Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031030

Authors: Winnie Mtetwa Emmanuel Munenge Lebogang Lebea Harry M. Ngwangwa Thanyani Pandelani

Alumina is a long-used dental and medicinal biomaterial. It is considered one of the best jaw implant materials and has greater antibacterial resistance than titanium (Ti6Al-4V). 3D-printed alumina dental implants were tested in NaCl and Ringer’s solutions for electrochemical corrosion. In six studies, linear polarisation (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and SEM were used to assess, compare, and elucidate corrosion mechanisms in 3.5% NaCl solution and Ringer’s solution at 25 °C, 45 °C, and 65 °C. At 25–65 °C, alumina in NaCl had corrosion rates of 0.000016–0.000013 mm/yr. Polarisation resistance was good even in a chloride-rich environment at high temperatures, showing effective corrosion protection. The EIS test indicated that the alumina film’s excellent dielectric and insulating capabilities prevented deterioration of the alumina substrate in a concentrated chloride solution. The SEM showed no deep pits.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031034

Authors: Lerato Semetse Moshawe Madito Peter Olubambi

This study investigates the phase composition and vibrational characteristics of a powder metallurgy-processed Ti–6Al–4V alloy reinforced with ZrO2. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the ZrO2 powder predominantly exhibits a monoclinic structure, while the Ti–6Al–4V alloy contains anatase and rutile TiO2, along with minor Ti3O5 phases. Optical microscopy revealed a well-defined grain structure on the Ti–6Al–4V/ZrO2 composite surface, which was subsequently examined in greater detail using Raman imaging combined with True Component analysis. The spatially resolved Raman maps demonstrated that the visually distinct light and dark grains possess a similar chemical composition, consisting mainly of ZrO2 and TiO2 phases. This represents the first application of Raman imaging to Ti–6Al–4V/ZrO2 composites, offering new insight into the relationship between microstructure and phase distribution in this material system.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031033

Authors: Jibrilla Abdulrahman Williams S. Ebhota Pavel Y. Tabakov

Ensuring that the mould design is compatible with the properties of biopolymers can be challenging, as biopolymers often exhibit different flow characteristics compared to traditional plastics. Selecting appropriate injection pressure and production temperature is essential to prevent common defects such as short shot or fibre degradation. Fundamental design elements such as mould material, number of cavities, and cavity layout are frequently overlooked during 3D modelling considerations. This paper presents an approach to the design and injection mould simulation for biopolymer composite processing, using a fixed volume fraction of 70:30 of high-density polyethylene and banana fibre as reinforcement. The study employs SolidWorks software 2024 for both the 3D mould design of the test specimens and the simulation of plastic injection performance. Simulation results show an injection pressure of 75 MPa and a melt temperature of 200 °C, demonstrating complete cavity filling when using a round runner and gate design. This approach enables manufacturers to optimize the injection moulding process, reduce material waste, and ensure the consistent production of high-quality biopolymer composite parts, ultimately improving both efficiency and cost-effectiveness in manufacturing.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026022

Authors: Elena Rusanova Dmitrii Gribanev Hassan Alqahtani Khalid Alruwaili Vera Solovyeva

Emissions of carbon dioxide are considered to be the major factors leading to climate change. Current technologies for CO2 capture include chemical and physical absorption, membrane separation, and cryogenic distillation. Solid adsorbents are highly effective, and emerging porous liquids—solid adsorbents dispersed in a compatible liquid—represent a promising alternative for CO2 capture. In this study, commercial and synthetic porous carbon nanomaterials were dispersed in a 1 wt.% aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate and compared on the efficiency of CO2 uptake. The experimental results confirmed that CO2 uptake is enhanced in porous liquids employing surface-modified carbon nanotubes (69 mmol/L) and covalent triazine frameworks, with triazine-based nanomaterials exhibiting superior CO2 uptake performance (76 and 82 mmol/L) due to their increased polar group number.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031032

Authors: Aphiwe Ngoqo Geqeza Mariam Iyabo Adeoba Harry Ngwangwa Pandelani Thanyani

Urban buildings significantly contribute to global carbon emissions, with urbanization increasing energy demand and reliance on fossil fuels, leading to environmental damage. This study investigates the role of biogas in reducing urban carbon footprints through a thematic literature review of 526 publications from 2004 to 2024, refined to 33 relevant studies focusing on biogas, carbon emissions, and urban infrastructure. The research concludes that biogas systems present a clean, renewable energy alternative that enhances waste management and energy efficiency within urban settings. Despite facing economic, logistical, and social challenges, integrating biogas could provide substantial environmental benefits and is vital for meeting climate targets and transforming urban energy systems.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031026

Authors: Mariam I. Adeoba Harry Ngwangwa Tracy Masebe Thanyani Pandelani

Advanced nanomaterials are becoming increasingly critical for improving the efficiency, durability, and sustainability of bioenergy systems, with applications spanning biomass conversion, catalysis, and bioelectrochemical energy generation. This systematic bibliometric and thematic review analyses Scopus-indexed literature from 2020 to 2025 to elucidate global research trends in nanomaterial characterisation and performance evaluation for bioenergy applications. Bibliometric mapping using VOSviewer version 1.6.18 reveals a rapidly growing research landscape structured around three dominant themes: nanocatalysts for biodiesel and bioethanol production, nanostructured enhancements in bioelectrochemical and anaerobic digestion systems, and surface-engineered materials for energy conversion and storage. The review highlights the pivotal role of structural and morphological characterisation techniques including SEM, TEM, AFM, and XRD in establishing structure–property–performance relationships that underpin catalytic activity, electron transfer efficiency, and system stability. Beyond short-term catalytic and electrochemical metrics, increasing attention is given to mechanical stability, durability, and long-term operational reliability, which are shown to be critical determinants of scalability. Emerging strategies such as additive manufacturing and hybrid material systems enable the integration of nanomaterials into architected, mechanically robust structures, mitigating degradation and enhancing sustained performance. A concise conceptual framework is presented to link nanomaterial classes, characterisation challenges, targeted bioenergy applications, and scalability constraints. Despite significant progress, gaps remain in standardised characterisation protocols, durability-focused testing, and life-cycle assessment. Addressing these challenges is essential for translating laboratory-scale advances into scalable, sustainable bioenergy technologies.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031027

Authors: Hillary O. Ani Edwin C. Oriaku Chigbo A. Mgbemene Samuel O. Enibe

This study investigated the electrical insulation properties of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with carbonized palm kernel shell (PKS) particles. The raw PKS particles were collected, sun-dried, and further oven-dried at 105 °C for 2 h to eliminate residual moisture. The dried shells were then carbonized in an airtight furnace at three different temperatures: 450, 550, and 650 °C. After carbonization, the material was crushed and sieved into particle sizes of 200, 400, and 800 µm using an electromagnetic sieve shaker. Composites were fabricated by incorporating carbonized PKS particles into an epoxy resin matrix at varying weight fractions of 30, 40, 50, and 60 wt%. Electrical insulation performance was evaluated at room temperature and pressure using high-voltage DC test equipment for dielectric strength and a digital insulation tester (MIT 520/2) for resistivity measurements. The results revealed that optimal dielectric strength and resistivity were achieved with smaller particle sizes, lower filler loadings, and at low temperatures. Mineralogical characterization via X-ray diffraction confirmed that there was no radioactive element. Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed porous microstructures within the carbonized particles. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that carbon accounted for the highest elemental composition, followed by oxygen. It is concluded that PKS-reinforced epoxy composites exhibit promising electrical insulation properties.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026021

Authors: Mohsin Sattar Jan Hosek

The accurate prediction of creep deformation is essential for the reliable use of stainless steel 316 in high-temperature applications. Conventional creep models employ fixed material parameters and often fail to capture the evolving deformation mechanisms that are active during long-term service. In this work, a novel physics-guided creep model is proposed, incorporating adaptive stress sensitivity and dynamic activation energy terms optimized using machine learning techniques. The model is calibrated using extensive experimental creep data and compared with classical analytical models and purely data-driven approaches. The results show that the proposed hybrid framework significantly improves predictive accuracy across all creep stages while retaining physical interpretability.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031025

Authors: Bekzod Eshkulov Ruzimurod Jurayev

One promising strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions while creating useful chemicals and fuels is the electrochemical recycling of CO2. Recent developments in electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) technologies are examined in this work, with a focus on their industrial and environmental importance. CO2 can be converted into methanol, formic acid, and other commercial chemicals using electrochemical pathways, such as electrocatalytic and bioelectrochemical techniques. According to life-cycle studies, ECR provides a sustainable substitute for processes that rely on fossil fuels and can considerably lower the potential for global warming when driven by renewable electricity. Furthermore, solar-powered electrochemical pathways improve energy efficiency by combining the use of CO2 with renewable energy sources. Notwithstanding these advantages, industrial scaling is still difficult since stable electrolyzers, effective electrocatalysts, and economical system designs are required. Electrochemical CO2 recycling is now closer to commercial feasibility thanks to recent advancements in catalyst engineering, electrode architecture, and process optimization that have increased conversion efficiency and product selectivity. The potential of electrochemical CO2 recycling as a crucial technology for accomplishing carbon neutrality and circular economy goals in the chemical sector is highlighted in CO2 reduction analysis.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031024

Authors: Emeka Harrison Onah N. L. Lethole P. Mukumba

This study demonstrated luminescence decay dynamics of BaSiO3:Eu2+, elucidating its potential as a spectral converting down-shifting material for improving the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Time-resolved photoluminescent (TRPL) measurements under excitation pulses of a picosecond pulsed light-emitting diode (EPLED) revealed complex decay dynamics described by a triple-exponential model. Average lifetime was in nanoseconds, which facilitated rapid emission of down-shifted photons, essential to mitigating reabsorption losses. The presence of a fast decay channel is crucial to minimizing photon reabsorption and maximizing the flux of visible photons transferred to the dye molecules of DSSCs to enhance photocurrent generation.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031023

Authors: Edward Matjeka Alex G. Kuchumov Harry M. Ngwangwa Thanyani Pandelani Fulufhelo Nemavhola

Death rates related to heart failure amount to approximately 50% of deaths globally, and one of the leading causes of heart failure is aortic valve failure, which is treated using prosthetic aortic valves. Porcine pericardium is amongst the materials used to develop a potentially ideal bioprosthetic aortic valve. The mechanical properties of native porcine pericardium are necessary for enhancing a prosthetic aortic valve. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical properties of porcine pericardium and find optimized material parameters for finite element analysis using five isotropic models. Uniaxial rupture tests were performed using Cellscale biotester to measure the force at rupture, stiffness, and deformation at rupture. Tests were done in circumferential and radial directions, and one-way Anova was used to evaluate different behaviors in both directions. The average coefficient of determination was used to find the model that performed better.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031022

Authors: Mbavhalelo Maumela Maje Phasha Joseph Moema Thokozani Buthelezi

Foundry produces casting products with desired properties suitable for engineering applications. The grain refiners came in handy to improve the melt casting process to achieve these desired properties. Aluminum alloy casting mostly uses Al-Ti-B grain refiners that are commercially available. The study examined the efficiency of Al-Ti-B grain refiners that were sourced from six different commercial suppliers across the globe. This work serves as quality control of sourced commercial grain refiners. It was found that type GR-4 (3:1) refined cast structures more efficiently than all other five tested Al-Ti-B grain refiners on commercial pure aluminum (CPAl). A holding time of 2 to 10 min proved to be the optimum melt holding time.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031031

Authors: John-Paul Okechukwu Agu Camillus Sunday Obayi Chigbogu Godwin Ozoegwu Samuel Ogbonna Enibe

This study investigates the thermal effects of machining aluminium matrix composites reinforced with rice husk ash (RHA) using orthogonal cutting tools. Utilizing DEFORM 3D simulation software, version V12, key thermal parameters were analysed, including final shear plane temperatures, steady-state tool temperatures, and frictional power across varying spindle speeds (200–800 rpm) and RHA contents (0–12 wt.%). The findings reveal significant thermal accumulation, with temperatures ranging from 49.6 °C to 564.8 °C, correlating positively with increased spindle speeds and RHA reinforcement levels. Higher frictional power requirements were observed, indicating increased machining resistance and higher operational costs. Heat partition coefficients, derived from multiple models, highlighted decreasing heat absorption by the cutting tool as the percentage content of RHA increased. These insights emphasise the need for optimised machining parameters, robust thermal management solutions, and appropriate tool materials to mitigate thermal loads and enhance machining performance. The study underscores the balance between the mechanical benefits of RHA reinforcement and the associated thermal challenges, advocating for a comprehensive approach to improve the machinability and sustainability of aluminium–RHA composites in industrial applications.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031029

