights temporal and seasonal trends in whale shark sighting data, contributing to broader initiatives aimed at improving conservation and management strategies for this endangered species.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040067

Authors: Eduardo Rodrigues dos Santos William Douglas Carvalho Karen Mustin

The rising global demand for renewable energy and the urgency of mitigating climate change have positioned biofuels, particularly sugarcane ethanol, at the forefront of sustainability and conservation debates. Although promoted as a renewable alternative, sugarcane cultivation can cause habitat loss, biodiversity decline, soil degradation, and water contamination. This study presents a bibliometric assessment of 217 publications addressing the biodiversity impacts of sugarcane production, based on searches in the Web of Science Core Collection for papers published between 1998 and 2023. Using the bibliometrix package in R, we identified key publication trends, collaboration networks, and thematic structures. Between 1998 and 2006, no studies were returned by our searches, after which research activity increased substantially, peaking in 2021. Brazil, the world’s largest sugarcane producer, was the most frequent contributor to scientific output, while other major sugarcane producers, such as Thailand and India, showed limited engagement. Thematic mapping of the studies returned by our searches revealed three clusters: (1) cross-cutting themes linking sugarcane, biodiversity, and sustainability; (2) niche themes on pest and soil dynamics; and (3) emerging themes on the ecological role of bats in sugarcane landscapes. Overall, the findings highlight the growing academic engagement in reconciling bioenergy development with biodiversity conservation.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040066

Authors: Mohamed El Mahroussi Jalal Kassout Mhammad Houssni Khalil Kadaoui Soufian Chakkour Abdelouahab Sahli Vladimiro Andrea Boselli Bouziane Hassan Mohammed Ater

This study assesses and inventories agrodiversity within eleven representative oases of the pre-Saharan regions of Morocco, ecosystems that are particularly vulnerable to climate change and socio-economic pressures. The findings highlight the central role of fruit tree diversity in structuring and sustaining the resilience of oasis agroecosystems, complementing cereal and fodder crops. Special attention was given to the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), a secondary but underutilized fruit species in Moroccan agriculture, which was found to hold a significant position in the surveyed oases. Farmer and community surveys identified five local denominations or varieties, including an original form known as “Guersmoum” or “Hamed,” distinguished by its spontaneous, non-cultivated character. This unique case exemplifies the remarkable coexistence between wild and domesticated forms, reflecting the complex dynamics between cultivated and wild biodiversity. The presence and use of this variety are closely linked to the production of a traditional local agri-food product, pomegranate molasses (“Amaghousse”), an artisanal know-how transmitted across generations and primarily preserved by women. The study documents several aspects of this practice, including processing techniques, yield ratios, and marketing channels, emphasizing both the economic and cultural significance of this local product. The discussion underscores the close interconnections between traditional knowledge, gendered practices, and the conservation of genetic diversity, showing how the promotion of local resources contributes not only to the preservation of agrodiversity but also to the maintenance of oasis cultural identities. Finally, the study highlights the broader implications of these findings for development initiatives, particularly through the recognition and promotion of distinctive local agri-food products, the integration of women in local conservation strategies, and the implementation of sustainable management approaches for fruit genetic resources.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040065

Authors: Coleman Z. Little Neelendra K. Joshi

Native bee communities in Arkansas remain poorly documented, particularly within fire-managed prairie ecosystems that provide critical habitat for pollinators. This study surveyed bee assemblages at two native prairie remnants in the Arkansas River Valley, one large (Cherokee Prairie Natural Area, CPNA) and one small urban fragment (Jewel Moore Nature Reserve, JMNR), both managed using prescribed fire. Using pan trapping, we recorded 599 individuals representing 96 species across 25 genera, including 49% singletons. Despite differences in size and landscape context, both prairies supported similarly rich bee communities per sample day, with JMNR and CPNA averaging 16.1 and 13.75 species, respectively. However, species composition diverged notably, with only 34.5% similarity, suggesting distinct community structure driven by site-specific habitat conditions and management histories. CPNA was dominated by large-bodied ground-nesting and cavity-nesting solitary bees, while JMNR supported smaller eusocial halictids and cavity nesters. Results highlight the value of prescribed fire in maintaining nesting substrates and floral resources. Even small, urban prairie remnants like JMNR can support high pollinator richness, emphasizing their role as conservation assets. Our findings contribute to a foundational baseline for native bee diversity in Arkansas and highlight the importance of both large and small fire-managed prairies in regional pollinator conservation planning.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040064

