Journal Description
NeuroSci
NeuroSci
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on neurology and neuroscience published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), EBSCO, and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 20.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.2 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review and reviewer names are published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
Influence of Temporal and Frequency Selective Patterns Combined with CSP Layers on Performance in Exoskeleton-Assisted Motor Imagery Tasks
NeuroSci 2024, 5(2), 169-183; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci5020012 - 11 May 2024
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Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) has been recognized as a standard and powerful method for the identification of Electroencephalography (EEG)-based Motor Imagery (MI) tasks when implementing brain–computer interface (BCI) systems towards the motor rehabilitation of lost movements. The combination of BCI systems with robotic
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Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) has been recognized as a standard and powerful method for the identification of Electroencephalography (EEG)-based Motor Imagery (MI) tasks when implementing brain–computer interface (BCI) systems towards the motor rehabilitation of lost movements. The combination of BCI systems with robotic systems, such as upper limb exoskeletons, has proven to be a reliable tool for neuromotor rehabilitation. Therefore, in this study, the effects of temporal and frequency segmentation combined with layer increase for spatial filtering were evaluated, using three variations of the CSP method for the identification of passive movement vs. MI+passive movement. The passive movements were generated using a left upper-limb exoskeleton to assist flexion/extension tasks at two speeds (high—85 rpm and low—30 rpm). Ten healthy subjects were evaluated in two recording sessions using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) as a classifier, and accuracy (ACC) and False Positive Rate (FPR) as metrics. The results allow concluding that the use of temporal, frequency or spatial selective information does not significantly ( 0.05) improve task identification performance. Furthermore, dynamic temporal segmentation strategies may perform better than static segmentation tasks. The findings of this study are a starting point for the exploration of complex MI tasks and their application to neurorehabilitation, as well as the study of brain effects during exoskeleton-assisted MI tasks.
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Open AccessArticle
The Effect of Myofascial Stretching on Mechanical Nociception and Contributing Neural Mechanisms
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Abigail W. Anderson, Arthur Soncini, Kaitlyn Lyons and William J. Hanney
NeuroSci 2024, 5(2), 158-168; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci5020011 - 11 May 2024
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Myofascial stretching is often prescribed in the management of musculoskeletal pain. However, the neural mechanisms contributing to a decrease in pain are unknown. Stretching produces a sensation that may act as a conditioning stimulus in a conditioned pain modulation response. The purpose of
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Myofascial stretching is often prescribed in the management of musculoskeletal pain. However, the neural mechanisms contributing to a decrease in pain are unknown. Stretching produces a sensation that may act as a conditioning stimulus in a conditioned pain modulation response. The purpose of this study was to compare immediate changes in pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) during a low-intensity stretch, moderate-intensity stretch, and cold water immersion task. A secondary purpose was to examine if personal pain sensitivity and psychological characteristics were associated with the responses to these interventions. Twenty-seven (27) healthy participants underwent a cross-over study design in which they completed a cold water immersion task, upper trapezius stretch to the onset of the stretch sensation, and a moderate-intensity stretch. A significant condition x time effect was observed (F (8,160) = 2.85, p < 0.01, partial eta2 = 0.13), indicating reductions in pain sensitivity were significantly greater during a cold water immersion task compared to moderate-intensity stretching at minutes two and four. Widespread increases in heat pain threshold and lower pain-related anxiety were moderately correlated with the response to the cold water immersion task but not stretching. Moderate-intensity stretching may not elicit a conditioned pain modulation response possibly because the stretch was not intense enough to be perceived as painful.
