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15 pages, 687 KiB  
Article
Isoflurane vs. Propofol Sedation in Patients with Severe Stroke: A Clinical Proof-of-Concept-Study
by André Worm, Christian Claudi, Svea R. Braun, Marisa Schenker, Anneke Meyer, Leona Moeller, Ole J. Simon, Lars Timmermann, Anne Mrochen, Norma J. Diel, Martin Juenemann, Hagen B. Huttner and Patrick Schramm
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(5), 1594; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051594 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 7
Abstract
Background: Severe strokes often require deep sedation, yet the optimal sedation regimen remains unclear. This comparative study compared the efficacy of achieving target sedation depth using inhaled (isoflurane) versus intravenous (propofol) sedation. Methods: This prospective, observational, proof-of-concept study was conducted between [...] Read more.
Background: Severe strokes often require deep sedation, yet the optimal sedation regimen remains unclear. This comparative study compared the efficacy of achieving target sedation depth using inhaled (isoflurane) versus intravenous (propofol) sedation. Methods: This prospective, observational, proof-of-concept study was conducted between July 2022 and June 2023 at two University Hospitals with dedicated neurological intensive care units. We included conservatively treated patients with severe space-occupying strokes (ischemic or haemorrhagic) requiring deep sedation. Patients received either inhaled or intravenous sedation. Sedation targets were defined in the morning rounds using the Richmond-Agitation-Sedation-Scale and were assessed at two subsequent time points (7 p.m. and 7 a.m.) during hospital stay. The primary outcome was the number of days where the predefined sedation target was achieved at both time points, comparing between the two sedation regimens. Secondary and safety outcomes included the incidence of delirium, pneumonia, functional outcomes, mortality, and vasopressor doses. Results: Seventy-nine patients (age 71 [63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81] years, 31 female) were included. Patients sedated with isoflurane achieved the sedation target significantly more often, with 182/444 (41%) compared to 80/497 (16%) assessments in patients sedated with propofol (RR 1.4; 95%-CI: 1.3–1.6). This effect was consistent across all sedation stages, specifically in the deep sedation targets (RR 1.5; 95%-CI: 1.2–1.9) and no-sedation target (RR 5.1; 95%-CI: 2.8–9.4). Secondary and safety outcomes revealed no significant differences. Conclusions: Isoflurane sedation offers a benefit for invasively ventilated stroke patients with respect to sedation targets. Specifically, isoflurane facilitates faster awakening when transitioning from deep sedation to awakening. These data encourage further confirmatory studies for specific stroke-patient groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Neurology)
21 pages, 3366 KiB  
Article
Electron Beam Irradiation Modified UiO-66 Supported Pt Catalysts for Low-Temperature Ethyl Acetate Catalytic Degradation
by Jiani Chen, Yanxuan Wang, Jianghua Huang, Shuting Ma, Yiyang Zhang, Fukun Bi and Xiaodong Zhang
Catalysts 2025, 15(3), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15030220 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 8
Abstract
Nowadays, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) increasingly jeopardize ecosystem sustainability and human well-being. In this study, UiO-66 and its different electron beam (EB) irradiation doses (100, 300, 500 kGy) modified materials supported Pt catalysts, Pt/UiO-66 and Pt/UiO-66-X (X = 100, 300, and 500, representing [...] Read more.
Nowadays, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) increasingly jeopardize ecosystem sustainability and human well-being. In this study, UiO-66 and its different electron beam (EB) irradiation doses (100, 300, 500 kGy) modified materials supported Pt catalysts, Pt/UiO-66 and Pt/UiO-66-X (X = 100, 300, and 500, representing the irradiation doses), were synthesized, and a series of characterizations were conducted on the samples. On this basis, the effectiveness of these catalysts was evaluated through the degradation of ethyl acetate. The study findings indicated that the sample irradiated at 100 kGy demonstrated superior catalytic performance. Thereafter, extensive tests with regard to water resistance, stability, and cycle performance indicated that the Pt/UiO-66-100 catalyst was characterized by satisfactory reusability and catalytic stability, even when faced with high heat and humidity. Further work with in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD-GC–MS) uncovered the process of degradation of ethyl acetate. This research provides a guideline for the design of high-performance VOC degradation catalysts through EB modification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insight into Catalysis for Air Pollution Control)
10 pages, 1156 KiB  
Article
In Situ Thermal Decomposition of Potassium Borohydride for Borophene Synthesis and Its Application in a High-Performance Non-Volatile Memory Device
by Qian Tian, Xinchao Liang, Maoping Xu, Yi Liu, Qilong Wu and Guoan Tai
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050362 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 7
Abstract
Borophene, a revolutionary two-dimensional (2D) material with exceptional electrical, physical, and chemical properties, holds great promise for high-performance, highly integrated information storage systems. However, its metallic nature and structural instability have significantly limited its practical applications. To address these challenges, hydrogenated borophene has [...] Read more.