Authors: Sebastian Theis

In-Lieu Fee programs are an important mechanism for compensatory mitigation in the United States and received wide-spread standardization after the regulatory mitigation rule change of 2008. On public lands, they are especially important for pooling funds from numerous small-scale impacts that might otherwise go unmitigated. This study examines the use cases of fee program credits on public lands since 2008. Using data from the Regulatory In-Lieu Fee and Bank Information Tracking System, I analyzed eleven active In-Lieu Fee programs approved post-2008 across 78 service areas, encompassing 1043 credit transactions. Transactions were categorized by credit amount, proportion, target ecosystems, and impact designations. The analysis highlights the influence of residential and commercial development, alongside resource extraction, as major contributors to fee program transactions, underscoring the program’s role in mitigating various development pressures. Residential, commercial, and government projects frequently co-occur within service areas, which can support policy planning to anticipate potential cumulative impacts and expected future impacts and credit demands. Furthermore, my analysis shows that impacts from resource extraction require proportionally larger offsets than those from residential or recreational activities. The findings suggest that programs on public lands can fill a niche distinct from mitigation banks, as they address a multitude of impacts while further allowing for the pooling of resources and funds from small-scale impacts, while the use of advance credits remains contentious for achieving no net loss.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040063

Authors: Ujjwal Layek Prakash Karmakar

Stingless bees, particularly Tetragonula pagdeni, are vital for both ecosystems and the economy due to their pollination services and nest products. However, little is known about their nesting habits. This study investigated the nesting ecology of Tetragonula pagdeni in West Bengal, India. The species was found inhabiting a variety of landscapes, including agricultural, forest, rural, semi-urban, and urban areas, with a greater abundance in rural areas featuring mixed vegetation. Colonies, which were eusocial, perennial, and cavity-nesting, occupied diverse substrates, including tree trunks, building walls, rock crevices, electric poles, and field ridges—tree trunks and walls being the most common. Wild nests were located at heights ranging from 0 to 13.46 m, mostly around 2 m. Nest entrances varied in shape (circular, oval, slit-like, or irregular), with a longest opening axis of 10.50 ± 2.94 mm, and were oriented in multiple directions. Internally, nests measured 198.31 ± 86.36 mm in length and 142.73 ± 17.28 mm in width. Nests featured brood zones surrounded by honey and pollen pots, along with structure-supporting elements like the involucra and pillars. Brood cells were light brown and oval; those for workers and drones were similar, while queen cells were larger. Honey pots were light to dark brown, oval, dome-shaped, or irregular. Each involucrum was a thin, flat sheet, and the pillar was short, narrow, thread-like. These findings offer valuable insights into the distribution, nesting behaviour, and nest architecture of Tetragonula pagdeni, supporting its conservation and sustainable management.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040062

Authors: Salahud Din Haidar Ali Thomas Panagopoulos Jan Alam Saira Malik Hassan Sher

Environmental and ancient DNA are mostly present in degraded forms in nature. Plant forensics is necessary for plants like Taxus (Taxaceae), which is a medicinal, as well as poisonous, endangered plant. We designed a study to develop high-efficiency PCR mini-barcoding primers for the identification of Taxus. We collected environmental materials, fresh and old Taxus specimens from natural habitats, herbaria, and ex situ propagation sites. Taxon-specific mini-barcoding primers were prepared through primer3. All the primers were amplified onto Taxus specimens and environmental samples having Taxus DNA, while no amplification on fresh and herbarium specimens other than Taxus was noted. DNA sequencing of amplified regions of matK, ITS, and rbcL yielded lengths of 117, 175, and 200 bp. Blast taxonomy showed 100% identification power at the genus level, while 75–93% at the species level, and identified a total of 30 taxa within the genus Taxus, comprising 16 species, 5 varieties, 2 hybrids, and 7 variants. ITS was the most specific for genus identification, followed by matK and rbcL. Environmental, trade, socio-economic, and toxicological crimes were also identified. Our high-efficiency PCR mini-barcoding method can be useful in the prevention of Taxus illegal trade and habitat degradation to mitigate climate change in the Himalayan region of Pakistan.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040061