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Open AccessArticle
Cytotoxic Effect of Amyloid-β1-42 Oligomers on Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus Arrangement in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells
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José J. Jarero-Basulto, Yadira Gasca-Martínez, Martha C. Rivera-Cervantes, Deisy Gasca-Martínez, Nidia Jannette Carrillo-González, Carlos Beas-Zárate and Graciela Gudiño-Cabrera
NeuroSci 2024, 5(2), 141-157; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci5020010 - 7 May 2024
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Amyloid-β oligomers are a cytotoxic structure that is key for the establishment of the beginning stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These structures promote subcellular alterations that cause synaptic dysfunction, loss of cell communication, and even cell death, generating cognitive deficits. The aim of
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Amyloid-β oligomers are a cytotoxic structure that is key for the establishment of the beginning stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These structures promote subcellular alterations that cause synaptic dysfunction, loss of cell communication, and even cell death, generating cognitive deficits. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of amyloid-β1-42 oligomers (AβOs) on the membranous organelles involved in protein processing: the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus (GA). The results obtained with 10 μM AβOs in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells showed that oligomeric structures are more toxic than monomers because they cause cell viability to decrease as exposure time increases. Survivor cells were analyzed to further understand the toxic effects of AβOs on intracellular organelles. Survivor cells showed morphological alterations associated with abnormal cytoskeleton modification 72–96 h after exposure to AβOs. Moreover, the ER and GA presented rearrangement throughout the cytoplasmic space, which could be attributed to a lack of constitutive protein processing or to previous abnormal cytoskeleton modification. Interestingly, the disorganization of both ER and GA organelles exposed to AβOs is likely an early pathological alteration that could be related to aberrant protein processing and accumulation in AD.
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Enriched Environment on Cerebellum and Social Behavior of Valproic Zebrafish
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Bernardo Flores-Prieto, Flower Caycho-Salazar, Jorge Manzo, María Elena Hernández-Aguilar, Alfonso Genaro Coria-Avila, Deissy Herrera-Covarrubias, Fausto Rojas-Dúran, Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda-Abreu, Cesar Antonio Pérez-Estudillo and María Rebeca Toledo-Cárdenas
NeuroSci 2024, 5(2), 128-140; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci5020009 - 22 Apr 2024
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The etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been linked to both genetic and epigenetic factors. Among the epigenetic factors, exposure to valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic and mood-modulating drug, has been shown to induce characteristic traits of ASD when exposed to during
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The etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been linked to both genetic and epigenetic factors. Among the epigenetic factors, exposure to valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic and mood-modulating drug, has been shown to induce characteristic traits of ASD when exposed to during embryogenesis. Conversely, in animal models, enriched environment (EE) has demonstrated positive behavioral and neural effects, suggesting its potential as a complementary treatment to pharmacological approaches in central nervous system disorders. In this study, we utilized zebrafish to model ASD characteristics induced by VPA and hypothesized that sensory stimulation through EE could ameliorate the behavioral and neuroanatomical features associated with ASD. To test this hypothesis, we assessed social behavior, cerebellar volume, and Purkinje cell populations via histology and immunohistochemistry after exposing the fish to EE. The results revealed that zebrafish exposed to VPA exhibited social deficits, reduced cerebellar cortex volume, and a decrease in c-Fos-positive cells in the Purkinje layer. In contrast, VPA-exposed fish treated with EE showed increased socialization, augmented cerebellar cortex volume, and an elevation in c-Fos-positive Purkinje cells. These findings suggest that alterations induced by VPA may be ameliorated through EE treatment, highlighting the potential therapeutic impact of sensory stimulation in conditions related to ASD.
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Open AccessArticle
Comparing Self-Report vs. Performance Measures of Attentional Control and Efficiency
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Mohammad Ahsan Khodami, Luca Battaglini, Maryam Jansarvatan, Sofia Kireeva and Seiran Bagheri
NeuroSci 2024, 5(2), 114-127; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci5020008 - 4 Apr 2024
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Background: The Attention Control Scale (ATTC) is a widely used self-report measure of attentional control capacities. However, research questions whether it accurately substitutes for objective attention control tasks. This study investigated ATTC’s correlation with the Attention Network Test (ANT) across alerting, orienting, and
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Background: The Attention Control Scale (ATTC) is a widely used self-report measure of attentional control capacities. However, research questions whether it accurately substitutes for objective attention control tasks. This study investigated ATTC’s correlation with the Attention Network Test (ANT) across alerting, orienting, and executive control networks. We also used the Inverse Efficiency Score (IES) as an additional factor to check ATTC using ANT. Methods: We administered 143 participants who completed the ATTC questionnaire and ANT behavioral test assessing network efficiencies. Results: The results showed non-significant ATTC-ANT correlations across all networks. In an additional analysis, while the ATTC demonstrated factorial validity, subjective control was disconnected from actual attention regulation efficiency. A small male advantage emerged for executive control. Conclusions: Dissociations likely stem from attention complexity and method variances rather than overlap. The findings do not support the ATTC as a stand-alone proxy for performance-based measurement. Multifaceted assessments are essential for comprehensively capturing attentional control.