Borophene, a revolutionary two-dimensional (2D) material with exceptional electrical, physical, and chemical properties, holds great promise for high-performance, highly integrated information storage systems. However, its metallic nature and structural instability have significantly limited its practical applications. To address these challenges, hydrogenated borophene has emerged as an ideal alternative, offering enhanced stability and semiconducting properties. In this study, we report a novel and scalable method for synthesizing hydrogenated borophene via the in situ thermal decomposition of potassium borohydride in a substrate-free environment. This approach enables the production of borophene with outstanding crystallinity, uniformity, and continuity, representing a significant advancement in borophene fabrication techniques. Furthermore, the hydrogenated borophene-based non-volatile memory device we developed exhibits a high ON/OFF-current ratio exceeding 105, a low operating voltage of 2 V, and excellent long-term cycling stability. These groundbreaking results demonstrate the immense potential of 2D borophene-based materials in next-generation high-performance information storage devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Borophene and Boron-Based Nanomaterials)
15 pages, 4379 KiB  
Essay
Characteristics and Relevance of Reduced Inorganic Sulphur Forms and Heavy Metal Elements in Surface Sediments of the Dongzhai Harbour Mangrove Wetland
by Xiaohui Li, Tianning Li, Wenbo Rao and Changping Mao
Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052029 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 13
Abstract
The mangrove wetland of the Dongzhai Harbour, located in northeastern Hainan, is of high ecological value. However, environmental pollution brought by the current rapid economic development, especially the pollution of heavy metals and reduced inorganic sulphur, puts the ecological environment of this region [...] Read more.
The mangrove wetland of the Dongzhai Harbour, located in northeastern Hainan, is of high ecological value. However, environmental pollution brought by the current rapid economic development, especially the pollution of heavy metals and reduced inorganic sulphur, puts the ecological environment of this region at risk. As the main carrier of these two kinds of pollution, sediments are deeply involved in their biogeochemical cycles. Therefore, in this study, surface sediments of mangrove wetlands in the Dongzhai Harbour were collected, and their concentration characteristics and sources of reductive inorganic sulphur (RIS) forms and heavy metals were investigated. The average RIS concentrations of the sediments in the study area were about 22.31 μmol/g, among which acid volatile sulphide (AVS) had the highest weight (ave. 10.01 μmol/g), followed by chromium (II)-reducible sulphur (CRS) with the average concentrations of 8.46 μmol/g, and elemental sulphur (ES) (3.84 μmol/g), which had the lowest concentration. The spatial distributions of different RIS forms were differentiated, reflecting the diversity of environments in the study area. Correlation analyses showed that the RIS forms, such as AVS and CRS, were mainly enriched in clay-sized sediments with p < 0.05. Compared to other areas of the world, the present study area was less contaminated by RIS. Ratio calculation revealed that the reducing environment in the study area limited the conversion of AVS to CRS in the sediments. Among the heavy metals, Cr (70.03 mg/kg) was the most abundant, followed by Zn, Pb, and Ni with an average of >20 mg/kg, while other elements such as As, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Co were found to be low (<18 mg/kg). Correlation analyses revealed that clay-sized sediments significantly constrained Ni, Zn, and Co and could effectively bind to AVS (p < 0.05). Based on cluster analysis, it was found that agricultural activities, mariculture, and transport mainly influenced heavy metals and RIS of sediments in the study area. The study helps understand the pollutant cycle in shelf wetland sediments and provides practical guidance for the sustainable development of ecosystems. In the future, it is recommended that reasonable control of pollution emissions be implemented in relevant areas. Full article
19 pages, 2979 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Core Functional Microbiota Related to Flavor Compounds in Douchi from the Sichuan–Chongqing Region
by Dawei Tu, Junhan Kang, Qingqing Li, Meilin Deng, Meiyan Liu, Wenjun Liu, Jian Ming, Margaret Brennan, Charles Brennan and Linfeng You
Foods 2025, 14(5), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14050810 (registering DOI) - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 3
Abstract
Douchi is a traditional Chinese fermented soybean product. In the Sichuan–Chongqing region, Mucor-type douchi was particularly famous for its distinctive flavor. Nevertheless, the association between microorganisms and douchi flavor is still poorly understood. In this study, high-throughput sequencing, amino acid analysis, and [...] Read more.