Authors: Emma Prior Simon Hodge

Small areas of flowering plants within urban landscapes can provide much-needed nutrition, shelter, and host plants for pollinating insects and other wildlife. To create such floral displays in gardens, shared spaces, and derelict properties, the use of ‘seed bombs’ (or ‘bee bombs’) is a popular, convenient method for individuals and community groups. Recently, however, the value of seed bombs and wildflower seed mixes has been questioned in terms of seedling establishment, the numbers of species they contain, and whether these species are actually native ‘wildflowers’ as is often claimed. In this study, we obtained 12 brands of seed bombs available in Ireland, with prices ranging from €0.33 to €2.66 per seed bomb. We processed five seed bombs per brand and identified 3083 seeds belonging to 63 species in 22 plant families. The most frequent plant species were Papaver rhoeas L., Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth., and Trifolium alexandrinum L., none of which are native to Ireland. No brands contained only native Irish plants, and one brand obtained from Germany contained no native Irish species. Multivariate analysis identified a cluster of seven brands with similar plant species composition, suggesting they were from the same source or made to the same specifications. Our results suggest that although seed bombs offer a convenient method of producing mixed-flower habitat patches, consumers should be wary that the number of species they contain can be low, they are likely to contain non-native species, and high prices may not reflect the quality of their contents.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040060

Authors: Momoko Mogi Yuuto Okuyama Reiko Machida Hijiri Shimojima Thomas Jones

In Aso Kujyu National Park, grassland landscapes are being conserved through volunteer activities to support controlled burns of fields, and the current status of grasslands is being assessed through surveys of natural resources. In discussing the continuation of grassland management in the future, it is necessary to investigate the reasons and factors that lead pastoral associations to request volunteers for managed burning. On the other hand, there are no studies on the reasons why pastoral associations choose to request volunteers to support controlled burns, or the factors behind this choice. Thus, to support multi-stakeholder management of national parks, this study investigates the mechanisms of volunteer engagement in pastoral-led prescribed burning initiatives in Aso Kujyu National Park and key drivers facilitating their engagement involvement. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 161 pastoral associations in the Aso area regarding the introduction of volunteers to support controlled burns. A total of 52 associations responded to the survey, corresponding to a 32% response rate. The results of a discriminant analysis revealed that the pastoral cooperatives that had introduced volunteers did not have enough workers and did not oppose the participation of outsiders, while those that had not employed volunteers had a sufficient number of workers and felt resistance towards the participation of outsiders.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040059

Authors: Sellina Ennie Nkosi Yingisani Chabalala Mashudu Patience Mamathaba

Fire and invasive plant species interactions are critical drivers of biodiversity loss and ecological change in grassland ecosystems worldwide. However, research efforts on this topic are often fragmented, regionally based, and lack synthesis across disciplines. This study aims to map the intellectual structure, collaboration networks, thematic focus, and knowledge gaps in research on fire-invasive species interactions in grassland restoration. A systematic bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection, focusing on peer-reviewed English-language articles published between 1990 and 2024. The search strategy targeted studies addressing fire regimes and invasive plant species in grassland ecosystems, using co-authorship, co-occurrence and thematic clustering analyses to reveal collaboration patterns and research trends. The results highlight a concentration of publications in key ecological journals, with a dominant contribution from institutions in the Global North, through growing representation from the Global South, particularly South Africa, is evident. Thematic clusters are centred on biological invasions, fire regimes, species traits and ecosystem resilience, while long-term post-fire recovery and studies from underrepresented regions remain critical knowledge gaps. This synthesis emphasises the need for interdisciplinary, regionally inclusive and policy-aligned research to inform effective grassland restoration strategies in the context of fire and invasive species challenges.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040058