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Open AccessArticle
“I Wouldn’t Even Know What to Ask for”: Patients’ and Caregivers’ Experiences of Psychological Support for Huntington’s Disease in Italy
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Nicolò Zarotti, Barbara D’Alessio, Marta Scocchia, Melissa Casella and Ferdinando Squitieri
NeuroSci 2024, 5(2), 98-113; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci5020007 - 28 Mar 2024
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People with Huntington’s disease (HD) often experience psychological difficulties linked with disease progression and the adjustment to living with a chronic condition, which are also frequently shared by their informal caregivers (e.g., partners). Although limited, the current literature on psychological care for people
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People with Huntington’s disease (HD) often experience psychological difficulties linked with disease progression and the adjustment to living with a chronic condition, which are also frequently shared by their informal caregivers (e.g., partners). Although limited, the current literature on psychological care for people with HD shows that interventions have the potential to drive improvements in mental health and quality of life. However, the experience of accessing and receiving psychological support for HD remains unclear across several countries. This study adopted a qualitative design to explore the experiences of psychological support for HD from the perspectives of patients and caregivers living in Italy. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 14 participants—7 patients with early-manifest HD and 7 partners acting as their caregivers. The resulting data were analysed through thematic analysis. Four overarching themes were identified: (1) the availability of psychological support for HD, (2) barriers to accessing psychological support, (3) enablers to accessing psychological support, and (4) the future development of public psychological provision for HD. In Italy, patients and caregivers perceive public psychological support for HD as unavailable or inadequate, and private therapy is often seen as unaffordable. Barriers such as distrust in public healthcare and preconceptions about therapy may limit access, while advice from HD organisations and seeking therapy for other reasons may act as enablers. A strong emphasis is put on the need for accessible public psychological support throughout all the stages of the condition.
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Open AccessArticle
Exploring Spinal Cord Changes in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Using MRI
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Amani A. Alrehaili, Nahla L. Faizo, Batool M. Alsulimani, Raghad K. Alsulimani, Dana A. Aldwaila, Nada J. Alqarni and Nisreen Lutfi Faizo
NeuroSci 2024, 5(1), 87-97; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci5010006 - 12 Mar 2024
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). The diagnosis of MS is based on clinical signs and symptoms as well as findings in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences by demonstrating the spatial and temporal dispersion of white
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). The diagnosis of MS is based on clinical signs and symptoms as well as findings in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences by demonstrating the spatial and temporal dispersion of white matter lesions, which are thought to be typical of MS in distribution, shape, extent, and signal abnormalities. Spinal cord MRI can identify asymptomatic lesions and rule out malignancies or spinal stenosis in patients for whom brain imaging is not helpful in making an MS diagnosis. This study examines the MRI features of Saudi Arabian patients clinically proven to have MS with typical lesions exclusively evident in the spinal cord. This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out in 151 patients who are confirmed cases of MS based on clinical findings and MRI results. Patients’ MRI data were reviewed from the picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The study revealed that MS incidence was higher in females than males and that the number of people diagnosed with MS increased in middle age. Cervical cord plaques and cervical cord curve straightening were the most frequent changes (67% and 56%, respectively), indicating that MRI can complement and even replace clinical data in MS diagnosis, leading to earlier, more precise diagnoses and speedier starts to treatment.
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Open AccessReview
The Role of Astrocytes and Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson’s Disease: A Review
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David Brash-Arias, Luis I. García, César Antonio Pérez-Estudillo, Fausto Rojas-Durán, Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda-Abreu, Deissy Herrera-Covarrubias and Donaji Chi-Castañeda
NeuroSci 2024, 5(1), 71-86; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci5010005 - 8 Mar 2024
Abstract
The search for new therapies to reduce symptoms and find a cure for Parkinson’s disease has focused attention on two key points: the accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates and astrocytes. The former is a hallmark of the disease, while the latter corresponds to a
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The search for new therapies to reduce symptoms and find a cure for Parkinson’s disease has focused attention on two key points: the accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates and astrocytes. The former is a hallmark of the disease, while the latter corresponds to a type of glial cell with an important role in both the prevention and development of this neurodegenerative disorder. Traditionally, research has focused on therapies targeting dopaminergic neurons. Currently, as more is known about the genetic and molecular factors and the neuroglial interaction in the disease, great emphasis has been placed on the neuroprotective role of astrocytes in the early stages of the disease and on the astrocytic capture of alpha-synuclein under both physiological and pathological conditions. This review aims to analyze the contribution of alpha-synuclein and astrocytes to the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease, as well as to evaluate recent therapeutic proposals specifically focused on synucleopathies and astroglial cells as potential therapies for the disease.