Authors: Luke Ajuka Christopher Enweremadu

This study explores the integration of nanomaterials and machine learning (ML) in enhancing atomization and combustion behavior of nanofuels. Nanoparticles such as TiO2, Al2O3, and graphene derivatives improve fuel atomization, thermal conductivity, and emission reduction. A systematic review (2021–2025) and meta-analysis reveal short-term gains in brake thermal efficiency (+12.5%) and emission reduction (CO −12%, HC −25%, NOx −19%), though long-term stability remains limited by agglomeration and injector fouling. ML-models, including Bayesian-Ridge and Random-Forest, predict efficiency metrics effectively but underperform for emissions. The findings highlight the need for atomization descriptors and hybrid ML–CFD models for robust predictive combustion design.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031028

Authors: Boikarabelo Matlala Trecia Ramoetlo Femi John Akinfolarin Samson Dare Oguntuyi Chika Oliver Ujah Emmanuel Olorundaisi Peter Apata Olubambi

This work explores the response of additively manufactured Al alloys (AlSi10Mg and AlSi7Mg) to a strong alkaline environment (pH 12, 1 M KOH). The corrosion response was monitored through electrochemical techniques such as open-circuit potential (OCP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP), providing insights into film stability and pitting tendency. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed to characterize the surface morphology and degradation features before and after immersion. The results showed clear contrasts in passive film stability and resistance to pitting. AlSi10Mg demonstrated stronger protection, linked to its fine cellular–dendritic structure and tightly connected Si network that supported more uniform oxide growth. Contrastingly, AlSi7Mg showed premature film breakdown and localized attack, driven by coarse Si particles and micro-galvanic coupling. Post-corrosion SEM revealed clear signs of selective dissolution and Si particle detachment as the main degradation features. This behavior is consistent with earlier studies showing that the morphology of Si strongly influences the corrosion pathways of Al–Si–Mg alloys in alkaline media.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031021

Authors: Kazeem Bello Rendani Maladzhi Mukondeleli Kanakana-Katumba Samuel Balogun

The performance of used cooking oil-based cutting fluids (UCO-CFs) during the turning of AISI 1020 mild steel is assessed by using the Taguchi optimisation method in this research work. Purified used cooking oil was combined with additives to improve the oil’s properties of lubrication, cooling, and resistance to corrosion. The machining parameters, cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and spindle speed were optimised using an L9 orthogonal array followed by analysis through signal-to-noise ratios and ANOVA. The ANOVA analysis pointed out feed rate (Frt) as the foremost variable in surface roughness, having a contribution of 47.53% to the total variation, along with a highly significant p-value of 0.0001. Signal-to-noise (S/N) analysis determined the best conditions for reducing surface roughness as Frt = 0.4 mm/rev, dct = 0.6 mm, Ssp = 770 rev/min, and Csp = 173 mm/min. For the least cutting temperature, the parameters that gave the best results were Frt = 0.6 mm/rev, dct = 0.6 mm, Ssp = 1100 rev/min, and Csp = 120 m/min. The UCO-based cutting fluid significantly improved machining performance, achieving a minimum surface roughness of 0.270 µm and reducing tool wear to 0.180 mm under optimal conditions. The UCO-based fluids not only surpassed the conventional mineral oils but also indicated excellent performance in machining and sustainability in terms of the environment.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031019

Authors: Kazeem Bello Rendani Maladzhi Mukondeleli Kanakana-Katumba Samuel Balogun

This study investigates how cooking oil-based cutting fluids (CKO-CFs) perform as sustainable alternatives to conventional mineral oil-based fluids when turning AISI 1020 mild steel. Waste cooking oil was cleaned, treated, and mixed with selected additives to improve stability, lubricity, and corrosion resistance. Machining experiments were designed using the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array to optimise cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The CKO-based cutting fluid showed lower surface roughness at 0.270 μm compared to conventional cutting fluids at 0.274 μm. This indicates better lubricity and a smoother surface finish. Tool-tip temperatures were reduced by up to 11.99% compared to conventional fluids. This improves heat dissipation and lowers thermal damage. Tool wear was reduced by up to 5.75% with the CKO-based fluid, suggesting better lubrication and a longer tool life than conventional cutting fluids. The findings show that CKO-based cutting fluids provide an eco-friendly and efficient option for sustainable machining operations.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031020

Authors: Mothibeli Pita Lebogang Lebea

One of the biggest problems facing many different sectors is metal corrosion. The consequences of corrosion are of great concern globally; therefore, efforts must be made to prevent the corrosion of metals/alloys. The effect of pepper tree water as an eco-friendly inhibitor for corrosion control of mild steel in 0.5 Molar solution of H2SO4 acid has been investigated using the weight loss method. Experiments were carried out using 40–120 mL of pepper tree solution. The test samples were totally immersed in the corroding medium containing various concentrations of the inhibitor for time intervals of 24–96 h. The results were mathematically analysed, and it was observed that the maximum inhibitor volume (120 mL) had a significant influence (84.6%) on the reduction in corrosion rate as compared to volumes of 40 and 80 mL. After 48 h, the efficiency of the 80- and 120-millimeter concentrations was the same, at 62.5%. This reveals that the effectiveness of pepper tree water inhibition decreases the longer the material is in acid solution.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031018

Authors: Mpinda Bob Mampuya Ngeleshi Michel Kibambe Mutombo Christian Umba Timilehin Adekunle Omotoyinbo Olusoji Oluremi Ayodele Peter Apata Olubambi

Hybrid additive manufacturing (HAM) offers a viable solution to the size and cost limitations of conventional additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys. This study investigates the interfacial microstructural behavior of an AlSi7Mg alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) onto a pre-machined AA6082 substrate. The results revealed a metallurgically bonded interface formed through partial substrate melting and elemental diffusion. The interface was characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, JMatPro-based modeling, and microhardness testing. Phase analysis revealed that α-Al dominated solidification, with negligible secondary phases present in trace amounts, whereas X-ray diffraction confirmed α-Al as the primary phase throughout all zones. Microhardness assessments revealed a gradual transition from the additively built zone to the substrate, signifying mechanical compatibility. These findings indicate that L-PBF-based HAM facilitates the fabrication of a coherent AlSi7Mg/AA6082 interface with a transitional microstructure and microhardness.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031016

Authors: Motlalepula Nete Pheello I. Nkoe Tshifhiwa M. Masikhwa

Nuclear activities require a delicate balance between harnessing their benefits and mitigating the environmental and health risks they pose to local ecosystems and beyond. One of the critical challenges is the management of nuclear waste, which is material that has been used in nuclear processes, such as nuclear energy production or medical applications like radiotherapy. This waste is radioactive and potentially dangerously hazardous. Globally, approximately 400,000 metric tons of spent nuclear fuel exist, and comprehensive long-term management and disposal plan remain limited. The safe disposal of nuclear waste is paramount to prevent adverse environmental and health impacts. However, effective disposal strategies not only mitigate these risks but also contribute to the sustainability of nuclear power, a low-carbon energy source that can help combat climate change. This research aimed to determine the composition of specific nuclear waste at the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), recognizing that effective management is crucial for both human and environmental protection. By understanding the composition of nuclear waste, we can develop targeted strategies for safe handling and disposal, ultimately supporting a more sustainable nuclear industry.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031017

Authors: Lebohang Reginald Masheane Willie du Preez Jacques Combrinck

There is a need to develop a native human heart valve substitute that is optimally designed, cost-effective, possesses an adequate lifespan, requires minimal anticoagulant medication, and features minimal turbulence and pressure variations within the cardiovascular system. Polymer heart valves, due to their design which allows blood to flow centrally through the valve, are the most promising prosthetic heart valve type for future hemodynamic enhancement. The search continues to mitigate premature mechanical failure of polymer valves and to improve their effectiveness through in vitro experiments. The leaflet must withstand repeated stress from millions of opening and closing cycles without degrading or compromising its functionality. In exploring new materials, two different carbothane materials were employed to improve valve durability and facilitate fabrication utilizing compression moulding. Computational modelling and finite element analysis were used to simulate the response of various materials, designs, and manufacturing techniques to complex loading conditions encountered by polymer valves. A systematic thickening of leaflet regions with higher stress concentrations was implemented to address the design limitations of a reverse-engineered dip-moulded polymer valves. The optimized geometry and structure of the polymer valve, which promote smooth, less turbulent blood flow, were evaluated to determine mechanical stresses in the leaflets and the valve’s hemodynamic performance. The study concluded that the systematic increase in the thickness of leaflet regions highly affected by stress concentration significantly reduced stress distribution and improved the valve’s hemodynamic performance. Prototypes were manufactured using a combination of additive manufacturing and compression moulding to ensure precise geometric specifications. It was concluded that computational modelling reduced the need for extensive physical prototyping and testing, which can be time-consuming and costly.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031013

Authors: Osama Majeed Butt Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad

Alternative fuel and greenhouse emissions are always a keen focus for researchers aiming to cater to energy demands. There is an urgent need to find new clean and inexhaustible energy sources. In the past few years, hydrogen has gained attention from researchers as a green fuel. The scientific and policy maker circles have now widely recognized the practicality of hydrogen as an energy carrier through the due to its clean combustion, ease of transportation, distribution, and utilization. Different ways of its production and its use in different applications have also been widely studied. In this study, a review is carried out on how to produce hydrogen using the electrolysis process by renewable energy and its potential for application in different industries. Hydrogen gas can be used as a fuel to power catalytic boilers, gas-powered heat pumps, and direct-flame combustion boilers that are more or less the same as natural gas boilers. A large variety of district heating techniques can be repurposed to employ hydrogen cost-effectively. The use of hydrogen gas is not limited to combustion engines and industrial applications but is also applicable for house heating purposes. Finally, it is suggested that an alkaline electrolyzer could be energized with renewable sources to produce hydrogen which could be used as an alternative auxiliary fuel for the incineration system in managing municipal solid waste. This could be a step towards a green environment in terms of alternative clean fuel and municipal solid waste management.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031012

Authors: Amantle Balang Roxane Bonithon

Chitosan–hydroxyapatite (CS–HA) composite coatings offer a multifunctional surface modification to improve titanium implant performance, combining hydroxyapatite’s osteoconductivity with chitosan’s biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties. This review examines recent in vitro and in vivo studies, noting consistent enhancements in osteoblast adhesion, alkaline phosphatase activity, apatite formation, and bone–implant contact. Incorporation of silver, strontium, or graphene oxide can further boost antibacterial and osteogenic effects. However, variability in coating preparation, substrate treatment, and testing protocols limits reproducibility and clinical extrapolation. Standardised methodologies and extended in vivo validation are essential to advance CS–HA coatings toward reliable dental and orthopaedic applications.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031011

Authors: Tshifhiwa Moureen Masikhwa Motlalepula Nete Pheello Nkoe Mpho Wendy Mathebula

As the global demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to rise, battery recycling has become a critical strategy for mitigating resource depletion, minimising environmental impact, and advancing a circular economy. However, recycled electrode materials, particularly cathode and anode powders, often contain residual impurities such as transition metals (e.g., Cu, Fe, Al), polymeric binders (e.g., PVDF), and electrolyte decomposition products. These contaminants can significantly impair the electrochemical performance, thermal stability, and overall safety of newly manufactured cells. This study aims to systematically investigate the nature, origin, and impact of impurities in recycled cathode and anode materials. A suite of analytical techniques, including inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), will be employed to quantify impurity levels and assess material integrity across various recycling streams. The findings are expected to inform the establishment of impurity threshold limits for battery-grade recycled materials and guide the development of enhanced purification protocols. Ultimately, this research will support the production of safer and more reliable second-life batteries, offering valuable insights to recyclers, manufacturers, and regulatory bodies committed to sustainable energy storage technologies.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031015

