Journal Description
Polymers
Polymers
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of polymer science published semimonthly online by MDPI. Belgian Polymer Group (BPG), European Colloid & Interface Society (ECIS), National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) and North American Thermal Analysis Society (NATAS) are affiliated with Polymers and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, PubMed, PMC, FSTA, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Polymer Science) / CiteScore - Q1 (Polymers and Plastics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in MDPI journals, in appreciation of the work.
- Testimonials: See what our authors and editors say about Polymers.
Impact Factor:
5.0 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.0 (2022)
Latest Articles
Study on Phenol–Formaldehyde Resin–Montmorillonite Impregnation and Compression Modification of Chinese Fir
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101385 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, a phenol–formaldehyde resin–montmorillonite intercalation composite solution was used as a modifier to treat Chinese fir via impregnation and compression. The basic characteristics and wettability of the PF (phenol–formaldehyde)–montmorillonite impregnation solution were analyzed. The effects of the solid content of PF,
[...] Read more.
In this study, a phenol–formaldehyde resin–montmorillonite intercalation composite solution was used as a modifier to treat Chinese fir via impregnation and compression. The basic characteristics and wettability of the PF (phenol–formaldehyde)–montmorillonite impregnation solution were analyzed. The effects of the solid content of PF, the quantity of montmorillonite, and the impregnation time on the impregnation weight gain of Chinese fir were studied through orthogonal experiments. The results showed that when the amount of montmorillonite was 1%, the wettability of the PF–montmorillonite impregnation solution performed the best, the curing time was short, and the curing strength was high. The optimal impregnation process consists of a PF solid content of 25%, an impregnation time of 120 min, and a montmorillonite ratio of 1%. Under these conditions, the modified Chinese fir was prepared via hot pressing. The effects of the addition of montmorillonite and different levels of compressibility on the physical and mechanical properties of modified wood were studied. The physical and mechanical properties were found to be better when the compression ratio was 33%: the density increased from 0.33 g/cm3 to 0.58 g/cm3; the surface hardness increased from 33.6 HD to 70.9 HD; the static bending strength increased from 60.4 MPa to 98.7 MPa; and the elastic modulus increased from 6 390 MPa to 11 498 MPa. After 30 days of release, the compression rebound rate was 3.97%. Meanwhile, the micromorphology and heat resistance of the impregnated compressed Chinese fir showed that the PF–montmorillonite impregnation solution entered into the cell cavity and intercellular space of the Chinese fir and formed a good composite, thus improving the water resistance, heat resistance, and physical and mechanical properties.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomacromolecules, Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Cationic Liposome as a Promising Nano Spray for Acute Pneumonia Treatment
by
Kai Wang, Dagui Chen, Chenxi Zhang, Lu Lu, Fusheng Shang and Yinghua Li
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101384 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2024
Abstract
Acute pneumonia (AP), triggered primarily by pathogens like bacteria and viruses, is a leading cause of human mortality. Ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent, plays a pivotal role in the treatment of AP. However, its therapeutic use is hindered by the need for high
[...] Read more.
Acute pneumonia (AP), triggered primarily by pathogens like bacteria and viruses, is a leading cause of human mortality. Ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent, plays a pivotal role in the treatment of AP. However, its therapeutic use is hindered by the need for high dosages and the associated cardiac and hepatic toxicities. In this study, we synthesized polyethylene glycol-modified cationic liposomes to encapsulate ribavirin (RBV-PCL) and formulated it into a spray, aiming to enhance the effectiveness of RBV through respiratory administration. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a compound known to induce AP models in animals, was utilized in our research. Successfully, we established an acute pneumonia model in mice using aerosol inhalation. Through animal experiments, we investigated the therapeutic effects of RBV-PCL on mice with AP. In vivo studies revealed promising results. RBV-PCL effectively prolonged the survival of mice with AP, significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibited the infiltration of neutrophils in the lungs and spleens of mice. These findings suggest that RBV-PCL can effectively suppress the inflammatory response in mice with AP, thus holding significant potential as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of acute pneumonia.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalization and Medical Application of Polymer Materials: 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Research on Microwave Pyrolysis Recovery and Reuse Performance of Carbon Fiber Composites
by
Xuan Li, Lei Xu, Yiyao Ren, Zheng Nan, Shijie Xiao and Zhigang Shen
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101383 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2024
Abstract
Carbon fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites find extensive applications across various industries. However, their widespread use also generates significant waste, leading to resource depletion and environmental concerns. Studying the production of composite materials using recovered carbon fiber is imperative to mitigate the environmental impact
[...] Read more.