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Open AccessArticle
Novel ML-Based Algorithm for Detecting Seizures from Single-Channel EEG
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Yazan M. Dweiri and Taqwa K. Al-Omary
NeuroSci 2024, 5(1), 59-70; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci5010004 - 29 Feb 2024
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There is a need for seizure classification based on EEG signals that can be implemented with a portable device for in-home continuous minoring of epilepsy. In this study, we developed a novel machine learning algorithm for seizure detection suitable for wearable systems. Extreme
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There is a need for seizure classification based on EEG signals that can be implemented with a portable device for in-home continuous minoring of epilepsy. In this study, we developed a novel machine learning algorithm for seizure detection suitable for wearable systems. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) was implemented to classify seizures from single-channel EEG obtained from an open-source CHB-MIT database. The results of classifying 1-s EEG segments are shown to be sufficient to obtain the information needed for seizure detection and achieve a high seizure sensitivity of up to 89% with low computational cost. This algorithm can be impeded in single-channel EEG systems that use in- or around-the-ear electrodes for continuous seizure monitoring at home.
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Open AccessArticle
Moving towards an Understanding of the Role of the Inferior Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus in Language Processing
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Princess Eze, Efrem Omorotionmwan and Jacqueline Cummine
NeuroSci 2024, 5(1), 39-58; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci5010003 - 2 Jan 2024
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Evidence has been provided for a clear structural distinction between the dorsal and ventral portions of the inferior frontal occipital fasciculus (IFOF). As such, there is reason to propose that there might also be a functional differentiation of the dorsal and ventral components
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Evidence has been provided for a clear structural distinction between the dorsal and ventral portions of the inferior frontal occipital fasciculus (IFOF). As such, there is reason to propose that there might also be a functional differentiation of the dorsal and ventral components of the IFOF. Here, we explored three main hypotheses/schools of thought with regards to the functional frameworks of the dorsal and ventral components of the IFOF: (1) the phonological vs. semantic processing hypothesis, (2) the difficult vs. non-difficult task processing hypothesis and (3) the automatic vs. non-automatic processing hypothesis. Methods: Participants (N = 32) completed a series of behavioral tasks that aligned with each of the main hypotheses. Using a regression-based approach, we assessed the unique contribution of behavioral performance to dorsal and ventral IFOF white matter indicators (i.e., fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity). Results: We found significant relationships between ventral IFOF indices and orthographic awareness (p = 0.018) and accuracy (p = 0.009). Overall, our results provide converging evidence that the IFOF primarily operates as a ventral language tract in adults. Thus, the structural distinction between dorsal and ventral IFOF does not manifest as a parallel functional distinction.