Authors: Kerryn Ngobeni Gontse Nkwana Retshepile Motloung Edward Jabulani Dlamini Paul Oluwaseun Adu Olorundaisi Emmanuel Chika Oliver Ujah Samson Dare Oguntuyi Peter Apata Olubambi

Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling presents a sustainable pathway for developing advanced materials while mitigating environmental concerns. In this study, a high-entropy alloy (HEA) was fabricated via casting using a hybrid feedstock comprising 40% e-waste metallic fractions (Cu-Sn-Pb-Zn) and 60% Al-Ni-Cr-Mn-Si industrial scrap. The as-cast alloy was subjected to heat treatment under controlled conditions to evaluate its microstructural evolution and hardening response. Microstructural analysis revealed the formation of multiphase structures, with distinct transformations in grain morphology and phase distribution after thermal processing. Hardness measurements indicated a significant enhancement in mechanical performance, attributed to microstructural refinement and phase stabilization induced by heat treatment. These findings demonstrate the potential of integrating e-waste into high-entropy alloy design, offering a circular metallurgical approach to produce value-added structural materials with improved mechanical properties.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031006

Authors: Boikarabelo Matlala Mbhoni Shibambo Diengwane Anicia Dipale Nyasha P. Mhasvi Olorundaisi Emmanuel Chika Oliver Ujah Samson Dare Oguntuyi Melaku Dereje Mamo Peter Apata Olubambi

This research experiment aimed to transform multicomponent Ni-based superalloys produced with e-waste additives into corrosion-resistant materials via heat treatment. The experiment involved a two-hour heat treatment of as-cast samples at 1000 °C in an argon atmosphere, followed by quenching in water and characterization by scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Thereafter, the corrosion characteristics of the heat-treated and non-heat-treated samples were studied in 0.5 M sulfuric acid using open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP). Results showed that the FCC gamma solid-solution matrix in the microstructure was homogenized by heat treatment. A continuous grain boundary M23C6 and interdendritic M6C were redistributed into discrete particles after the heat treatment, which facilitated the reduction in galvanic pathways and boosted corrosion resistance. The heat-treated samples exhibited nobler OCP, increased low-frequency impedance, reduced corrosion current density, a broader passive range, and increased breakdown potential. These findings have proved that it is feasible to convert scrap to service affordably.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031010

Authors: Nyasha P. Mhasvi Diengwane Anicia Dipale Olorundaisi Emmanuel Adeola Borode Chika Oliver Ujah Paul Oluwaseun Adu Glenda Tsholofelo Motsi Melaku Dereje Mamo Peter Apata Olubambi

Electronic waste (e-waste) offers a sustainable pathway for recovering critical metals, yet its heterogeneous composition complicates the design of advanced alloys. This work applies a computational approach to design multicomponent superalloys from e-waste, using Thermo-Calc to predict phase stability and microstructural evolution. Nickel-based alloys alloyed with Cu–Sn–Pb fractions were modeled, revealing improved ductility through phase refinement and suppression of graphite formation. Experimental validation with SEM and XRD confirmed the computational predictions. This study demonstrates the potential of integrating computational thermodynamics with e-waste recycling to develop high-performance superalloys, advancing both sustainability and material innovation.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031009

Authors: Olalekan Joseph Ogunniyi Charles Mbohwa Peter Onu Steadyman Chikumba Humbulani Phuluwa

The growing challenge for electricity in South Africa is placing pressure on the country’s current electricity-generating capacity. Moreover, conventional power plants are the main source of high concentrations of greenhouse gases in the country. South Africa is the seventh-largest producer of coal globally, and coal takes the largest share in the generation of electricity, with significant negative environmental impacts. There is insufficient electricity grid infrastructure, which prevents remote areas from receiving electricity from the centralized power grid. South Africa has promise in adopting sustainable energy systems such as biomass, hydropower, wind, and solar energy. The country obtains 2500 h of sunshine per year, and the radiation content is 4–6 kWh/m2. Solar and wind have significant potential, while biomass and hydropower have less potential. However, some challenges and limitations that affect the use of RE have been identified. Increasing offshore wind and solar energy will enable South Africa to attain its target of increasing the percentage of renewable energy in the energy mix from 11% to 41% by 2030. The diversification of production and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions require South Africa to actively modernize its transmission infrastructure and speed up the approval process of projects.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031005

Authors: Olalekan Joseph Ogunniyi Charles Mbohwa Peter Onu Steadyman Chikumba Humbulani Phuluwa

The energy and environmental advantages of anaerobic digestion have led to a gradual growth in interest in biogas technology in recent years. Opportunities are presented by anaerobic digestion technology to produce renewable energy, minimize greenhouse gas discharge into the atmosphere, and minimize the release of waste in landfills. The study aims to consider the state of the art of biogas development while exploring emerging trends in optimization parameters and tools. Optimizing process parameters such as temperature, HRT, pH, and OLR were considered, which are essential to maximize digesting efficiency and biogas yield. Some optimizing tools were also discussed, such as Aspen Plus, MATLAB/Simulink, RSM, and ANN. The effective use of the optimization process parameters and tools will help to promote the optimum use of biomass for biogas generation, thereby promoting clean and affordable energy, as well as policies that minimize the emission of GHG, and contribute to the UN SDGs 7 and 13. More research needs to be carried out on the development and utilization of advanced optimization tools and techniques, which will enhance the use of biomass for biogas generation.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031004

Authors: Morakane Gloria Moletsane Willie Bouwer du Preez Deon de Beer Shathani Nkhwa

This study investigates the mechanical and biological properties of diamond lattice structure produced through lithography-based ceramic manufacturing, an additive manufacturing technique. HA480 specimens, cubes of 5 × 5 × 5 mm, were manufactured with appropriate pore sizes and porosity. Printed HA480 specimens were tested and analysed for compression strength, cell proliferation, and cell attachment. The printed cubes displayed interconnected pore geometry. A set of ten HA480 diamond lattice structure specimens were compressed until failure to obtain a compressive strength of 10.7 MPa. HA480 solid scaffolds were seeded with the human osteoblast cell line hFOB 1.19 cells. The fluorescence level results were higher on day 3 and decreased on days 5 and 7. Cell attachment was observed from day 1 to day 7. In this study, biodegradation was also evaluated with diamond lattice structure immersed in the simulated body fluid for days 1 and 7 and 28 days. The Scanning Electron Microscopy showed precipitation after 7 days immersion and evidence of apatite after 28 days on the HA480 surface. The findings provide evidence that HA480 reacts with biological fluids and can be used as a material for bone regeneration scaffold.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031014

Authors: Emmanuel Munenge Winnie Mtetwa Harry Ngwangwa Thanyani Pandelani Lebogang Lebea

High-purity α-Al2O3 ceramics are widely used in dental applications due to their excellent mechanical strength and biocompatibility; however, maintaining phase stability and microstructural integrity during 3D printing remains challenging. In this study, bio-inspired dental implants were fabricated using lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) and characterized structurally and mechanically. XRD confirmed phase-pure α-Al2O3 with high crystallinity, an average crystallite size of 28.68 nm, and low compressive microstrain. SEM revealed uniform, fine equiaxed grains (4.60 ± 0.28 µm) with good densification. The implants exhibited a Vickers hardness of 15.49 GPa and compressive strength of 991.5 MPa, demonstrating suitability for load-bearing dental applications. These findings demonstrate that lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) produces phase-pure and microstructurally uniform implants, confirming its viability for manufacturing bio-inspired dental implants with reliable mechanical performance.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031008

Authors: Luke Ajuka Christopher Enweremadu

This study quantifies the benefit of integrating machine learning (ML) with exergy analysis for automotive waste heat-to-power (WHP) systems. A PRISMA 2020 systematic review (2015–2025) across Scopus, ScienceDirect and Web of Science screened open-access peer-reviewed articles, yielding 19 eligible studies on organic Rankine cycle (ORC), thermoelectric generator (TEG) and hybrid ORC–TEG configurations. A random-effects meta-analysis shows a pooled moderate-to-strong gain (Hedges’ g = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.31–0.67) and a symmetric funnel plot. ORC–ANN optimization is strongest (g = 0.61), followed by hybrid CFD–ML (0.55). Multi-objective ML (0.52) and TEG models (0.34–0.41) improved performance, supporting improved recovery and reduced fuel use and CO2 emissions.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026032001

Authors: Yanhong Yu Manting Wu Xianjian Cui Qingsong Lu Hongye Li

This study reveals the structure–property relationship between Cu powder characteristics on 6063 Al alloy surface and the interface behavior of cold spray coatings. Through systematic experiments, we examined the effects of different oxygen content in atomized Cu powder to deposition thickness and coating interface adhesion strength. Results showed that #2 Cu powder exhibited smooth surfaces with clear particle distribution and low oxygen content, while #1 powder contained more fine particles and higher oxygen content. Under identical process conditions, #2 cold spray coatings achieved thickness distributions ranging from 73.94 μm to 162.27 μm with excellent density, whereas #1 products displayed uneven thickness distribution (minimum 34.27 μm, maximum 136.69 μm) and crack formed between coatings. The adhesion strength between #2 products substrate and coating exceeded 70 MPa, which was 61 MPa higher than #1’s maximum adhesion strength.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031007

Authors: Nhlanhla Nkosi Trust Nhubu Athi-enkosi Mavukwana Mohamed Belaid

The rapid growth of the population, industrialisation, and technological advancement has increased waste generation in many economies, including South Africa (SA). In 2019, 2020, and 2021, SA generated approximately 11.22 million, 5.90 million, and 10.42 million waste tyres, respectively. As general waste, tyres require proper disposal due to their environmental impact. This study identifies and quantifies traditional waste tyre management strategies in SA and assesses their environmental impacts using life cycle assessment (LCA). The SimaPro software (v9.4.0.2) and ReCiPe 2016 (v1.07) midpoint and endpoint methods were used to evaluate environmental consequences of tyre landfilling, open-air combustion, and exporting. In 2019, an estimated 163,375 tons of uncollected waste tyres was managed through landfilling (51%), open-air burning (4%), and exporting (1%). LCA findings showed that open-air combustion had the highest intermediate and long-term damaging effects on the atmosphere, releasing harmful gases and particulate matter linked to human health carcinogenic risks. Landfilling contributed significantly to long-term human carcinogenic toxicity and freshwater pollution, while exporting posed high resource depletion impacts. This study suggests that addressing waste tyre management challenges in SA requires a shift from traditional disposal methods toward reuse, recycling, and material and energy recovery to ensure more sustainable and ecologically responsible solutions.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026020

Authors: Manish Pratap Singh Avdhesh Kumar Ankit Singh Sarva Shakti Singh Sujeet Kumar Chaurasia

The increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has generated an urgent need for innovative antimicrobial materials that inhibit microbial growth through physical and chemical surface interactions, as opposed to traditional biochemical methods. In this work, we synthesized a composite of graphene oxide (GO), single-layer graphene (SLG), and delaminated MXene (d-MXene) by an ultrasonication-assisted technique. The synthesized materials were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) with elemental mapping to examine the structure and morphology of the GO/SLG/d-MXene composite. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against E. coli using the optical density method. The GO/SLG/d-MXene composite exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to GO, SLG, and d-MXene. These results indicate that the GO/SLG/d-MXene composite may serve as a promising antibacterial material. These nanomaterials may be further explored for surface-related antimicrobial applications in healthcare, sanitation, and environmental settings such as coatings for medical devices, disinfectant surfaces in hospitals, and treatment of contaminated water sources.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031003

Authors: Tawanda Marazani Velaphi Msomi Sipokazi Mabuwa

This study examines the influence of straight square (SQ) and taper threaded (TT) tool pin geometries on the friction stir processing (FSP) of pure aluminum-based composites. Both pins had a shoulder-to-pin ratio of 3, with FSP conducted at 2400 rpm, 40 mm/min, and 11.2 kN axial force. Elemental and XRD analyses showed that the TT pin achieved superior reinforcement dispersion and formation of longer intermetallic chains. The TT pin also produced higher tensile strength (84.68 MPa) and elongation (27.92%), with SEM revealing ductile fracture features. The TT pin demonstrated better overall performance and is recommended for pure aluminum-based composite fabrication.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031002