Douchi is a traditional Chinese fermented soybean product. In the Sichuan–Chongqing region, Mucor-type douchi was particularly famous for its distinctive flavor. Nevertheless, the association between microorganisms and douchi flavor is still poorly understood. In this study, high-throughput sequencing, amino acid analysis, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to investigate the bacterial and fungal profiles as well as the flavor compounds (sixteen amino acids and one-hundred volatile flavor compounds) of seven different types of douchi. High levels of glutamic and aspartic acids were observed. Microbial analysis found that Bacillus, Tetragenococcus, Weissella, Aspergillus, Mucor, and Penicillium were the prime microorganisms. In total, 100 volatile components were detected; however, none of them was common to all the douchi products, although most volatile components had the aromas of flowers, fruits, caramel, and cocoa. An analysis of the flavor compounds was conducted using two-way orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (O2PLS-DA). Based on the analysis, it was found that Glu had negative correlations with most microorganisms, and Aspergillus had positive correlations with 2-pentylfuran and phenylacetaldehyde. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the regulation and enhancement of douchi flavor. Full article
20 pages, 1002 KiB  
Article
Encapsulation of Rose Extract in Polyurethane Structures Modified for Enhanced Aqueous Solubility
by Ramona-Carmen Albulescu, Livia-Cristina Borcan, Florin Borcan and Camelia-Alexandrina Szuhanek
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 2526; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052526 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 4
Abstract
Background: The volatile compounds present in rose extracts exhibit significant potential applications in medicine and cosmetics due to their capacity to enhance skin hydration and barrier function, two factors that are crucial for anti-aging and skin protection. The antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties [...] Read more.
Background: The volatile compounds present in rose extracts exhibit significant potential applications in medicine and cosmetics due to their capacity to enhance skin hydration and barrier function, two factors that are crucial for anti-aging and skin protection. The antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of these extracts also suggest their potential utility in oral health applications. The aim of the current study was to obtain a new type of polyurethane delivery system based on a polyaddition process in the presence of a surfactant. Methods: Lysine-diisocyanate, polyethylene glycol, polycaprolactone diol, hexanediol, glycerol-1,2-diacetate, Tween® 20, and caffeine were used to synthesize two samples of PU structures, one with and one without rose extract. The structures’ shape, size and surface charge, encapsulation efficacy, pH, solubility, release kinetics, and permeation rate were all assessed; the irritation potential of samples was verified by skin parameters testing the cytotoxicity by in vitro cell viability assay. Results: Within our findings, structures measuring between 98 and 203 nm were found, while the sample containing the rose extract showed an entrapment efficacy of 71.76%. Almost 90% of the structures penetrated the membrane in 48 h, and around 45% were released from the carrier in the same period. Biosafety evaluations conducted both in vivo and in vitro confirmed that PU structures are safe as delivery vehicles. Conclusions: This study shows the potential of polyurethane structures with rose extracts for use in biomedical applications and cosmetics. However, more research is needed to examine the clinical testing of polyurethane delivery systems and optimize release kinetics and permeation rates for particular therapeutic uses. Full article
20 pages, 2357 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Qatar’s Food Import Resilience: A Multi-Objective Framework Integrating Water Requirement Variability for Key Crops
by Bashar Hassna, Farhat Mahmood, Sarah Namany, Adel Elomri and Tareq Al-Ansari
Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2025; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052025 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 2
Abstract
Global food supply chains face mounting vulnerabilities due to climate change and environmental variability, with particularly severe implications for import-dependent nations like Qatar, where over 90% of food supplies rely on international trade. This high import dependency creates unique challenges, including supply disruptions, [...] Read more.