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Open AccessReview
On the Cranial Nerves
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Hugo M. Libreros-Jiménez, Jorge Manzo, Fausto Rojas-Durán, Gonzalo E. Aranda-Abreu, Luis I. García-Hernández, Genaro A. Coria-Ávila, Deissy Herrera-Covarrubias, César A. Pérez-Estudillo, María Rebeca Toledo-Cárdenas and María Elena Hernández-Aguilar
NeuroSci 2024, 5(1), 8-38; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci5010002 - 28 Dec 2023
Abstract
The twelve cranial nerves play a crucial role in the nervous system, orchestrating a myriad of functions vital for our everyday life. These nerves are each specialized for particular tasks. Cranial nerve I, known as the olfactory nerve, is responsible for our sense
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The twelve cranial nerves play a crucial role in the nervous system, orchestrating a myriad of functions vital for our everyday life. These nerves are each specialized for particular tasks. Cranial nerve I, known as the olfactory nerve, is responsible for our sense of smell, allowing us to perceive and distinguish various scents. Cranial nerve II, or the optic nerve, is dedicated to vision, transmitting visual information from the eyes to the brain. Eye movements are governed by cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, ensuring our ability to track objects and focus. Cranial nerve V controls facial sensations and jaw movements, while cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve, facilitates facial expressions and taste perception. Cranial nerve VIII, or the vestibulocochlear nerve, plays a critical role in hearing and balance. Cranial nerve IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, affects throat sensations and taste perception. Cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve, is a far-reaching nerve, influencing numerous internal organs, such as the heart, lungs, and digestive system. Cranial nerve XI, the accessory nerve, is responsible for neck muscle control, contributing to head movements. Finally, cranial nerve XII, the hypoglossal nerve, manages tongue movements, essential for speaking, swallowing, and breathing. Understanding these cranial nerves is fundamental in comprehending the intricate workings of our nervous system and the functions that sustain our daily lives.
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Open AccessCase Report
Recurrent Falls as the Only Clinical Sign of Cortical–Subcortical Myoclonus: A Case Report
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Giulia De Napoli, Jessica Rossi, Francesco Cavallieri, Matteo Pugnaghi, Romana Rizzi, Marco Russo, Federica Assenza, Giulia Di Rauso and Franco Valzania
NeuroSci 2024, 5(1), 1-7; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci5010001 - 28 Dec 2023
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Some authors use the term cortical–subcortical myoclonus to identify a specific type of myoclonus, which differs from classical cortical myoclonus in that the abnormal neuronal activity spreads between the cortical and subcortical circuits, producing diffuse excitation. The EEG shows generalized spike-and-wave discharges that
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Some authors use the term cortical–subcortical myoclonus to identify a specific type of myoclonus, which differs from classical cortical myoclonus in that the abnormal neuronal activity spreads between the cortical and subcortical circuits, producing diffuse excitation. The EEG shows generalized spike-and-wave discharges that correlate with the myoclonic jerks. We report the case of a 79-year-old patient with a history of right thalamic deep hemorrhagic stroke, with favorable evolution. Fifteen years later, he was readmitted to the emergency department for episodes characterized by sudden falls without loss of consciousness. An EEG with EMG recording channel on the right deltoid muscle was performed, which documented frequent diffuse spike–wave and polyspike–wave discharges, temporally related to myoclonic jerks in the lower limbs. Brain MRI showed the persistence of a small right thalamic hemosiderin residue at the site of the previous hemorrhage. Antiseizure treatment with levetiracetam was started, with rapid clinical and electroencephalographic improvement. Our case may represent a lesion model of generalized epilepsy with myoclonic seizures. Furthermore, it highlights that lower limb myoclonus of cortical–subcortical origin may be an underestimate cause of gait disturbances and postural instability. Then, it may be reasonable to include the EEG in the diagnostic work-up of patients with recurrent falls.
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Open AccessBrief Report
Correlation between Blood Monocytes and CSF Tau in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Effect of Gender and Cognitive Decline
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Carlotta Ginevra Valentina Cimiotti, Paolo Paganetti, Stefania Rossi, Emiliano Soldini and Leonardo Sacco
NeuroSci 2023, 4(4), 319-330; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci4040026 - 12 Dec 2023
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Neuroinflammation is one of the main mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), although its key role and the immune cells involved have not yet been identified. Blood monocytes appear to play a role in the clearance of AD-related amyloid-β (Aβ)
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Neuroinflammation is one of the main mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), although its key role and the immune cells involved have not yet been identified. Blood monocytes appear to play a role in the clearance of AD-related amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau protein. This retrospective study evaluated a possible correlation between blood monocytes; the concentrations of Aβ, total tau (t-Tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-Tau) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); and cognitive decline assessed according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). We collected data from 33 patients with AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (15 men and 18 women) and found, along with a significant reduction in the concentration of blood monocytes in women (p-value = 0.083),significant correlations between the number of blood monocytes and the concentration of t-Tau in CSF (p-value = 0.045) and between blood monocytes and MoCA score (p-value = 0.037). These results confirm the role of blood monocytes in the pathogenesis of AD, provide further evidence of a gender difference in the neuroinflammatory process underlying AD, and show that blood monocyte count may reflect the cognitive impairment of AD patients.