Authors: Ndingalutendo Mulaudzi Athi-enkosi Mavukwana

Waste tyres, with their high carbon content and heating value that is greater than that of coal and biomass, present a potential feedstock for energy recovery. Similarly, automotive paint sludge (APS) is a hazardous waste rich in volatile and inorganics compounds, making it difficult to dispose of safely, but it also has potential for thermochemical conversion. Gasification is a thermochemical process which can turn such wastes into syngas, a mixture mainly composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that can be utilized to generate power and produce liquid fuels. To deal with challenges of single feedstock gasification, co-gasification combines two or more feedstocks, taking advantage of synergistic interactions to enhance syngas yield and overall efficiency. In this work, Aspen Plus simulation software is used to develop a model for the co-gasification of waste tyres and automotive paint sludge. Sensitivity analysis was performed with the aim of investigating and optimizing the overall process conditions of waste tyre and APS co-gasification. This study investigated the effect of air (ER) and water feed (SFR) and blend ratios on the adiabatic reaction temperature, product gas composition and heat value of the product syngas. Optimal operating ranges were identified as ER = 0.35–0.40 and SFR = 1.0–1.2 for tyre gasification, ER ≈ 0.50–0.55 for APS-only gasification, and ER = 0.40–0.48 with SFR = 0.8–1.0 for co-gasification blends. Adiabatic temperatures under recommended conditions were typically 700–800 °C. The LHV of syngas decreased with increasing ER, SFR, and APS fraction, falling from ~13 MJ/kg for tyre gasification to below 10 MJ/kg for APS-rich cases due to oxidation and dilution by CO2 and ash. No positive synergistic effect in syngas quality was observed under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. APS primarily acted as an ash-rich, low-carbon diluent, reducing CO concentration, heating value and adiabatic temperature. However, potential catalytic interactions from APS mineral matter, which are not represented in the equilibrium model, may produce synergistic effects in practical gasifiers.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026031001

Authors: Edwin Cheruiyot Kosgey Krishnan Kanny Festus Maina Mwangi

A sandwich structure consists of a light core and two thin laminates bonded on both sides of the core. Sandwich structures have applications in structural constructions such as wind turbine blades and marine boats. These structures may experience low-velocity impacts from maintenance operations or during service conditions; thus, it is important to study these low-velocity impacts. In the current study, a sandwich structure was fabricated from PVC foam core and unidirectional glass fibres using the vacuum resin infusion method. The PVC foam core used was of 10–20 mm thickness while the face sheet had two different thicknesses. The panel was tested for impact strength using drop weight equipment at impact energies at three energy levels. The results were reported for damage area, force–time, force–displacement and energy–time curves.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026029005

Authors: Bindu Sadanandan Kavyasree Marabanahalli Yogendraiah

The non-albicans Candida species Candida tropicalis is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that forms a robust gel-like biofilm on polymeric prosthetic materials. These biofilms are embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance that retains large amounts of water, resulting in a hydrogel-like matrix that protects fungal cells, increases antifungal resistance, and contributes to the biofouling of these prosthetic materials. Biofouling is the unwanted colonization and accumulation of microbial communities on material surfaces, which alters their function and compromises clinical performance. Clinically, it is significant because it is linked to recurrent urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and persistent device-related infections, which often result in therapeutic failure and device malfunction. Polymers such as silicone elastomer, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride are widely used in catheters, surgical meshes, implants, and prostheses because of their durability, flexibility, and biocompatibility, yet their surface properties often encourage microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. This review emphasizes that the gel-like biofilm architecture of C. tropicalis underpins its persistence and resistance, while also highlighting promising antifungal strategies being developed to mitigate these infections. Notably, palmitic acid has been shown to disrupt mature biofilms by lowering ergosterol and inducing oxidative stress, whereas C-10 massoia lactone damages the extracellular matrix and suppresses hyphal growth. Drug repurposing approaches, such as combining minocycline with fluconazole, restore susceptibility in resistant isolates and demonstrate synergistic antibiofilm activity. Additionally, biomaterial-based interventions, such as chitosan coatings on silicone surfaces, significantly reduce fungal adhesion and biofilm formation. Together, these findings reflect a translational shift toward integrating natural products, repurposed drugs, and functionalized biomaterials into antifungal development. Understanding biofouling and these emerging strategies is crucial for developing effective control measures against C. tropicalis biofilms and for guiding the design of infection-resistant prosthetic devices.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026019

Authors: Jhojamn Franklin Arroyo Guzmán Victor Hugo Miranda Challapa Camila Andrea Ramos Lima Americo Dustin Montaño Gonzales Joaquin Humberto Aquino Rocha

This study investigates the feasibility of using brick and ceramic tile waste as aluminosilicate precursors for geopolymer synthesis by analyzing the influence of NaOH concentrations, the Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio, and curing methods on the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting matrices. Geopolymer pastes were prepared using NaOH concentrations ranging from 5 to 12 mol/L and Na2SiO3/NaOH ratios of 2:1 and 2.5:1. Compressive strength, water absorption, density, and void ratio were evaluated. The results indicate that a combined curing method, consisting of initial curing under dry ambient conditions followed by thermal curing at 60 °C, significantly improved the development of mechanical strength. The brick-based geopolymers reached maximum compressive strengths exceeding 55 MPa at intermediate NaOH concentrations, whereas ceramic tile-based geopolymers required higher alkalinity levels and increased soluble silica content. Overall, the findings confirm that an appropriate combination of precursor type, alkaline activator dosage, and curing conditions enables the formation of geopolymers with denser matrices and enhanced mechanical and physical properties, thereby supporting their potential as a sustainable alternative for the construction industry.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026029004

Authors: Haonan Li Galina Lyamina Ping Gou Weixiang Ke Oksana Dubinina

Conventional electrochemical evaluation methods in liquid electrolytes often do not accurately replicate in vivo degradation processes, thereby posing a significant challenge in translating biodegradable magnesium-based materials from laboratory research to practical use. To address this challenge, we have developed a new in vitro analysis method using a chitosan/glycerol/Ringer’s gel that closely resembles biological tissue in terms of elemental composition and three-dimensional structure. We examined the degradation of the AZ31 magnesium alloy in both Ringer’s solution and the gel electrolyte using potentiodynamic polarization and periodic surface morphology imaging. Our results indicate that the corrosion rates and morphological features obtained from the gel electrolyte better correspond to in vivo data from animal studies, suggesting that the method can be used to accurately evaluate the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys in vivo.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026018

Authors: Rajesh Kumar Dewangan

Hybrid polymer composites combining natural and synthetic fibers offer a balance between mechanical efficiency and sustainability. This study evaluates epoxy-based jute–glass–carbon hybrid laminates with six stacking configurations under tensile and flexural loading. One-way ANOVA confirmed statistically significant differences among laminates (p < 0.001). An integrated AHP–TOPSIS approach was used for multi-criteria ranking, and Response Surface Methodology enabled desirability-based optimization. The carbon-rich cross-ply laminate achieved the highest overall performance, while jute-containing balanced laminates showed enhanced ductility. The results highlight the critical role of stacking sequence in optimizing hybrid composite mechanical behavior.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026030006

Authors: Elby Titus Joao Ventura Carmen M. Rangel

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Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026030004

Authors: Rahul R. Bhosale

The potential of La0.2Sr0.8MnO3 (LSM28) perovskite oxide for thermochemical energy storage (TCES) is assessed by analyzing its thermochemical performance. The TCES capacity of LSM28 was measured using a non-stoichiometric and van’t Hoff analysis at various reduction temperatures ( T r e d ) and oxygen partial pressures ( P O 2 ). O2 release and the associated non-stoichiometry (δ) increase with T r e d and decrease with P O 2 , according to the results, reaching a maximum δ of 0.101 at 1473 K and 0.0001 atm. The van’t Hoff research also showed that LSM28’s TCES capacity fluctuates greatly with δ, peaking at 37.1 kJ/kg under ideal circumstances.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026017

Authors: Sarva Shakti Singh Ankit Singh Avdhesh Kumar Sujeet Kumar Chaurasia Manish Pratap Singh

The pursuit of high-energy-density cathode materials has positioned LiNiO2 as a promising candidate due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application is hindered by structural instability, cation mixing, and sluggish Li-ion mobility. This study presents a strategic co-doping approach to enhance the electrochemical performance of R3m-structured LiNiO2 by introducing Na at the Li site and Nb/Al/W at the Ni site. First-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), combined with the bond valence sum energy (BVSE) method, were employed to evaluate the structural, electronic, and transport properties of the doped systems. The optimized lattice parameters reveal that co-doping induces lattice expansion and suppresses cation disorder, thereby improving structural integrity. Formation energy validates the thermodynamics of the modified structures. Furthermore, BVSE-based ion migration mapping shows that Na/Nb and Na/Al co-doping significantly broadens Li-ion diffusion pathways and lowers migration barriers compared to pristine LiNiO2. These results demonstrate that dual-site doping is an effective strategy to overcome intrinsic limitations of Ni-rich layered oxides, offering a rational design route cathode for next-generation Li-ion battery.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026030002

Authors: Jorge Gajardo Julio Colmenares-Zerpa Giancarlo González Francesc Gispert-Guirado Adolfo Henríquez Ricardo J. Chimentão

Ultrafast sonochemical synthesis of SBA-15 performed via the pH-adjustment method at 25 °C was reported. Ultrasound treatment was applied to the entire synthesis process for a period of 90 min. The sonication synthesis was compared with the aging-mediated sonication method. Ultrasound assistance under the studied conditions allows the aging step to be replaced and minimizes the structural deterioration of SBA-15 due to the pH-adjustment effect. In addition, the hydrophilic character and CO2 adsorption capacity of these materials were studied using contact-angle techniques and CO2 adsorption, respectively. Ultrasonic synthesis at 25 °C results in the best uniformity of a mesopore structure relative to its peers.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026030005

Authors: Giancarlo González Francesc Medina Chin Li Cheung Ricardo J. Chimentão

Amorphous mesoporous magnesium carbonate (AMMC) materials were synthesized solvothermally using different magnesium oxide (MgO) precursors. These precursors were synthesized via the sol–gel method that employed various carboxylic acids (oxalic acid, citric acid, and maleic acid) as gelling agents. The specific type of carboxylic acid used was found to modulate the textural properties and CO2 capture capability of the intermediate MgO, consequently regulating the textural and structural properties of the final AMMC materials. This solvothermal method offers advantages as it avoids the need for additives or harsh conditions. The capacity of AMMC materials to trap water was also evaluated.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026030003

Authors: Vinícius Prado Corrallo Vitória Silva Novoa Noemy Rodrigues Santos Daniel Tetsuo Gonçalves Mori Julia Carina Orfão Costa Rogério de Almeida Vieira Paulo Henrique Silva Marques de Azevedo Graça Soares Roseli Künzel Ana Paula de Azevedo Marques

This study investigates pure and Ag-doped SrMoO4 powders (Sr1−xAgxMoO4, x = 0, 0.01, 0.07), focusing on structural, optical, and functional properties. We evaluate its photocatalytic performance, capacitance response in lactate solution and water, and antimicrobial activity in textiles. The diffraction patterns could be indexed to the pure tetragonal phase SrMoO4. The doping of SrMoO4 with Ag+ ions affects the morphology and particle size of the samples designed by co-precipitation. SrMoO4 pure and Ag+-doped samples exhibited promising results in detecting water and lactate solutions, as well as photocatalysis. Pure SrMoO4 was more efficient in the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) than the sample doped with Ag+. Among the bactericidal test results, sample SMO:0.01-P4, without light, in S. aureus, and SMO:0.07-P3, with light in E. coli, showed a slight distance from the inhibition halo. These results suggest that the treated textile may possess a characteristic bactericidal capacity that deserves further exploration. This comprehensive analysis offers insights into the structure–function relationship of SrMoO4:Ag and advances the development of multifunctional materials.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026016

Authors: Pabina Rani Boro Partha Protim Borthakur Madhurjya Saikia Saroj Yadav Rupam Deka