Global food supply chains face mounting vulnerabilities due to climate change and environmental variability, with particularly severe implications for import-dependent nations like Qatar, where over 90% of food supplies rely on international trade. This high import dependency creates unique challenges, including supply disruptions, price volatility, and food security risks, especially as climate variability increasingly affects major food-exporting regions. This study develops a multi-objective optimization framework to enhance the resilience of Qatar’s food import system by integrating economic, environmental, and crop water requirement considerations, modeled as a stochastic variable. The framework addresses both average performance and worst-case scenarios using stochastic and robust optimization approaches, evaluating trade partners for three key crops—tomatoes, onions, and cucumbers. Results identify optimal suppliers that minimize costs, environmental emissions, and water usage variability, with Turkey contributing 42.10% of total imports, Iran 13.76%, and the Netherlands 9.52%. The findings demonstrate that a diversified import strategy significantly reduces vulnerability to climate-induced disruptions and improves supply chain stability. This research provides actionable insights for policymakers, including; (1) optimal supplier diversification targets to balance risk and efficiency, (2) specific trade partner recommendations based on multiple sustainability criteria, and (3) quantitative frameworks for assessing import portfolio resilience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Agriculture: The Impact of Climate Change on Crops)
20 pages, 1477 KiB  
Article
Analytical Pricing of Commodity Futures with Correlated Jumps and Seasonal Effects: An Empirical Study of Thailand’s Natural Rubber Market
by Athinan Sutchada, Sanae Rujivan and Boualem Djehiche
Mathematics 2025, 13(5), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13050770 (registering DOI) - 26 Feb 2025
Abstract
This paper presents a novel multivariate mean-reverting jump-diffusion model that incorporates correlated jumps and seasonal effects to capture the complex dynamics of commodity prices. The model also accounts for the interplay between price volatility and convenience yield, offering a comprehensive framework for commodity [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel multivariate mean-reverting jump-diffusion model that incorporates correlated jumps and seasonal effects to capture the complex dynamics of commodity prices. The model also accounts for the interplay between price volatility and convenience yield, offering a comprehensive framework for commodity futures pricing. By leveraging the Feynman–Kac theorem, we derive a partial integro-differential equation for the conditional moment generating function of the log price, enabling an analytical solution for pricing commodity futures. This solution is validated against Monte Carlo simulations, demonstrating high accuracy and computational efficiency. The model is empirically applied to historical futures prices of natural rubber from the Thailand Futures Exchange. Key parameters—including commodity price dynamics, convenience yields, and seasonal factors—are estimated, revealing the critical role of jumps and seasonality in influencing market behavior. Notably, our findings show that convenience yields are negative, reflecting higher inventory costs, and tend to increase with rising spot prices. These results provide actionable insights for traders, risk managers, and policymakers in commodity markets, emphasizing the importance of correlated jumps and seasonal patterns in pricing and risk assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stochastic Analysis and Applications in Financial Mathematics)
19 pages, 4117 KiB  
Article
Metabolomic Analysis of Flavour Development in Mung Bean Foods: Impact of Thermal Processing and Storage on Precursor and Volatile Compounds
by Jingru Sun, Yanlong Li, Xiaoyu Cheng, Hongli Zhang, Jinchi Yu, Lixiang Zhang, Ying Qiu, Jingjing Diao and Changyuan Wang
Foods 2025, 14(5), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14050797 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 55
Abstract
Consumers prefer mung beans for their low allergenicity and nutritional benefits. However, flavour development in mung bean foods has been problematic, with beany flavour being a limiting factor. Hot processing is crucial in forming mung bean flavours, and storage-induced changes in flavour precursors [...] Read more.