Authors: Chloe Peterson James Duffrin Neal D. Mundahl

A self-sustaining population of birdfoot violet (Viola pedata), a host plant for the threatened western subspecies of regal fritillary butterfly (Argynnis idalia occidentalis) caterpillar, was examined during a single year from April to June 2021 on a small, 3.1 ha dry bluff prairie hillslope within the Whitewater Wildlife Management Area in southeastern Minnesota USA. Assessments were conducted to determine if violet populations on small prairie remnants could support seed collecting to establish new populations nearby. Ten transects and five random plots were used to assess violet density and monitor violet growth, reproductive phenology, and seed production. Violet densities were high (>5 plants/m2), with greatest densities at middle elevations on the hillside in the middle of the prairie rather than near the edges. The total population of birdfoot violets on the hillside was extrapolated from density estimates based on 200, 1-m2 plots to be >62,000 plants. Seed set was low (less than one pod per plant) but nearly 400,000 total seeds were produced during the 2021 growing season. More than 3000 seeds (<1% of estimated seed production on the study hillslope) were collected for out-planting to establish a new violet population in nearby Whitewater State Park. Some small bluff prairies in southeastern Minnesota and elsewhere under certain conditions may sustain violet populations large enough to permit seed collecting to establish additional populations during restoration of native prairie communities. These ultimately should provide much needed habitat for regal fritillary butterflies to partially compensate for ongoing habitat losses.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040057

Authors: Joseph S. Wilson Tyler M. Wilson Chris Packer Orlando Pacheco

Understanding wild bee diversity is critical for pollinator conservation, particularly in understudied tropical regions like coastal Ecuador. This preliminary study provides a photography-based assessment of bee diversity at Finca Botánica, an organic and regenerative farm on Ecuador’s central Pacific coast. Over a 10-day survey in December 2024, researchers documented 51 bee species across four families, with Apidae being the most represented. The study highlights a predominance of solitary, ground-nesting bees and a lower-than-expected diversity of Meliponini (stingless bees) and Euglossini (orchid bees) compared to other regions of Ecuador. Many species were found in forest patches, ecological corridors, and cover-cropped maize fields, underscoring the role of sustainable farming practices in supporting pollinator diversity. While photographic methods provided valuable preliminary data, they also revealed limitations in species-level identification, reinforcing the need for future specimen-based surveys. These findings suggest that Ecuador’s dry coastal forests may harbor a richer bee community than previously recognized and that organic farms can serve as important refuges for native pollinators.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040056

Authors: Dan Gafta Emilia Aczel Rahela Carpa Claudia Dănău Irina Goia

Given the endangered status and very limited distribution of Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. subsp. lepuznica (Nyár.) Soó in stressful, high-elevation habitats, where these plants must prioritise the resource acquisition and vegetative growth to sustain their survival and persistence, we aimed to reveal possible abiotic/biotic-driven constraints in biomass allocation for flower production. Three functional traits, i.e., the tallest shoot height, leaf mass area (LMA) and number of inflorescences (racemes), were measured in thirty plants in each of the three studied populations differing in altitude and sheep grazing intensity (P1—1700 m, grazed; P2—1900 m, ungrazed; P3—2100 m, ungrazed). The LMA and dominant shoot height were significantly higher and, respectively, lower in P3 compared with P1. Although the mean number of racemes in P1 was lower than in P2 and P3, the differences were not statistically significant. The tallest shoot height, followed by the LMA, displayed the highest contribution to differentiating the three populations. The raceme count decreased significantly with increasing height of the dominant shoot in P1 and P2, and also with increasing LMA in P3. The observed constraint in raceme production within all populations is very likely one facet of the trade-off between reproductive and vegetative allocation under harsh edapho-climatic conditions. The studied plants have adopted a conservative-tolerant strategy to cope with the abiotic stress at higher elevations, but an acquisitive-tolerant strategy in face of grazing. The subspecies lepuznica seems to be in a favourable conservation status, but a close monitoring in grazed areas is recommended.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040055