The increasing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly construction materials has spurred interest in biopolymer composites reinforced with agricultural waste. Rice husk (RH), a byproduct of rice milling, is abundant and rich in lignocellulosic fibers and silica, making it excellent for use in fiber-reinforced biopolymers. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated and construction-oriented evaluation of rice husk (RH)-reinforced biopolymers, combining mechanical, thermal, environmental, and economic perspectives within a single framework. The study introduces a novel comparative approach by benchmarking multiple polymer matrices-including PP, recycled HDPE, epoxy, PLA, and bio-binders-under unified quantitative performance criteria. Another key novelty is the identification of the dual functional role of silica-rich RH in simultaneously enhancing structural strength and flame retardancy while contributing to carbon emission reduction. With a high silica content (15–20%) and lignocellulosic structure, RH serves as a natural filler that enhances the performance of polymer matrices such as polypropylene (PP), epoxy, polylactic acid (PLA), and recycled polyethylene. Mechanically, RH-reinforced composites demonstrate significant improvements in tensile, flexural, and impact strength. For example, PP composites with NaOH-treated RH and coffee husks achieved tensile strengths between 27.4 MPa and 37.4 MPa, with corresponding Young’s modulus values ranging from 1656 MPa to 2247.8 MPa. Recycled HDPE-RH blends reached tensile strengths up to 74 MPa and flexural values of 39 MPa, validating their structural applicability. Epoxy matrices embedded with 0.45 wt.% RH nanofibers showed degradation thresholds of 411 °C and 678 °C, reflecting substantial thermal resistance. Flame retardancy is further improved by the presence of RH biochar, which leads to reduced peak heat release rate (PHRR) and enhanced char formation. In building insulation applications, RH-based composites exhibit low thermal conductivity values between 0.08 and 0.14 W/m·K, contributing to energy efficiency. Economically, RH reduces material costs by 30–40%, while environmentally, its integration lowers carbon emissions in PP composites by up to 10%, and promotes biodegradability. Despite challenges such as moisture absorption and interfacial adhesion, these can be mitigated through alkali treatment, compatibilizers (e.g., MAPP), or hybrid reinforcement strategies.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026015

Authors: Sabbir Hossain Sk. Tanjim Jaman Supto Tahzib Ibrahim Protik Md. Nurjaman Ridoy

Quantum dots (QDs) have drawn a lot of attention as photocatalytic materials due to the growing need for environmentally friendly wastewater treatment technologies. Among these, carbon-based QDs, including graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), have exceptional optical, electronic, and surface characteristics that increase their suitability for degrading pollutants when exposed to sunlight or visible light. These composites are better at transferring charges, staying stable in light, and breaking down pollutants. Metal-based QDs like ZnO and CdS also have strong photocatalytic activity, but their sustainability remains a concern due to the potential release of toxic ions when they corrode in light. The green synthesis approach addresses these challenges. Using natural extracts, like polyphenols from tea leaves, to biofunctionalize surfaces has been shown to reduce toxicity and improve photocatalytic performance. Green synthesis using renewable precursors solves problems with toxicity, resource depletion, and environmental pollution, which supports a low-impact and circular technological approach. This study examines recent developments in the making, modifying, and use of QD-based photocatalysts in the environment, with a focus on CQD/g-C3N4 hybrid systems. Future research should focus on making green, non-toxic, regenerable, and highly active carbon-based QDs for safe large-scale water treatment.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026030001

Authors: Rahul R. Bhosale

With Zr-doped ceria (Ce0.6Zr0.4O2, CZ40) discovered as a promising redox material, metal oxide (MO)-based thermochemical cycles offer a feasible technique for CO2 splitting (CDS) at lower temperatures. There are currently few thorough thermodynamic efficiency evaluations available, despite experimental validation of its redox efficacy. The two-step CZ40-driven CDS cycle is modeled in this study, and experimental data are used to perform the efficiency analysis. Solar-to-fuel efficiency increases from 0.74% to 1.00% as a result of reducing solar heat demand from 434.05 kW to 322.17 kW by boosting gas-to-gas heat recuperation from 0.0 to 0.3.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025027

Authors: Eugenia Valsami-Jones Guanying Chen

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Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026013

Authors: Paramesh Chandra Swapan K. Mandal

We present here a brief report on gamma-ray sensing and detection by a bismuth-based hybrid halide perovskite material. Lead-free perovskites have emerged as a promising candidate for gamma-ray detection due to their high atomic number, tunable optoelectronic properties, and cost-effective synthesis. This study investigates the morphological, optical, and gamma-ray radiation detection properties of (CH3NH3)3Bi2Cl9 (MABiCl) perovskite material. UV-Vis spectroscopy reveals a bandgap of ~2.4 eV, which is suitable for efficient charge carrier generation upon gamma-ray exposure. Current vs. time measurements under gamma-ray irradiation from various sources (60Co, 137Cs, and 22Na) exhibit a rapid and reproducible photo response, with high sensitivity and low noise, indicating effective charge collection and detection efficiency. The material’s response to gamma rays shows a linear correlation between current output and radiation dose, highlighting its potential for quantitative detection applications. These findings suggest that Bi-based perovskite material possesses favorable properties for gamma-ray detection, including structural robustness, suitable optical characteristics, and reliable radiation response. Further optimization of material composition and device fabrication could enhance detection efficiency and scalability, paving the way for practical applications in medical imaging, nuclear security, and radiation monitoring. This work highlights the potential of Bi-based perovskites as a next-generation material for high-performance, cost-effective gamma ray detectors.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026012

Authors: Evangelia Karali Christos Michail George Fountos Nektarios Kalyvas Ioannis Valais

This study investigates whether detector materials with an effective atomic number (Zeff), density, and light output higher than cesium iodide (CsI) could provide images of better quality in dual-energy cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) breast examinations. Seven different detector material configurations were applied in a simulated micro-CBCT system using GATE v.9.2.1 (GEANT4 application for tomographic emission). Four breast phantoms, containing microcalcifications of Type I and Type II, were imaged. Planar images and tomographic data were analyzed. Microcalcification CNRs (contrast-to-noise ratios) were calculated for each configuration. CZT (cadmium zinc telluride) and GAGG (gadolinium aluminum gallium garnet) materials show a 3–17% increase in relative HAp (hydroxyapatite)-CNR values towards CsI.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025025

Authors: Eugenia Valsami-Jones Guanying Chen

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Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025026

Authors: Anupama Satyarthi Varun Kumar Mathuri

The increasing demand for environmentally benign inorganic pigments has stimulated interest in sustainable synthesis routes for iron oxide nanoparticles that minimize toxic reagents and energy-intensive processing. In this study, a plant-mediated approach for the synthesis of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles using Spinacia oleracea (spinach) leaf extract is presented, with particular emphasis on pigment-relevant material characteristics. An aqueous spinach extract was employed as a natural reducing and stabilizing medium for ferric ions under ambient conditions. The formation of iron oxide nanoparticles was indicated by a characteristic color change and confirmed by structural and morphological characterization. X-ray diffraction revealed phase-pure crystalline hematite, while transmission electron microscopy showed quasi-spherical nanoparticles with sizes in the range of 20–50 nm. The synthesis avoids hazardous chemicals, high-temperature calcination, and organic solvents, offering a low-energy and environmentally compatible route. Although the yield per batch is modest, the simplicity, non-toxicity, and pigment-suitable properties of the synthesized nanoparticles highlight the potential of this method for sustainable pigment and coating applications.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026011

Authors: Ankit Singh Avdhesh Kumar Sarva Shakti Singh Navin Chaurasiya Manish Pratap Singh

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a widely used clean and efficient fuel across domestic and industrial sectors. However, the highly flammable nature of LPG poses serious safety risks. Therefore, the advancement of dependable and effective LPG sensors is vital. This work produced a cost-effective and extremely sensitive LPG thin film sensor that operates at room temperature using hydrothermally generated MoTe2. The synthesized MoTe2 was comprehensively characterized to investigate its phase purity, crystal structure, phase formation, and morphology employing powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The PXRD and Raman results confirmed the formation of a single-phase hexagonal 2H-MoTe2 structure, while FE-SEM analysis revealed elongated, sheet-like morphologies. The LPG sensing properties were evaluated across concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 vol%. The sensor exhibited a maximum response of 1.50 at 2.0 vol% LPG, while the fastest response and recovery times of 11 s and 23 s, respectively, were observed at 0.5 vol% LPG. Additionally, the sensor demonstrated excellent repeatability, reaching 99.55%. The mechanism involving the adsorption and desorption of LPG is also explained.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026014

Authors: Muhideen Olowonjoyin Samuel Abejide Daniel Oguntayo

Concrete is widely recognized for its excellent compressive strength but limited tensile resistance, which necessitates reinforcement with high-performance materials for effective structural applications. This study investigates the role of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) as tensile reinforcement in singly reinforced concrete sections, with emphasis on the contribution of tensile concrete to overall flexural resistance. The elastic behavior of concrete is first examined, demonstrating stability under low stress levels and progressive deterioration caused by matrix cracking at higher stress states. To capture the structural response, a variable-angle strut model is employed for predicting the load–deflection behavior of CFRP-reinforced beams subjected to combined flexure and shear. Numerical optimization using Box’s complex method is incorporated to refine the stress–strain representation and develop an improved stress diagram that realistically reflects CFRP–concrete interaction. The results highlight that tensile concrete, even after cracking, provides significant resistance through tension stiffening, while CFRP reinforcement remains effective under high load conditions. Furthermore, the optimization process reveals that a neutral axis depth of 0.75d, substantially greater than conventional design recommendations, mobilizes nearly 200% additional tensile concrete. This enhanced mobilization improves flexural efficiency and overall load-bearing capacity. The findings of this study provide new insights into the synergistic behavior of CFRP and concrete, emphasizing that tensile concrete should not be disregarded in design. The proposed framework offers a practical and reliable approach for improving the moment resistance of CFRP-reinforced sections, contributing to safer, more economical, and performance-driven structural design practices.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026029003

Authors: Sunshine Dominic Kurbah

The metallogelation process has been successfully achieved by utilizing a crystal engineering approach to generate a new metallogel. While the coordination of metal ions to ligands plays a very important role for building the primary structure, the stabilization and morphology of metallogels are heavily dependent on various intra-molecular interactions and non-covalent interactions, with hydrogen bonding (HB) often playing a dominant and structurally organizing role. In the present study, gelation experiments were achieved successfully by reacting vanadium acetylacetonate with a hydrazone ligand using different solvents. The metallogel shows excellent gelation ability with 1.7 wt% minimum gelator concentrations and the gel–sol dissociation temperature, Tgel is 55 °C (water/methanol). The structural properties of the metallogel were studied using single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure analysis of the metallogel shows the presence of various interactions such as hydrogen bonding, pi–pi interactions, pnictogen bonding, and other weak non-covalent interactions. These molecular interactions play a very important role in the gelation process and also affect the gel’s properties like swelling behavior, viscosity, and elasticity.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026010

Authors: Avdhesh Kumar Ankit Singh Manish Pratap Singh

The increasing threat of bacterial infections and the limitations of conventional antibiotics have intensified the search for innovative antimicrobial substances. This study investigates a heterostructure nanomaterial of graphene and MXene designed to efficiently inhibit bacterial growth. The graphene–MXene heterostructure was prepared via eco-friendly and non-hazardous ultrasonication to ensure uniform dispersion and interfacial interaction between the 2D components. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) confirmed the successful integration of the graphene-and-MXene-based heterostructure. Antibacterial activity has assessed using colony-forming unit (CFU) quantification against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Substantially reduced CFU counts and significant inhibition of bacterial growth are observed in the presence of graphene–MXene heterostructure compared to pristine materials. This study opens new avenues for the future development of 2D heterostructures engineered for microbial resistance under diverse conditions. Thus, the design of graphene–MXene heterostructure is a promising strategy for next-generation antimicrobial applications.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025027008

Authors: Jongwan Hu Dongkeon Kim Mosbeh Kaloop Zeeshan Haider

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Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025027007

Authors: Jongwan Hu Dongkeon Kim Mosbeh Kaloop Zeeshan Haider

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Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026029002