Consumers prefer mung beans for their low allergenicity and nutritional benefits. However, flavour development in mung bean foods has been problematic, with beany flavour being a limiting factor. Hot processing is crucial in forming mung bean flavours, and storage-induced changes in flavour precursors directly impact the taste post-processing. This study used metabolomics to analyse the effects of hot processing (baking and cooking) on mung bean flavour and differences after storage. A total of 131 flavour precursors and 45 volatile substances were identified across six sample groups. The results showed that baking and cooking upregulated 22 and 18 volatile substances (ketones, aldehydes, esters, pyridine, pyrazines, etc.), respectively. The Maillard reaction during baking notably increased compounds like 2-hydroxypyridine, 2-methoxy-3-isobutyl pyrazine, 1,2-hexanedione, and 2,3-butanedione. Both methods inhibited linoleic acid oxidation, significantly reducing hexanal content, a key “bean” odour substance. However, storage accelerated linoleic acid conversion to C13 peroxides, increasing hexanal content and bean odour. This process decreased precursor substances like glucose-1-phosphate and caused the accumulation of pyruvic acid intermediates in pentose phosphate and pyruvate metabolism/amino acid metabolism pathways, leading to reduced mung bean taste richness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Analytical Methods)
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18 pages, 5900 KiB  
Article
Cross-Region Data Transmission Channel State Prediction Method Based on Service Traffic Thermal Characteristics
by Yue Li, Xinhao Li, Anjiang Liu, Runze Wu, Haobo Guo and Qiongke Zhu
Processes 2025, 13(3), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030659 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 76
Abstract
At present, the cross-region end-to-end communication of a power distribution network relies on heterogeneous networks such as carrier networks and power fiber networks to support the specialization of relay nodes, and the corresponding state volatility increases abruptly. Furthermore, the corresponding state information is [...] Read more.
At present, the cross-region end-to-end communication of a power distribution network relies on heterogeneous networks such as carrier networks and power fiber networks to support the specialization of relay nodes, and the corresponding state volatility increases abruptly. Furthermore, the corresponding state information is often difficult to obtain in full in real-time, which leads to difficulty in predicting the channel state, and it is not possible to reasonably guide the joint deployment of sensing, communication, and computing resources. Therefore, this study proposes a cross-region data transmission channel state prediction method based on the thermal characteristics of the service traffic. Firstly, this study establishes a cross-region end-to-end data transmission system model for a new type of power distribution system, then refers to the relevant theory of thermodynamics, proposes an evaluation method of the thermal characteristics of the service traffic adapted to the multi-timescale, and finally designs the channel anomaly state evaluation function. Then, based on the thermal characteristics of the historical service traffic, the future state of the specified channel based on the LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) neural network is predicted. Finally, the channel anomalous state assessment function is designed to accurately predict the future channel state under the specified time scale based on the thermal characteristics of the historical service traffic and based on the LSTM neural network. Simulation analysis shows that the proposed service traffic characteristic model can reasonably quantitatively characterize the change of channel state and accurately predict the state of inter-regional data transmission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
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21 pages, 5271 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of Pseudomonas with Different Adhesion Abilities on Tilapia Decay
by Liumin Zhuang, Chen Song, Yunru Wei, Jinzhi Han, Li Ni, Chengxu Ruan and Wen Zhang
Foods 2025, 14(5), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14050795 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 81
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of Pseudomonas with varying adhesion capabilities to Tilapia’s intestinal mucus influence the spoilage potential of Tilapia. Sodium chloride(NaCl) was used as an environmental factor to regulate Pseudomonas’ adhesion ability. After being exposed [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of Pseudomonas with varying adhesion capabilities to Tilapia’s intestinal mucus influence the spoilage potential of Tilapia. Sodium chloride(NaCl) was used as an environmental factor to regulate Pseudomonas’ adhesion ability. After being exposed to 3.5% NaCl stress, the PS01 strain with low adhesion showed an enhancement in adhesion ability, while the LP-3 strain with high adhesion exhibited a decrease. Correspondingly, the expression of critical adhesion genes, such as flgC, fliC, and cheB, was found to be altered. LP-3, with high adhesion ability, was observed to promote a relative increase in Nocardioides and Cloacibacterium in fish intestines. This led to the production of more volatile compounds, including 2-octen-1-ol Z, 2,3-Octanedione, and Eicosane, thus deepening the spoilage of tilapia. LP-3, with reduced adhesion ability after NaCl regulation, showed a diminished capacity to cause fish spoilage. Transcriptomics analysis was used to examine two Pseudomonas strains that exhibited different adhesion abilities, leading to the identification of an adhesion regulatory network involving flagellar assembly regulation, bacterial chemotaxis, quorum sensing, two-component systems, biofilm formation, and bacterial secretion systems. This study identified the Pseudomonas adhesion regulatory pathway and determined 10 key adhesion-related genes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Analytical Methods)
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23 pages, 10836 KiB  
Article
Evaluate the Effects of Different Processing Methods on Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus species) Juice from the Perspective of Physicochemical Properties and Metabolic Profiles
by Shuai Chen, Yansong Li, Jiamu Kang, Congyan Su, Yuyi Liu, Yanfei Cheng, Zexin Wang, Shuxian Li and Congfa Li
Foods 2025, 14(5), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14050793 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 144
Abstract
Red dragon fruit juice (RDFJ) is a common fruit processing product on the market, and different processing methods can affect its quality. This study selected traditional thermal processing methods such as pasteurization and novel non-thermal processing methods like ultrasonication and cold plasma to [...] Read more.