Authors: Vladimir Kricsfalusy Kakon Chakma

Climate change is increasingly altering ecosystems around the world and threatening biodiversity, especially species with narrow distribution ranges and a dependency on dedicated conservation practices. In Saskatchewan, Canada, the ecological significance of the genus sedge (Carex L.) from the Cyperaceae family is well recognized, yet spatially explicit forecasts of its habitats under future climate scenarios remain absent, creating a major obstacle to forward-looking conservation strategies. This study assesses the current and future habitat suitability of six sedges, including three nationally at-risk species (C. assiniboinensis, C. saximontana, C. tetanica) and three provincially rare species (C. glacialis, C. granularis, C. supina subsp. spaniocarpa). We applied the MaxEnt algorithm to model the distributions of those Carex species of conservation concern using 20 environmental predictors (19 bioclimatic variables and elevation) under baseline climate (1970–2000) and projected future scenarios for the 2030s and 2050s using SSP245 and SSP585 emission pathways. We optimized and validated models with the ENMeval package to enhance predictive reliability. Model accuracy was high (AUC = 0.88–0.99) and the results revealed a diversity of species responses: C. assiniboinensis and C. tetanica are projected to expand their suitable habitat, while C. saximontana is expected to lose high suitability areas. The distributions of C. glacialis and C. supina subsp. spaniocarpa remain restricted and relatively stable across scenarios. C. granularis is projected to have dynamic range shifts, particularly under the high-emission SSP585 scenario. Temperature-related variables were consistently the most influential predictors. These results provide critical insights into the potential impacts of climate change on Carex species of conservation concern in Canada and offer valuable guidance for prioritizing adaptive conservation planning and proactive habitat management. The diversity of species responses emphasizes the necessity of tailored conservation approaches rather than a one-size-fits-all strategy.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5040054

Authors: José Domingo Villarroel Joyse Vitorino Alvaro Antón

The killer whale (Orcinus orca) is a crucial predator in marine ecosystems, affecting prey populations and overall ecosystem health. Since May 2020, Iberian killer whales in the Strait of Gibraltar have interacted unusually with pleasure boats, posing significant maritime safety challenges. Recognized as critically endangered by the IUCN, a conservation plan for these whales has been approved in Spain. This study analyzes media coverage of these interactions, as media can shape public opinion and influence policies regarding human–wildlife conflicts. A total of 107 news articles published between June 2022 and September 2024 in Spanish media were examined, focusing on the interactions between Iberian killer whales and boats. The research included six variables from prior studies to enhance understanding of media representation and its effects on conservation management. Findings suggest that media coverage often limits comprehension of orca behavior and their vulnerable status.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5030053

Authors: Raquel M. Balanay Nicholas Zeam Ace M. Aguilos Maricar M. Aguilos Ashly R. Guinancias Romell A. Seronay Femilyn B. Tangcogo

Social dimensions of environmental conservation are crucial for the long-term success of watershed conservation efforts. This study investigates the intricate relationship between community well-being, socioeconomic factors, and watershed conservation efforts in rural areas, particularly in the Mt. Magdiwata Watershed Forest Reserve (MMWFR) in the Philippines. Using the Structural Equation Model (SEM), the findings highlight that the Quality of Life (QoL, R2 = 0.55) is the most influential latent factor shaping local attitudes toward conservation, with the provision of safe evacuation areas and access to green spaces emerging as key priorities. Community willingness (R2 = 0.39) to participate in watershed conservation is significantly influenced by socio-economic demographics (R2 = 0.31), including civil status, household size, and agricultural dependence, highlighting the need for context-specific conservation strategies. The study also identifies water provisioning (R2 = 0.14) as a significant motivator for participation, with accessibility and convenience being more critical than cost in driving community involvement. While the influence of awareness of local environmental policies is relatively low (R2 = 0.08), it remains a crucial factor for fostering long-term behavioral change and policy support. The research highlights the importance of integrating socio-economic realities, improving service delivery, and increasing community awareness to develop effective and sustainable watershed conservation programs. Policy frameworks must integrate these relationships in ongoing advocacy for the efficient conservation of MMWFR as a protected area in the Philippine countryside.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5030052

Authors: Hanh Thi Ngo Quyen Hanh Do Hai Ngoc Ngo Huy Quoc Nguyen Anh Van Pham Cuong The Pham Luan Thanh Nguyen Ha Le Thi Trinh Truong Quang Nguyen Thomas Ziegler Minh Duc Le