Authors: K. Abirami Arasu R. Poojasri

This study investigates a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain isolated from pearl millet to determine its suitability as a probiotic and to enhance its delivery through sodium alginate encapsulation. The isolate was examined for key probiotic characteristics, including acid and phenol tolerance, cell surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation ability, NaCl tolerance, and hemolytic activity. To improve stability and survival, the cells were encapsulated in sodium alginate hydrogel. The encapsulation process was verified through FTIR, which revealed the functional groups characteristic of alginate, and XRD analysis confirmed an amorphous structure with slight crystallinity, indicating efficient bead formation. GC–MS profiling identified a diverse set of 65 metabolites, with 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester being the most prominent. Encapsulated cells showed significantly improved survival in acidic, gastrointestinal-like conditions, demonstrating the protective effect of the hydrogel. The cell-free supernatant also exhibited notable antibacterial activity, forming inhibition zones against Escherichia coli and Shigella. Overall, the results highlight B. amyloliquefaciens as a strong probiotic candidate. Encapsulation in sodium alginate enhanced stability, maintained metabolic activity, and offered controlled release, underscoring its potential for future food and pharmaceutical applications.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026009

Authors: Barbara Golja Blaž Stres Blaž Likozar Uroš Novak Anja Verbič

This study presents the development of hydrophobic coatings for textile applications using natural biopolymers. Natural polysaccharides and waxes in the form of microcapsules were incorporated into a polysaccharide matrix to produce a microcapsule-based coating. Several coating formulations were prepared, incorporating varying concentrations of microcapsules and crosslinking agent (including versions without crosslinker) and subsequently applied to cotton and polyester fabrics using the rod-coating process. The coated fabrics were analyzed in order to evaluate the improvement in hydrophobicity and possible changes in physical properties, while the initial washing stability of the coating was analyzed by determining resistance to one domestic washing cycle. The coating increased the water contact angle from a highly hydrophilic to hydrophobic state (above 120°). After washing, the samples largely retained their hydrophobic properties, with some of them still exceeding a water contact angle (WCA) of 120°. The findings indicate that natural biopolymer microcapsule-based coatings, even without crosslinker, can effectively impart stable hydrophobic properties to textiles, thereby offering a safer alternative to conventional coatings containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2026029001

Authors: Esmaiel Jabbari

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Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025024

Authors: Suman Saha Subrata Sinha Parthaprasad Chattopadhyay

Background: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles were found to be actively exocytosed from cells in a previous study in our lab. The exocytosis process can be modulated to increase the retention of nanoparticles within the cells so that the therapeutic efficacy of any drug encapsulated within the nanoparticles is increased. So, we wanted to know which membrane proteins were involved in the exocytosis process of the nanoparticles. The roles of VAMP3 and VAMP7, two crucial membrane proteins associated mainly with constitutive and regulated secretion, respectively, in cells, were studied in the context of exocytosis of PLGA nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: The siRNA-mediated knockdown of VAMP3 and VAMP7 genes was performed in the LN229 cancer cell line, and the intracellular accumulation of PLGA nanoparticles was studied by fluorescence microscopy. Results: There was no significant difference in the intracellular accumulation of the PLGA nanoparticles after siRNA-mediated knockdown of VAMP3 or VAMP7. Conclusion: This study shows that VAMP3 and VAMP7, which serve as important membrane proteins associated with the conventional constitutive and regulated secretion of different molecules in cells, are most likely not involved in the exocytosis/secretion of PLGA nanoparticles. So, the pathway of intracellular trafficking of PLGA nanoparticles needs to be deciphered, as it appears to be a non-conventional one.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026007

Authors: Sopheap Sam Kosuke Yamazaki Hiroshi Nakatsugawa

The thermoelectric (TE) performance of iron silicide (β-FeSi2) can be enhanced by introducing metal dopants. However, such doping often leads to the emergence of secondary phases, which negatively affect the Seebeck coefficient and overall TE efficiency. Consequently, it is crucial to understand the phase transitions involved and how they influence the transport properties in order to optimize the material’s performance. This work investigates the influence of Mn-doping on the phase change and properties of p-type β-Fe1−xMnxSi2. The findings show that the semiconducting β-phase decreases sharply when x ≥ 0.09, indicating that the optimal doping concentration lies below this level. As a result, the maximum power factor of 970 μW m−1 K−2 and a dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) value of 0.12 are achieved at x = 0.03. This study clarifies how the phase composition relates to the thermoelectric properties of p-type β-FeSi2.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025023

Authors: Harim Galilea Díaz-Corte Itzia Irene Padilla-Martínez Gabriela Martínez-Mejía Mónica Corea

Hydrogels are 3D networks of hydrophilic crosslinked polymers, which are synthesized from synthetic or natural sources such as chitosan and alginic acid derived from shrimp shell and brown seaweed, respectively. These materials exhibit biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-cytotoxic properties to be used as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. In this study, four types of alginic acid hydrogels were chemically synthesized using spermidine as a crosslinking agent with concentrations ranging from 5% (w/w) to 100% (w/w). The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a small average pore size (≤5 μm), while electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MASS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed the characteristic vibrations and formed bonds between alginic acid and spermidine, respectively. Finally, the alginic acid hydrogels demonstrated potential ability for tissue regeneration treatments.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025022

Authors: Tahzib Ibrahim Protik Md. Nurjaman Ridoy Md. Golam Sazid Sk. Tanjim Jaman Supto

Nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining popularity due to their exceptional size-to-volume ratio, which enables them to efficiently perform a wide range of chemical reactions. The application of these particles has expanded rapidly in various sectors. However, the traditional methods for synthesizing NPs often involve the use of toxic chemicals. Although these toxic chemicals can produce useful target NPs, the production of hazardous byproducts is inevitable. Green synthesis processes always exclude toxic materials from the synthesis procedures and use supplementary materials that are natural or less harmful. This study focuses on the synthesis of these materials without the use of toxic chemicals and the production of NPs from natural resources, such as peels, leaves, petals of flowers, fruits, and roots. These starting materials are cheap and safe and may reduce the impact of waste on the environment. This study also focuses on the application of such NPs in a variety of industries. Some examples of these industries include agriculture, food, and pharmaceuticals.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026008

Authors: Ekaterina A. Golovenko Regina M. Islamova

Introduction of ferrocenyl-containing polysiloxanes onto the carbon nanotubes has paved the way to prospective electrochemical (bio)sensors, energy storage devices, optoelectronic devices, ion-separation systems, etc. In the study we compare covalent and non-covalent approaches of multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalization by ferrocenyl-containing polysiloxanes, which were investigated by Raman and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The soft silicone composites based on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified via the two approaches were obtained and analyzed.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026006

Authors: Md. Nurjaman Ridoy Sk. Tanjim Jaman Supto

Nanoparticles have become more widely applied in industrial, consumer, and therapeutic products over the past decade, and this trend is presumed to persist due to the rapid population growth, industry, urbanization, and intensive agriculture. The manufacturing of nanomaterials is not necessarily accomplished through eco-friendly processes. Certain nanomaterials involve heavy metals. The release of nanomaterials into the environment could result in soil and aquatic system contamination. Once released into water and soil matrices, nanoparticles undergo dynamic transformations, including aggregation, dissolution, and surface modification, which determine their transport and bioavailability and their toxicological profiles. Different studies have consistently reported adverse impacts of metal, carbon, and plastic-based nanomaterials on aquatic organisms, soil microbial community, enzymatic activities, and nutrient cycling processes, mainly through oxidative stress, disruption of the membrane, and release of metal ions. These problems have stimulated intensive research aimed at the prediction of environmental concentrations of nanoparticles in water and soil and for their ecotoxicological effect on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. On the other hand, nanomaterials are also showing great potential for sustainable use, such as water purification, soil remediation, immobilization of contaminants, and geotechnical soil improvement, referring to soil stabilization, strength enhancement, permeability reduction, and ground improvement, where low dosages can improve the mechanical properties and respected environmental performance. This paper deals with current research on these competing roles, examining the causes of nanotoxicity as well as their positive geotechnical and remedial applications in water and soil systems.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025021

Authors: Pabina Rani Boro Rupam Deka Pranjal Sarmah Partha Protim Borthakur Nayan Medhi

Nanostructured semiconductors have emerged as transformative materials for enhancing the efficiency of waste heat-to-electricity conversion through thermoelectric (TE) processes. By altering structural features at the nanoscale, these materials can simultaneously reduce lattice thermal conductivity and optimize electronic transport properties, thereby significantly improving the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT). Recent studies have demonstrated that introducing periodic twin planes in III–V semiconductor nanowires can achieve a tenfold reduction in thermal conductivity while maintaining excellent electrical performance. Similarly, Pb1−xGexTe alloys, through controlled spinodal decomposition, form stable nanostructures that maintain low thermal conductivity even after thermal cycling, crucial for high-temperature applications. Enhancing electrical properties is another key advantage of nanostructuring. PbTe-based materials, when heavily doped and engineered with nanoscale inclusions, have achieved a ZT of approximately 1.9 and a thermoelectric efficiency of around 12% over a 590 K temperature difference. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) also show strong correlations between their electronic structure and thermoelectric conductivity, highlighting their potential for next-generation devices. Two-dimensional silicon–germanium (SixGeγ) compounds offer ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity and high Seebeck coefficients, providing a promising pathway for future TE applications. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly regarding scalability and integration into existing energy recovery systems. Techniques such as focused ion beam milling and solution-based synthesis of porous nanostructures are being developed to fabricate high-performance materials on a commercial scale. Moreover, integrating nanostructured semiconductors into real-world systems, such as automotive exhaust heat recovery units, requires improvements in material durability, fabrication efficiency, and device compatibility. In conclusion, nanostructured semiconductors offer a powerful route for enhancing waste heat-to-electricity conversion. Their ability to decouple electrical and thermal transport at the nanoscale opens new opportunities for high-efficiency, sustainable energy harvesting technologies. Continued research into scalable manufacturing techniques, material stability, and system integration is essential to fully unlock their potential for commercial thermoelectric applications.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026005

Authors: Ciro Annicchiarico Daniele Almonti Nadia Ucciardello

This study investigates the design, numerical analysis and manufacturing-oriented evaluation of two-dimensional energy-absorbing lattice structures. Several lattice geometries, including conventional honeycomb and non-conventional auxetic layouts, were modelled using CAD tools and analysed through static and explicit dynamic finite element simulations. The mechanical response was evaluated in terms of deformation behaviour, reaction forces and energy dissipation. Results indicate that auxetic and anti-tetrachiral lattices exhibit more progressive deformation and reduced transmitted forces compared with honeycomb configurations. Manufacturing aspects were assessed through additive manufacturing simulations, providing a first screening of feasible geometries. The proposed workflow supports the selection of lattice families suitable for further experimental validation.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025020

Authors: Jaime Viegas Luciana Peres Luca Ferrite Elvira Fortunato Rodrigo Martins Ana Rovisco Rita Branquinho

The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the demand for low-cost nanostructured materials. Zinc tin oxide (ZTO) has been widely used as an alternative to current semiconductor technologies, but its production methods remain expensive. Combustion synthesis is a green, low-cost alternative that may allow us to reduce the complexity of ZTO production. In this work, zinc and tin-based nanostructures were produced through combustion synthesis using water and ethanol as solvents and different precursor solutions ratios (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1). The influence of ethylenediamine (EDA) on the crystallographic phase of 2:1 samples of both solvents and Ag doping on 2:1 ethanol samples was also studied. Samples produced with a 2:1 ratio presented a predominance of ZnO, while the 1:1 and 2:1 samples presented a mixture of ZnO, SnO2, and ZnSnO3. The use of EDA in the 2:1 ethanol and water samples led to the growth of ZnO after annealing at 600 °C. For the ZTO-Ag samples, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis also revealed the presence of ZnO after annealing at 600 °C. This work showed it is possible to produce ZTO nanostructures through solution combustion synthesis.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025027006

Authors: Erika Paola Acuña Flores Gustavo Armando Avila Oscurima César Sebastián Pablo León Magaly De La Cruz Noriega

The use of fossil fuels in the industry has resulted in a significant environmental impact, contributing to high levels of CO2 emissions. The growing need for sustainable alternatives has driven research into biofuels, hydrogen, and other renewable energy sources. To address this issue, a systematic review was conducted using the ScienceDirect and Scopus databases, selecting relevant studies published between 2020 and 2024. The PRISMA2020 model and VOSviewer 1.6.20 software were applied for data analysis. The results highlight advancements in biodiesel production from various raw materials, emission reductions in the maritime industry through liquefied natural gas (LNG) utilization, and improved combustion efficiency using hydrogen in industrial engines. It is concluded that technological development and the implementation of environmental policies are essential for a sustainable energy transition.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025018