Red dragon fruit juice (RDFJ) is a common fruit processing product on the market, and different processing methods can affect its quality. This study selected traditional thermal processing methods such as pasteurization and novel non-thermal processing methods like ultrasonication and cold plasma to treat red dragon fruit juice. The effects of different processing methods on the quality of red dragon fruit juice were comprehensively evaluated through physicochemical properties, in vitro activity, metabolomics and flavoromics. The results indicate that the cloud stability of cold plasma (CP) treatment increased by 16.64%, the total polyphenol content increased by 13.76%, and its antioxidant capacity was higher than that of other treatments. Cold plasma significantly increased the content of L-tyrosine and affected the amino acid metabolic pathways of RDFJ, which can contribute to the total phenolic content of RDFJ and antioxidant activity. CP treatment effectively preserved the aroma components of RDFJ and decreased the content of harmful furan volatile compounds. The results suggest that cold plasma is a promising innovative non-thermal processing technique in RDFJ. Full article
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28 pages, 3508 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Asymmetric Multifractal Dynamics of DeFi Markets
by Soufiane Benbachir, Karim Amzile and Mohamed Beraich
J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(3), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18030122 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 121
Abstract
The rapid growth of decentralized finance (DeFi) has revolutionized the global financial landscape, providing decentralized alternatives to traditional financial services. This study investigates the asymmetric multifractal behavior of nine DeFi markets—AAVE, Pancake Swap (CAKE), Compound (COMP), Curve Finance (CRV), Maker DAO (MKR), Synthetix [...] Read more.
The rapid growth of decentralized finance (DeFi) has revolutionized the global financial landscape, providing decentralized alternatives to traditional financial services. This study investigates the asymmetric multifractal behavior of nine DeFi markets—AAVE, Pancake Swap (CAKE), Compound (COMP), Curve Finance (CRV), Maker DAO (MKR), Synthetix (SNX), Sushi Swap (SUSHI), UniSwap (UNis), and Yearn Finance (YFI)—using Asymmetrical Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (A-MFDA). The use of generalized Hurst exponents, Rényi exponents, and singularity spectrum functions revealed that DeFi markets exhibit multifractal behaviors. The analysis uncovered clear differences between uptrend and downtrend fluctuation functions, highlighting asymmetric multifractal behavior. The asymmetry intensity was analyzed through excess differences in uptrend and downtrend generalized Hurst exponents. AAVE, COMP, SNX, UNis, SUSHI, and MKR exhibit negative asymmetry, with stronger correlations during negative trends. CAKE shifts from positive to negative asymmetry, showing sensitivity to both trends. CRV is more volatile in negative trends, while YFI consistently displays positive asymmetry across market fluctuations. The results also reveal that long-term correlations and heavy-tailed distributions contribute to the multifractality of DeFi assets. This study highlights the need for dynamic risk management in DeFi markets, urging investors to adopt adaptive strategies for volatile assets and prepare for sudden price fluctuations to safeguard investments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Financial Technology (Fintech) and Sustainable Financing, 3rd Edition)
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16 pages, 3509 KiB  
Article
Uncovering the Differences in Flavour Volatiles from Hybrid and Conventional Foxtail Millet Varieties Based on Gas Chromatography–Ion Migration Spectrometry and Chemometrics
by Zhongxiao Yue, Ruidong Zhang, Naihong Feng and Xiangyang Yuan
Plants 2025, 14(5), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050708 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 105
Abstract
The flavour of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is an important indicator for evaluating the quality of the millet. The volatile components in steamed millet porridge samples were analysed using electronic nose (E-Nose) and gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) techniques, [...] Read more.