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Open AccessArticle
The Effects of Zinc on Proprioceptive Sensory Function and Nerve Conduction
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Elizabeth R. Elliott, Kaitlyn E. Brock, Alaina C. Taul, Artin Asadipooya, Devin Bocook, Tessa Burnette, Isha V. Chauhan, Bilal Chhadh, Ryan Crane, Ashley Glover, Joshua Griffith, JayLa A. Hudson, Hassan Kashif, Samuel O. Nwadialo, Devan M. Neely, Adel Nukic, Deep R. Patel, Gretchen L. Ruschman, Johnathan C. Sales, Terra Yarbrough and Robin L. Cooperadd
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NeuroSci 2023, 4(4), 305-318; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci4040025 - 10 Nov 2023
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Zinc (Zn2+) is an essential element that can promote proper organ function, cell growth, and immune response; it can also, however, be present in too great a quantity. Zinc toxicity caused by overexposure may result in both minor and major physiological
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Zinc (Zn2+) is an essential element that can promote proper organ function, cell growth, and immune response; it can also, however, be present in too great a quantity. Zinc toxicity caused by overexposure may result in both minor and major physiological effects, with chronic exposure at low levels and acute exposure at high levels being harmful or even toxic. This investigation examines the effects of acute exposure to relatively high concentrations of Zn2+ on sensory nerve function and nerve conduction. A proprioceptive nerve in marine crab (Callinectes sapidus) limbs was used as a model to assess the effects of Zn2+ on stretch-activated channels (SACs) and evoked nerve conduction. Exposure to Zn2+ slowed nerve condition rapidly; however, several minutes were required before the SACs in sensory endings were affected. A depression in conduction speed and an increase followed by a decrease in amplitude were observed for the evoked compound action potential, while the frequency of nerve activity upon joint movement and stretching of the chordotonal organ significantly decreased. These altered responses could be partially reversed via extensive flushing with fresh saline to remove the zinc. This indicates that subtle, long-term exposure to Zn2+ may alter an organism’s SAC function for channels related to proprioception and nerve conduction.
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Open AccessCommunication
Association of Circulating Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemotherapy-Associated Subjective Cognitive Impairment in a South African Cohort of Breast Cancer Patients
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Nicholas Keetile, Elzbieta Osuch, Antonio G. Lentoor and Tsakani Rasakanya
NeuroSci 2023, 4(4), 296-304; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci4040024 - 7 Nov 2023
Abstract
Background: The evidence links chemotherapy to cognitive impairment in breast cancer patients. This study assessed the link between subjective chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in breast cancer patients. Methods: In a correlational study, 113 patients aged 21 to 60 years on chemotherapy regimens
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Background: The evidence links chemotherapy to cognitive impairment in breast cancer patients. This study assessed the link between subjective chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in breast cancer patients. Methods: In a correlational study, 113 patients aged 21 to 60 years on chemotherapy regimens completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognition Test (FACT-Cog) as a measure of subjective cognitive functioning at three time points (baseline- T0, third cycle- T1, and sixth cycle- T2). The levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) were measured using an assay method and compared with the subjective cognitive impairment. Results: Midway through chemotherapy, higher levels of TNF-α were inversely linked with self-perceived cognitive performance, while higher levels of IL-1β were positively associated (p = 0.030). However, at the end of chemotherapy, only IL-8 (p = 0.50) was associated with higher self-perceived cognitive problems. Conclusions: The specific roles that various cytokines and their interactions may play in neuroinflammation or neuroprotection require further investigation.