Authors: Anitha Gnanasekar Pavithra Gurusamy Geetha Deivasigamani

In this present study, sodium- and strontium-modified bismuth titanate—Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT) and Bi0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST)—were synthesized using the auto-combustion technique with citric acid (C6H8O7) and glycine (C2H5NO2) as fuels in an optimized ratio of 1.5:1. The resulting powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The electrical behavior of the samples was studied using an LCR meter. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase perovskite structure with average crystallite sizes of 18.60 nm for BNT and 22.03 nm for BST, attributed to the difference in ionic radii between Na+ and Sr2+. An increase in crystallite size was accompanied by a corresponding increase in lattice parameters and unit-cell volume. The Williamson–Hall analysis further validated the strain-size contributions. EDX (Energy-Dispersive X-ray analysis) results confirmed successful incorporation of Na+ and Sr2+ without detectable impurity phases. Optical studies revealed distinct absorption peaks at 341 nm for BNT and 374 nm for BST, and the optical bandgap (Eg), calculated using Tauc’s relation, was found to be 2.6 eV and 2.0 eV, respectively. FT-IR spectra exhibited characteristic Ti-O vibrational bands in the range of 420–720 cm−1, consistent with the perovskite structure. For electrical characterization, the powders were pelletized under 3-ton pressure and sintered at 1000 °C for 3 h. The dielectric constant (εr), dielectric loss (tan δ), and ac conductivity (σ) of both samples increased with frequency. The combined structural, optical, and electrical results indicate that the optimized compositions of BNT and BST possess properties suitable for use in capacitors and other energy-storage applications.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025017

Authors: Partha Protim Borthakur Pranjal Sarmah Madhurjya Saikia Tamanna Afruja Hussain Nayan Medhi

Metal oxide nanomaterials have emerged as transformative materials in the quest to enhance the energy density and overall performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and solid-state batteries (SSBs). Their unique properties—including their large surface areas and short ion diffusion pathways—make them ideal for next-generation energy storage technologies. In LIBs, the high surface-to-volume ratio of metal oxide nanomaterials significantly enlarges the active interfacial area and shortens the lithium-ion diffusion paths, leading to an improved high-rate performance and enhanced energy density. Transition metal oxides (TMOs) such as nickel oxide (NiO), copper oxide (CuO), and zinc oxide (ZnO) have demonstrated significant theoretical capacities, while binary systems like NiCuO offer further improvements in cycling stability and energy output. Additionally, layered lithium-based TMOs, particularly those incorporating nickel, cobalt, and manganese, have shown remarkable promise in achieving high specific capacities and long-term stability. The synergistic integration of metal oxides with carbon-based nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), enhances the electrical conductivity and structural durability further, leading to a superior electrochemical performance in LIBs. In SSBs, the use of oxide-based solid electrolytes like garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) and sulfide-based electrolytes has facilitated the development of high-energy-density systems with excellent ionic conductivity and chemical stability. However, challenges such as high interfacial resistance at the electrode–electrolyte interface persist. Strategies like the application of lithium niobate (LiNbO3) coatings have been employed to enhance interfacial stability and maintain electrochemical integrity. Furthermore, two-dimensional (2D) metal oxide nanomaterials, owing to their high active surface areas and rapid ion transport, have demonstrated considerable potential to boost the performance of SSBs. Despite these advancements, several challenges remain. Morphological optimization of nanomaterials, improved interface engineering to reduce the interfacial resistance, and solutions to address dendrite formation and mechanical degradation are critical to achieving the full potential of these materials.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025028011

Authors: Luis Zamora-Peredo Marcos Luna-Cervantes

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Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025028010

Authors: Luis Zamora-Peredo Marcos Luna-Cervantes

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Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026004

Authors: Violeta Migallón Héctor Penadés José Penadés

Non-destructive evaluation techniques are increasingly recognised as effective alternatives to destructive testing for estimating the compressive strength of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC). Among these, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) is a well-established and widely employed method, characterised by its speed, non-invasiveness, and relative simplicity of implementation. In this study, an experimental dataset comprising 640 core segments from 160 cylindrical specimens, provided for analysis, was investigated. Each segment was described by physical and processing variables or features, including lightweight aggregate (LWA) and concrete densities, casting and vibration times, experimental dry density, and P-wave velocity obtained through UPV testing. A segregation index, derived from UPV measurements and defined as the ratio of local to mean P-wave velocity within each specimen, was also considered, following approaches previously suggested in the literature. A range of machine learning techniques was applied to assess the predictive capacity of local P-wave velocity and segregation index. Most ensemble-based methods and support vector regression (SVR) achieved the highest predictive performance when the segregation index was excluded, suggesting that its inclusion did not improve the predictive ability of the models. By contrast, Gaussian process regression (GPR) showed slight improvements when the segregation index was included. The results confirmed that the P-wave velocity measured by UPV testing is a reliable non-destructive predictor of compressive strength in LWAC. At the same time, the added value of the segregation index remained negligible under conditions of low segregation, as reflected by segregation index values above 0.8. These findings highlight the practical potential of integrating UPV-based measurements with data-driven modelling to enhance the reliability of concrete characterisation and quality control.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026003

Authors: Huu-Dien Nguyen

Accurately predicting stress concentration factors (SCFs) is essential for assessing the structural integrity of components containing holes or discontinuities, especially in multi-material systems. Traditional Finite Element Method (FEM) models often require substantial mesh refinement near geometric discontinuities, whereas the Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) allows discontinuities to be represented independently of the mesh through enrichment functions. This study provides a comparative assessment of FEM and XFEM for evaluating SCFs around a circular hole located near a bi-material interface. Both methods are implemented in MATLAB R2019a using the level-set approach to describe the hole. The displacement and stress fields obtained from FEM and XFEM are compared, followed by an evaluation against an established analytical reference solution. The findings show that while both methods reproduce global fields with good agreement, differences arise in the accuracy of SCF prediction. These results highlight the conditions under which XFEM may offer advantages over conventional FEM when modeling discontinuities in heterogeneous materials.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025019

Authors: Miguel A. Hernandez-Martinez Lazaro Ruiz-Virgen Rubén Caro-Briones Gabriela Martínez-Mejía José Manuel del Río Mónica Corea

pH-thermo-responsive polymeric nanoparticles (P-Nps) functionalized with carboxylic (–COOH) and amide (–NH2) groups were synthesized by emulsion polymerization to obtain two series with varying functional group ratios and morphologies: core–shell and core–concentration gradient. P-Np dispersions were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrophoresis (zeta potential, ζ), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and rheology (viscosity, η) in a temperature range of 25 °C to 60 °C. In general, the results show that P-Nps exhibit average particle diameters ranging from 250 ≤ Dz/nm ≤ 1200, and exhibit high colloidal stability (−46 ≤ ζ/mV ≤ −22) as temperature rises. SEM analysis revealed irregular and different structures as the proportion of functional groups varied, while rheological measurements demonstrated non-Newtonian behavior as the average shear rate increased (0.01 ≤ γ ˙ /s−1 ≤ 100). Their size, stability, and rheological properties depend on the temperature and location of the functional groups. These properties suggest potential applications such as in stimulating fluids in the oil industry.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025027005

Authors: Renny R. Nazario-Naveda Moisés M. Gallozzo-Cárdenas Luis M. Angelats-Silva Nicole A. Terrones-Rodriguez Santiago M. Benites

This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles using alcoholic extract of spearmint (Mentha spicata) leaves as a reducing agent and to evaluate their antimicrobial properties. Extract concentrations of 2–5% were used in media with varying pHs. Techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and DLS were used to characterize the nanoparticles. The formation of silver nanoparticles was verified by the appearance of a plasmon resonance peak at 418 nm with 2% extract and pH 9. DLS analysis showed a size of 16.1 nm for the 2% extract, which decreased to 10.8 nm with increasing concentration. These results demonstrated that alkaline pH and low extract concentrations favor the formation of monodisperse silver nanoparticles, while higher concentrations induce polydispersity. Silver nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus (complete inhibition) and C. albicans (inhibition halo), highlighting their potential in biomedical applications.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025028009

Authors: Yael Bedolla-Pluma Dulce Y. Medina-Velázquez Luis A. Garcés-Patiño Abraham Pacio-Castillo Efraín Meneses-Juárez Eduardo López-López Angel Castro-Agüero Arturo Ortiz-Arroyo

Supercapacitors based on mixed metal oxides are being developed as potential devices for large-scale energy storage applications with physical flexibility, thanks to their low cost and good electrochemical performance. This work demonstrates a novel approach to enhancing the electrochemical performance of bismuth–cerium oxide BiCeO3 (BC) through thiourea doping. The incorporation of sulfur, confirmed by EDS, induced significant structural modifications, including a reduction in crystallite size from 42.5 nm to 34.8 nm and the emergence of new diffraction planes (002) and (222) in XRD patterns. These changes, indicative of successful lattice doping, yielded a more nanostructured morphology with increased active surface area and a 20% reduction in the optical band gap. Electrochemically, the thiourea-doped BiCeO3 (BCT) electrode delivered a marked improvement, exhibiting a specific capacitance of 150 F·g−1 at 25 mV·s−1, a 17.2% increase over the pure BiCeO3 (128 F·g−1). Furthermore, BCT demonstrated superior rate capability and a 43% reduction in overall impedance, underscoring enhanced charge transfer kinetics and ionic conductivity. The synergy between sulfur-induced structural defects, increased electroactive surface area, and improved electronic structure establishes thiourea doping as an effective strategy for developing high-performance BiCeO3-based supercapacitors.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026002

Authors: Stefania Caragnano Raffaele De Palo Felice Alberto Sfregola Caterina Gaudiuso Francesco Paolo Mezzapesa Pietro Patimisco Antonio Ancona Annalisa Volpe

Surface functionalisation of polymers is essential for enhancing properties such as wettability and mechanical resistance. This study presents a scalable, coating-free approach to fabricate hydrophobic and superhydrophobic Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces. Aluminium (AA2024) moulds were microstructured using a TruMicro femtosecond laser system to generate grid patterns with controlled hatch distances and depths, as well as laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs). These features were accurately replicated onto PDMS, as confirmed by scanning electron miscoscopy (SEM) and profilometry. Contact angle measurements showed a marked increase in hydrophobicity, reaching superhydrophobicity for optimised parameters, with surface stability maintained over four months without degradation.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025016

Authors: José Joaquín Manjarrez-Arellano Miguel A. Hernandez-Martinez Rubén Caro-Briones Gabriela Martínez-Mejía Lazaro Ruiz-Virgen José Manuel del Río Miriam Sánchez-Pozos Mónica Corea

Up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are materials that convert near-infrared (NIR) photons into ultraviolet (UV) or visible emissions. To enhance their optical properties, UCNPs are often synthesized with oxide (Y2O3) or fluoride (NaYF4) support matrices, useful for energy storage applications. In this study, NaYF4-UCNPs were synthesized via coprecipitation and heat-treated at 400 °C. Then, a tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) film was synthesized by the sol–gel technique at varying pH and temperatures from 25 °C to 80 °C. Characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and confocal microscopy (CM) confirmed the up-conversion properties. These materials show promise for enhancing solar radiation density in polymer degradation.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025028008

Authors: Saira Ximena Mendoza-Lopez Jaime Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Marciano Vargas-Treviño Antonio Canseco-Urbieta Rosa María Velázquez-Cueto Ivonne Arisbeth Díaz-Santiago José Luis Cano-Pérez

This paper presents the preparation and characterization of single-mode optical fibers coated with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using the immersion technique. The study was carried out in three stages: the first consisted of pretreating the fiber by means of controlled immersion in HCl and H2SO4 solutions and exposure in a muffle furnace; the second involved the growth and deposition of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized in a laboratory; and the third was characterization by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). In this last stage, we obtained through AFM that Sample 1, considered optimized, presented high particle density (9.203 particles/µm2), an RMS roughness (Rq) of 2.98 nm, and average roughness (Ra) of 1.82 nm, as well as an average height of 1.117 nm. These parameters reflect a uniform and stable surface, desirable conditions for applications in the development of high-sensitivity optical sensors and biosensors.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025028006