Population estimates and microhabitat characteristics are widely used to support conservation decisions. However, there had been no surveys focusing on the population status of the endemic and Critically Endangered Ta Kou bent-toed gecko to inform conservation actions across its distribution range. In this study, we conducted the first field surveys to assess its population status using the mark–capture–recapture method, determine microhabitat characteristics, and identify anthropogenic threats to the species’ survival in Binh Thuan Province, Vietnam. Based on our study results, Cyrtodactylus takouensis was only recorded on granitic rocks at various elevations from 265 to 694 m a.s.l. In total, 148 individuals of C. takouensis were detected in the dry season, and 95 individuals of C. takouensis were encountered in the rainy season. Of these, 73 and 51 adults were documented during the two seasons, respectively. The estimated total population size of C. takouensis was 315 individuals in the dry season (95% confidence intervals ranging between 189 and 581 individuals), whereas it comprised 149 individuals, calculated using the Petersen–Lincoln and Schnabel formula, in the rainy season (95% confidence intervals ranging between 108 and 361 individuals). The estimated difference in total population size was probably due to several factors, such as the rapid growth of interlaced vines making parts of the surveyed transects inaccessible during the rainy season, weather variations, and differences in survey effort and detection probability. Additionally, several microhabitat variables and species behaviors were investigated in both seasons. However, humidity was the only significant environmental variable when compared between the two seasons. Moreover, we found that tourism activities and parasites could pose threats to C. takouensis on Ta Kou Mountain. However, no structured or quantitative framework was employed to assess these risks in this study. Further research is needed to quantify factors affecting the species’ survival.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5030051

Authors: Bakul Lad Faiyaz A. Khudsar Ajay Sharma Sujeet Kumar Singh Randeep Singh

Globally, both natural and human-induced activities are accelerating biodiversity loss and land degradation, posing a significant threat to food security. Implementing sustainable biodiversity management in the agriculture sector provides a solution by enabling long-term food production, along with preserving environmental health. In this context, biodiversity finance emerges as a valuable tool to strengthen the agricultural sector and achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the Indian context, Madhya Pradesh stands out for its agricultural relevance but faces challenges between productivity and conservation, posing significant challenges and a threat to the state’s long-term sustainability. This study applies to the Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) framework to assess government investments in sustainable agriculture and agricultural biodiversity conservation from 2016 to 2022. Of the INR 21,197.55 crore (~USD 2.46 billion) allocated, approximately INR 4202.03 crore (19.8%) (~USD 0.49 billion) directly supported biodiversity-related agricultural initiatives. While sustainability-focused schemes saw a sharp rise in investment from 26.4% to 87.55%, allocations for conservation awareness declined. No financing gap was identified for achieving targets under the Madhya Pradesh Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2018–2030). The study proposes a BIOFIN aligned investment strategy emphasizing landscape-level management, payment for ecosystem services, and institutional coordination to ensure long-term agricultural sustainability.

Conservation doi: 10.3390/conservation5030050

Authors: Liengsiri Chaiyasit Francis C. Yeh

Understanding genetic variation in commercially valuable tree species is essential for improving breeding and conservation efforts. This study investigates genetic variation, heritability, and trait relationships in Pterocarpus macrocarpus, a vital hardwood species for Thailand’s reforestation initiatives. We evaluated growth (height and diameter), morphology (biomass dry weight and specific leaf weight), and physiological traits (net photosynthesis [A], transpiration rate [E], and water-use efficiency [WUE]) across 112 open-pollinated families from six natural populations under controlled nursery conditions over 30 weeks. Using a randomised complete block design, variance and covariance analyses were conducted to estimate genetic parameters. Seedling survival reached 95%, confirming favourable conditions for genetic expression. There were significant differences among populations and families within populations in growth and biomass. In contrast, physiological traits showed notable family-level variation (A, E, WUE) and only population effects for WUE. Residual variance was predominant across traits, indicating considerable within-family variation. Growth and biomass exhibited moderate to high heritability (individual: 0.39–1.00; family: 0.61–0.90), while specific leaf weight and shoot-to-root ratio had lower heritability at the individual level. Physiological traits showed low to moderate heritabilities (individual: 0.26–0.43; family: 0.47–0.62), with maternal effects via seed weight significantly influencing early growth. The heritability of height decreased over time, whereas the heritability of diameter remained stable. Strong genetic correlations among growth and biomass suggest the potential for combined selection gains. However, physiological traits show weak or no correlations with growth, highlighting their independent genetic control. Variation at the population level in growth and WUE may reflect adaptive responses to seed-source environments. Our findings support the use of nursery-based screening as a cost-effective method for the early identification of high-quality families. WUE is a promising focus for breeding programs targeting drought-prone regions. This study provides key insights for advancing the genetic improvement and conservation of P. macrocarpus, emphasizing the importance of incorporating physiological traits into breeding and conservation strategies.