The flavour of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is an important indicator for evaluating the quality of the millet. The volatile components in steamed millet porridge samples were analysed using electronic nose (E-Nose) and gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) techniques, and characteristic volatile fingerprints were constructed to clarify the differences in the main flavour substances in different foxtail millet varieties (two hybrids and two conventional foxtail millets). After sensory evaluation by judges, Jingu 21 (JG) scored significantly higher than the other varieties, and the others were, in order, Jinmiao K1 (JM), Changzagu 466 (CZ) and Zhangzagu 3 (ZZ). E-Nose analysis showed differences in sulphides and terpenoids, nitrogen oxides, organosulphides and aromatic compounds in different varieties of millet porridge. A total of 59 volatile components were determined by GC-IMS in the four varieties of millet porridge, including 23 aldehydes, 17 alcohols, 9 ketones, 4 esters, 2 acids, 3 furans and 1 pyrazine. Comparative analyses of the volatile components in JG, JM, ZZ and CZ revealed that the contents of octanal, nonanal and 3-methyl-2-butenal were higher in JG; the contents of trans-2-butenal, 2-methyl-1-propanol, trans-2-heptenal and trans-2-pentenal were higher in JM; and the contents of 2-octanone, hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-pentanone and butyraldehyde were higher in ZZ. The contents of 2-butanol, propionic acid and acetic acid were higher in CZ. A prediction model with good stability was established by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and 25 potential characteristic markers (VIP > 1) were screened out from 59 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These volatile components can be used to distinguish the different varieties of millet porridge samples. Moreover, we found conventional foxtail millet contained more aldehydes than the hybridised foxtail millet; especially decanal, 1-nonanal-D, heptanal-D, 1-octanal-M, 1-octanal-D and 1-nonanal-M were significantly higher in JG than in the other varieties. These results indicate that the E-Nose combined with GC-IMS can be used to characterise the flavour volatiles of different foxtail millet, and the results of this study may provide some information for future understanding of the aroma characteristics of foxtail millet and the genetic improvement of hybrid grains. Full article
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26 pages, 13801 KiB  
Article
A Wind Speed Prediction Method Based on Signal Decomposition Technology Deep Learning Model
by Jie Du, Shuaizhi Chen, Linlin Pan and Yubao Liu
Energies 2025, 18(5), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051136 - 25 Feb 2025
Viewed by 163
Abstract
Accurate and reliable wind speed prediction plays a significant role in ensuring the reasonable scheduling of wind power resources. However, wind speed sequences often exhibit complex characteristics such as instability and volatility, which create substantial challenges for prediction. In order to cope with [...] Read more.
Accurate and reliable wind speed prediction plays a significant role in ensuring the reasonable scheduling of wind power resources. However, wind speed sequences often exhibit complex characteristics such as instability and volatility, which create substantial challenges for prediction. In order to cope with these challenges, a multi-step wind speed prediction method based on secondary decomposition (SD) techniques and deep learning prediction models is proposed in this paper. First, the original signal was decomposed into multiple sequences by using two signal decomposition techniques, multi-scale wavelet power spectrum analysis (MWPSA) and variational mode decomposition (VMD). Second, a model was constructed by combining convolutional neural networks (CNNs), bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) networks, and attention mechanism to perform multi-step wind speed predicting for each sequence, and the model parameters were optimized by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Ultimately, the results from all sequences were combined to generate the final wind speed prediction. The predictive performance of the proposed method was evaluated using real wind speed data collected from a wind farm in China. Experimental results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms other comparison models in multi-step wind speed prediction, which highlights its accuracy and reliability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)
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