Authors: Manuel Iza-Anaya César Uriel Rodríguez-Fuentes Abigail Varela-Pérez Cynthia Cano-Sarmiento

Curcumin is a phenolic compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; however, due to its low bioavailability, the use of encapsulation systems is recommended. Chitosan-based polymeric nanoparticles produced via ionic gelation offer controlled release, though their storage stability remains limited. In this work, the incorporation of collagen-derived peptides, NaCl, and Tween® 80 was evaluated as a strategy to enhance physicochemical performance. A 23 factorial design was used to identify the most relevant formulation components, resulting in four stable systems capable of retaining curcumin and preserving its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity during storage. These findings highlight the potential of chitosan-based systems for improving the functional performance of curcumin and suspension stability.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025026001

Authors: Ingo Dierking

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Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025015

Authors: Ángel Martínez-Arreola Gabriela Martínez-Mejía Jair Cruz Narváez Lazaro Ruiz-Virgen Rubén Caro-Briones Belem Chávez-Ramírez Mónica Corea-Téllez

Siderophores are low-molecular-weight chelating agents secreted by microorganisms under iron-limiting conditions, playing a crucial role in metal bioavailability and microbial survival. In this study, siderophores produced by Glutamicibacter sp. strain Al-Teq-24-F2, isolated from plant-associated samples, were characterized through a combination of spectroscopic and analytical methods. ESI-MS analysis of the crude extract revealed several abundant ions between 175 and 800 m/z, suggesting a mixture of secondary metabolites. After chromatographic purification, FT-IR and NMR analyses indicated the presence of amide, hydroxyl, and carboxylate functional groups. Integrating these data allowed for the proposal of a siderophore structure with a molecular weight of 438.25 Da. Thermogravimetric analysis showed thermal stability below 115 °C. During Fe (III) complexation, the zeta potential shifted from −21.15 mV to +42 mV, confirming strong interaction between the ligand and the metal. UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy displayed characteristic bathochromic and hypochromic shifts, together with pronounced fluorescence quenching upon iron binding. These findings provide new insight into the structural and physicochemical properties of siderophores produced by Glutamicibacter sp. and highlight their potential applications in biosensing and metal chelation processes.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025028007

Authors: José Luis Zamora Navarro Diana Jiménez Girón Hector Ariel Renteral Rodríguez Yuri Okolodkov Marcos Luna Cervantes Guillermo Santana Rodríguez Julián Hernández Torres Luis Zamora Peredo

In this work, the plasmonic performance of SERS substrates fabricated by two methods was evaluated: the first method involves simultaneously reducing and depositing silver nanostars (AgNSs) onto copper hydroxide nanowires (Cu(OH)2-NWs), and the second method involves dripping a pre-synthesized and concentrated solution of AgNSs onto the surface of the Cu(OH)2-NWs. The distribution of AgNSs was characterized by SEM and compared with those deposited on glass after reaction times from 1 to 21 h. A more homogeneous AgNS distribution was observed on the nanowires. The SERS performance was evaluated using methylene blue (MB) as a probe molecule. The SERS intensity on substrates with Cu(OH)2-NWs was 10 times better than the substrates with glass. Furthermore, the SERS intensity was tripled by dripping a more concentrated solution of AgNSs. This demonstrates that Cu(OH)2-NWs significantly improve the homogeneity of SERS substrates by increasing the distribution of the metallic nanostructures.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025027004

Authors: Segundo Jonathan Rojas Flores De La Cruz-Noriega Renny Nazario-Naveda Santiago M. Benites Daniel Delfin-Narciso

This bibliometric study analyzes the evolution of biomaterials used for electrodes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), highlighting a marked increase in publications since 2019. Key materials—including modified cellulose, lignin, and carbon nanocomposites—have improved electrode efficiency and structural stability. The findings indicate that high-impact journals, such as the Journal of Microbial Fuel Cell Research and Bioelectrochemistry & Sustainable Energy (with h-indices of 72 and 64, respectively), have played a pivotal role in advancing the field. Prominent researchers, including Yang J and Xie Q, have made significant contributions, as reflected in their high citation counts. Network analysis reveals limited international collaboration, underscoring the need to strengthen strategic partnerships. Ultimately, this study highlights the importance of future research that integrates artificial intelligence and nanotechnology to optimize biomaterial performance in MFCs, thereby enhancing their contribution to sustainable energy solutions.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025028005

Authors: Rodrigo Emmanuel Ruiz Cruz Antonio Canseco Urbieta Francisco Emanuel Velásquez Hernández Gabriel Sánchez Cruz Joel Jiménez Ochoa Alfonso Jesús Bautista Ramírez Ivonne Arisbeth Díaz Santiago

In this study, the solvent displacement method was used. This is a low-energy technique that generates a spontaneous “oil-in-water” nanoemulsion by diffusing ethanol from the oily phase to the aqueous phase. Subsequently, chitosan, a biocompatible and biodegradable cationic polymer, was incorporated, applying ionic gelation with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) to achieve uniform coatings. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization revealed nanocapsules with defined morphology and regular topography. Analysis with WSxM 4.0 Beta 10 software revealed a partially ordered hexagonal arrangement, which was evidence of controlled synthesis and the potential of chitosan as a polymeric system.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025028004

Authors: Angie P. Tamayo-Jimenez Frank E. Melendez-Anzures Maria P. Barron-Gonzalez Enrique M. Lopez-Cuellar Yadira Quiñones-Gutierrez Javier A. Garza-Guajardo Azael Martinez-De la Cruz

Postoperative infections in orthopedic implants remain a major complication, particularly in open fractures, where early bacterial colonization and the limited bioactivity of titanium alloys hinder osseointegration. This study reports a hierarchical coating synthesized in situ on Ti-407 alloy, integrating bioactive and antibacterial functions. TiO2 nanotube arrays were formed by anodization and subsequently functionalized by sequential electrodeposition of Ag nanoparticles and doped hydroxyapatite (HA) (Ca, P, Mg, Zn). SEM/EDS confirmed uniform coatings with a Ca/P ratio near stoichiometric HA (1.61). Agar diffusion assays against E. coli ATCC® 25922™ revealed well-defined inhibition zones, confirming the antibacterial efficacy of the coatings. These findings highlight the potential of hierarchical coatings to enhance bone integration while reducing infection risk in orthopedic implants.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025027003

Authors: Segundo Jonathan Rojas-Flores Magaly De La Cruz-Noriega Renny Nazario-Naveda Santiago M. Benites Daniel Delfin-Narciso

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer a sustainable solution for energy generation and wastewater treatment, yet their scalability is hindered by reliance on expensive and non-renewable synthetic membranes. This study addresses the critical need for eco-friendly alternatives by conducting a bibliometric analysis of biopolymers used in MFC membrane development. Using data from Scopus and Web of Science (2012–2025), we applied quantitative and network-based methods to evaluate publication trends, collaboration patterns, and thematic evolution. The analysis identified chitosan, alginate, and cellulose as the most studied biopolymers due to their favorable proton conductivity, biodegradability, and potential for waste-derived production. Key findings include a surge in research output post-2018, strong interdisciplinary collaboration across materials science and microbiology, and emerging interest in nanomaterial integration and 3D printing for membrane enhancement. Despite promising advances, challenges persist with regard to the mechanical stability and standardization of fabrication methods. This study provides a strategic overview of the field, highlighting scientific progress and guiding future research toward scalable, high-performance biopolymer membranes for MFCs applications.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025028002

Authors: Erick Barrita Marroquín Antonio Canseco Urbieta Francisco Emanuel Velásquez Hernández Fernando Mejía Zarate Arturo Zapién Martínez Ivonne Arisbeth Diaz Santiago

Alginate nanocapsules loaded with Moringa oleifera extract, a plant traditionally used for its hypoglycemic properties, were developed as a therapeutic alternative for type II diabetes mellitus. The nanocapsules were obtained by manually spraying a WO emulsion with an airbrush and were stabilized in 2% calcium chloride. Characterization by atomic force microscopy revealed spherical particles with an average diameter of 10.087 nm, an area of 298.441 nm2, and a density of 0.207556/nm2, confirming efficient encapsulation and uniform morphology. This low-cost method is promising for the creation of controlled release systems in resource-limited settings.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025027002

Authors: Magaly De La Cruz-Noriega Renny Nazario-Naveda Santiago M. Benites Daniel Delfin Narciso

Water pollution is a global issue that threatens human health and ecosystems, driving the need for advanced purification technologies. Traditional methods face limitations in cost and efficiency, prompting the emergence of green nanomicrobiology as a sustainable alternative. This interdisciplinary approach integrates nanotechnology and microbiology to develop advanced materials capable of eliminating contaminants. To assess scientific advancements in this field, a bibliometric analysis was conducted based on publications indexed in Scopus, utilizing tools such as VOSviewer 1.6.20 and RStudio 2025.09 to identify trends, institutional collaborations, and development patterns. The findings reveal a significant increase in scientific output between 2010 and 2025, with growing research on nanocomposites, adsorption processes, and hybrid microbiological systems. Notably, metallic nanoparticles and functionalized biopolymers, such as modified bacterial cellulose, demonstrate high efficiency in removing heavy metals and toxic residues. The study also highlights China’s pivotal role in scientific collaboration, with an expanding network of partnerships. Despite these advancements, challenges remain regarding industrial scalability, long-term toxicity, and regulatory frameworks. Integrating artificial intelligence and metagenomics could enhance these systems, strengthening their impact on water sustainability.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025028003

Authors: Guadalupe Mata Alan Maytorena Oscar Velázquez Marbeyalit Tiburcio Luiz Zamora Julián Hernández Leandro García Teresita Olivares Leticia Pérez

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly sensitive technique for detecting heavy metals through the plasmonic effect of metallic nanoparticles. In this study, TiO2 nanotubes were used as substrates due to their stability, large surface area, and ordered morphology. Silver nanostructures were electrodeposited to enhance the SERS response by generating hot spots. The influence of voltage and Ag concentration on electrodeposition was analyzed using methylene blue (1 × 10−5 M) as a probe molecule. Higher voltages and concentrations promoted dendritic growth, reaching Raman intensities above 70,000 a.u., optimizing sensitivity. All experiments were conducted in triplicate to ensure reproducibility.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025025014

Authors: Md. Golam Sazid Asraf Ibna Helal Harunur Rashid Md. Redwanur Rashid Nafi

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant attention as photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants, particularly synthetic dyes such as rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue, methyl orange, and others. The impact of several synthesis methods, including sol–gel, hydrothermal, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques, on the electrical and morphological properties of TiO2 NPs has been studied, emphasizing the distinctive physicochemical properties of TiO2 NPs, including their extensive surface area, significant oxidative capacity, and remarkable chemical stability, which are important in the recent advancements in their use for RhB degradation. A detailed examination of TiO2’s photocatalytic mechanism shows that it is based on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by photoinduced electron–hole pair formation under ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. In wastewater treatment, TiO2 degrades RhB into less harmful byproducts by the generation of electron–hole pairs that initiate redox reactions under sunlight. This study includes a thorough overview of significant factors influencing photocatalytic efficacy. The parameters include particle size, crystal phase (anatase, rutile, and brookite), surface changes, and the incorporation of metal or non-metal dopants to enhance visible light absorption. Researchers continually seek methods to overcome challenges, including restricted visible-light responsiveness and rapid electron–hole recombination. The investigated approaches include heterojunction generation, composite development, and co-catalyst insertion. This review article aims to address the deficiencies in our understanding of TiO2-based photocatalysis for the degradation of RhB and to propose enhancements for these systems to enable more efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment in the future.

Materials Proceedings doi: 10.3390/materproc2025028001

Authors: César Uriel Rodríguez-Fuentes Oscar O. Romero-Chapol Cynthia Cano-Sarmiento

The use of natural compounds and nanostructured systems offers an alternative photoprotection strategy with fewer adverse effects. This study developed a Pickering emulsion based on green coffee oil and quercetin, stabilized with zinc oxide nanoparticles, and compared its rheological and spreading properties with commercial sunscreens. Flow curve, thixotropy, and oscillatory tests were conducted to assess structural stability and shear response. The emulsion exhibited gel-like behavior, a higher yield stress, and superior spreading performance. Although its bioactivity was not evaluated, the formulation proved to be a viable and functional alternative for topical photoprotection applications.