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Open AccessArticle
The Effects of Lithium on Proprioceptive Sensory Function and Nerve Conduction
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Kaitlyn E. Brock, Elizabeth R. Elliott, Alaina C. Taul, Artin Asadipooya, Devin Bocook, Tessa Burnette, Isha V. Chauhan, Bilal Chhadh, Ryan Crane, Ashley Glover, Joshua Griffith, JayLa A. Hudson, Hassan Kashif, Samuel O. Nwadialo, Devan M. Neely, Adel Nukic, Deep R. Patel, Gretchen L. Ruschman, Johnathan C. Sales, Terra Yarbrough and Robin L. Cooperadd
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NeuroSci 2023, 4(4), 280-295; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci4040023 - 20 Oct 2023
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Animals are exposed to lithium (Li+) in the natural environment as well as by contact with industrial sources and therapeutic treatments. Low levels of exposure over time and high volumes of acute levels can be harmful and even toxic. The following
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Animals are exposed to lithium (Li+) in the natural environment as well as by contact with industrial sources and therapeutic treatments. Low levels of exposure over time and high volumes of acute levels can be harmful and even toxic. The following study examines the effect of high-volume acute levels of Li+ on sensory nerve function and nerve conduction. A proprioceptive nerve in the limbs of a marine crab (Callinectes sapidus) was used as a model to address the effects on stretch-activated channels (SACs) and evoked nerve conduction. The substitution of Li+ for Na+ in the bathing saline slowed nerve conduction rapidly; however, several minutes were required before the SACs in sensory endings were affected. The evoked compound action potential slowed in conduction and slightly decreased in amplitude, while the frequency of nerve activity with joint movement and chordotonal organ stretching significantly decreased. Both altered responses could be partially restored with the return of a Na+-containing saline. Long-term exposure to Li+ may alter the function of SACs in organisms related to proprioception and nerve conduction, but it remains to be investigated.
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Open AccessReview
Exploring the Literature on Narcolepsy: Insights into the Sleep Disorder That Strikes during the Day
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Ana-Maria Mațotă, Andrei Bordeianu, Emilia Severin and Alexandra Jidovu
NeuroSci 2023, 4(4), 263-279; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci4040022 - 12 Oct 2023
Cited by 2
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Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder that disrupts the regulation of a person’s sleep–wake cycle, leading to significant challenges in daily functioning. It is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden muscle weakness (cataplexy), sleep paralysis, and vivid hypnagogic hallucinations. A literature search was
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Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder that disrupts the regulation of a person’s sleep–wake cycle, leading to significant challenges in daily functioning. It is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden muscle weakness (cataplexy), sleep paralysis, and vivid hypnagogic hallucinations. A literature search was conducted in different databases to identify relevant studies on various aspects of narcolepsy. The main search terms included “narcolepsy”, “excessive daytime sleepiness”, “cataplexy”, and related terms. The search was limited to studies published until May 2023. This literature review aims to provide an overview of narcolepsy, encompassing its causes, diagnosis, treatment options, impact on individuals’ lives, prevalence, and recommendations for future research. The review reveals several important findings regarding narcolepsy: 1. the classification of narcolepsy—type 1 narcolepsy, previously known as narcolepsy with cataplexy, and type 2 narcolepsy, also referred to as narcolepsy without cataplexy; 2. the genetic component of narcolepsy and the complex nature of the disorder, which is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, disrupted sleep patterns, and potential impacts on daily life activities and social functioning; and 3. the important implications for clinical practice in the management of narcolepsy. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the different types of narcolepsies and their associated symptoms, as this can aid in accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. The review underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to narcolepsy management, involving specialists in sleep medicine, neurology, psychiatry, and psychology. Clinicians should consider the impact of narcolepsy on a person’s daily life, including their ability to work, study, and participate in social activities, and provide appropriate support and interventions. There are several gaps in knowledge regarding narcolepsy. Future research should focus on further elucidating the genetic causes and epigenetic mechanisms of narcolepsy and exploring potential biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis. Long-term studies assessing the effectiveness of different treatment approaches, including pharmacological interventions and behavioral therapies, are needed. Additionally, there is a need for research on strategies to improve the overall well-being and quality of life of individuals living with narcolepsy, including the development of tailored support programs and interventions.
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Open AccessHypothesis
Toward an Etiology of Spaceflight Neuroplastic Syndrome: Evolutionary Science Leads to New Hypotheses and Program Priorities
by
Margaret Boone Rappaport and Christopher J. Corbally
NeuroSci 2023, 4(4), 247-262; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci4040021 - 25 Sep 2023
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Evolutionary theory is applied to recent neuroscientific findings on factors associated with risk-and-reward systems, and consequently, aspects of human decision making in spaceflight. Factors include enzymes aiding metabolic pathways of dopamine and serotonin; neurotrophic factors supporting neuronal functioning and plasticity; and genes associated
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Evolutionary theory is applied to recent neuroscientific findings on factors associated with risk-and-reward systems, and consequently, aspects of human decision making in spaceflight. Factors include enzymes aiding metabolic pathways of dopamine and serotonin; neurotrophic factors supporting neuronal functioning and plasticity; and genes associated with serotonin and dopamine systems. Not all factors are at risk in spaceflight. Some remain stable. It is hypothesized that neural deconditioning in spaceflight arises from faulty signals sent to the brain and gut in attempting to adapt phenotypically to a novel space environment. There is a mismatch between terrestrial selection pressures during human evolution and conditions of cosmic radiation, microgravity, and higher CO2, which together cause scattered results. A contrary question is broached: Given these findings, why are human sequelae not worse? Discussion of programmatic issues then focuses on methodologies to determine the suitability of civilians for spaceflight, an issue that grows more pressing while more varied populations prepare for spaceflight in LEO and on, and in orbit around the Moon.
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Open AccessArticle
Is There a Role of Inferior Frontal Cortex in Motor Timing? A Study of Paced Finger Tapping in Patients with Non-Fluent Aphasia
by
Chrysanthi Andronoglou, George Konstantakopoulos, Christina Simoudi, Dimitrios Kasselimis, Ioannis Evdokimidis, Evangelos Tsoukas, Dimitrios Tsolakopoulos, Georgia Angelopoulou and Constantin Potagas
NeuroSci 2023, 4(3), 235-246; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci4030020 - 18 Sep 2023
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the deficits in timing reproduction in individuals with non-fluent aphasia after a left hemisphere lesion including the inferior frontal gyrus, in which Broca’s region is traditionally localised. Eighteen stroke patients with non-fluent aphasia and
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the deficits in timing reproduction in individuals with non-fluent aphasia after a left hemisphere lesion including the inferior frontal gyrus, in which Broca’s region is traditionally localised. Eighteen stroke patients with non-fluent aphasia and twenty-two healthy controls were recruited. We used a finger-tapping Test, which consisted of the synchronisation and the continuation phase with three fixed intervals (450 ms, 650 ms and 850 ms). Participants firstly had to tap simultaneously with the device’s auditory stimuli (clips) (synchronisation phase) and then continue their tapping in the same pace when the stimuli were absent (continuation phase). Patients with aphasia demonstrated less accuracy and greater variability during reproduction in both phases, compared to healthy participants. More specifically, in the continuation phase, individuals with aphasia reproduced longer intervals than the targets, whereas healthy participants displayed accelerated responses. Moreover, patients’ timing variability was greater in the absence of the auditory stimuli. This could possibly be attributed to deficient mental representation of intervals and not experiencing motor difficulties (due to left hemisphere stroke), as the two groups did not differ in tapping reproduction with either hand. Given that previous findings suggest a potential link between the IFG, timing and working memory, we argue that patients’ extra-linguistic cognitive impairments should be accounted for, as possible contributing factors to timing disturbances.
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Open AccessReview
The Probable Infectious Origin of Multiple Sclerosis
by
Remi L. Landry and Monica E. Embers
NeuroSci 2023, 4(3), 211-234; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci4030019 - 7 Sep 2023
Cited by 3
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune inflammatory disease that causes demyelination of the white matter of the central nervous system. It is generally accepted that the etiology of MS is multifactorial and believed to be a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility, environmental factors,
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune inflammatory disease that causes demyelination of the white matter of the central nervous system. It is generally accepted that the etiology of MS is multifactorial and believed to be a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and infectious agents. While the exact cause of MS is still unknown, increasing evidence suggests that disease development is the result of interactions between genetically susceptible individuals and the environment that lead to immune dysregulation and CNS inflammation. Genetic factors are not sufficient on their own to cause MS, and environmental factors such as viral infections, smoking, and vitamin D deficiency also play important roles in disease development. Several pathogens have been implicated in the etiology of MS, including Epstein–Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Borrelia burgdorferi. Although vastly different, viruses and bacteria can manipulate host gene expression, causing immune dysregulation, myelin destruction, and neuroinflammation. This review emphasizes the pathogenic triggers that should be considered in MS progression.
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