Carbon fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites find extensive applications across various industries. However, their widespread use also generates significant waste, leading to resource depletion and environmental concerns. Studying the production of composite materials using recovered carbon fiber is imperative to mitigate the environmental impact associated with waste from carbon fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites and optimize resource utilization. In this study, carbon fiber was reclaimed using the microwave pyrolysis–oxidation process. The reclaimed carbon fiber underwent a cutting process to produce shorter carbon fibers tailored to specific requirements, which were then used to fabricate composite plates reinforced with epoxy resin. The mechanical characteristics of the composite were analyzed, along with SEM, XPS, infrared, Raman, and contact angle analyses conducted on the recovered carbon fiber. The test findings suggested minimal variation in the surface morphology of the recovered carbon fiber materials. Post-recovery, an increase in the quantity of oxygen-containing functional groups was observed on the carbon fiber surface. Additionally, the contact angle between the carbon fiber surface and the epoxy adhesive decreased. The mechanical properties of the composite produced from the recovered carbon fiber decreased, including the impact strength, tensile strength, and bending strength, with the impact strength dropping by 24.14%, tensile strength by 15.94%, and bending strength by 8.24%, while maintaining overall reusability, thus paving the way for the comprehensive utilization of carbon fiber resources.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)
Open AccessArticle
Preparation and Investigation of High Surface Area Aerogels from Crosslinked Polypropylenes
by
Radek Coufal, Mateusz Fijalkowski, Kinga Adach, Huaitian Bu, Christian W. Karl, Eliška Mikysková and Stanislav Petrík
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1382; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101382 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2024
Abstract
Polypropylene-based aerogels with high surface area have been developed for the first time. By chemical crosslinking of polypropylene with oligomeric capped-end amino compounds, followed by dissolution, thermally induced phase separation, and the supercritical CO2 drying process or freeze-drying method, the aerogels exhibit
[...] Read more.
Polypropylene-based aerogels with high surface area have been developed for the first time. By chemical crosslinking of polypropylene with oligomeric capped-end amino compounds, followed by dissolution, thermally induced phase separation, and the supercritical CO2 drying process or freeze-drying method, the aerogels exhibit high specific surface areas up to 200 m2/g. Moreover, the silica-cage multi-amino compound was utilized in a similar vein for forming hybrid polypropylene aerogels. According to the SEM, the developed polypropylene-based aerogels exhibit highly porous morphology with micro-nanoscale structural features that can be controlled by processing conditions. Our simple and inexpensive synthetic strategy results in a low-cost, chemically resistant, and highly porous material that can be tailored according to end-use applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Kinetics of Surface Wettability of Aromatic Polymers (PET, PS, PEEK, and PPS) upon Treatment with Neutral Oxygen Atoms from Non-Equilibrium Oxygen Plasma
by
Alenka Vesel, Rok Zaplotnik, Gregor Primc and Miran Mozetič
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101381 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2024
Abstract
The wettability of polymers is usually inadequate to ensure the appropriate spreading of polar liquids and thus enable the required adhesion of coatings. A standard ecologically benign method for increasing the polymer wettability is a brief treatment with a non-equilibrium plasma rich in
[...] Read more.
The wettability of polymers is usually inadequate to ensure the appropriate spreading of polar liquids and thus enable the required adhesion of coatings. A standard ecologically benign method for increasing the polymer wettability is a brief treatment with a non-equilibrium plasma rich in reactive oxygen species and predominantly neutral oxygen atoms in the ground electronic state. The evolution of the surface wettability of selected aromatic polymers was investigated by water droplet contact angles deposited immediately after exposing polymer samples to fluxes of oxygen atoms between 3 × 1020 and 1 × 1023 m−2s−1. The treatment time varied between 0.01 and 1000 s. The wettability evolution versus the O-atom fluence for all aromatic polymers followed similar behavior regardless of the flux of O atoms or the type of polymer. In the range of fluences between approximately 5 × 1020 and 5 × 1023 m−2, the water contact angle decreased exponentially with increasing fluence and dropped to 1/e of the initial value after receiving the fluence close to 5 × 1022 m−2.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Selective Modifications of Sheep Wool Usable in Non-Textile Applications
by
Jana Braniša, Karin Koóšová and Mária Porubská
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101380 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2024
Abstract
The traditional textile use of wool as a valuable renewable material needs alternative applications in order to, besides sheep milk and meat, valorize currently unnecessary wool. Each type of product containing sheep wool requires wool with customized properties. Finding suitable physical and chemical
[...] Read more.
The traditional textile use of wool as a valuable renewable material needs alternative applications in order to, besides sheep milk and meat, valorize currently unnecessary wool. Each type of product containing sheep wool requires wool with customized properties. Finding suitable physical and chemical modifications needed to develop new products while minimizing harmful side effects is a challenge for scientists. The presented review provides a brief overview of works published over the last decade associated with innovative wool scouring, dyeing, antifelting, and modification of its structure without the ambition to present complete, detailed data.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Fiber and Textiles)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Study on the Long-Term Salt Release Characteristics of Self-Melting Ice Asphalt Mixtures and Their Impact on Pavement Performance
by
Chenyang Liu, Dedong Guo, Xupeng Sun, Xiang Li, Meng Xu, Massimo Losa, Chiara Riccardi, Teng Wang and Augusto Cannone Falchetto
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1379; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101379 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2024
Abstract
Self-melting ice asphalt pavement materials inhibit pavement freezing and improve driving safety. This paper aims to study the long-term salt release characteristics of self-melting ice asphalt mixtures and the impact on pavement after complete salt release. Firstly, a method to accelerate the rapid
[...] Read more.
Self-melting ice asphalt pavement materials inhibit pavement freezing and improve driving safety. This paper aims to study the long-term salt release characteristics of self-melting ice asphalt mixtures and the impact on pavement after complete salt release. Firstly, a method to accelerate the rapid release of salt based on the Los Angeles abrasion tester. Then, long-term salt release patterns were elucidated under the influence of deicing agent dosage, type of asphalt, and type of gradation. Finally, a quantitative analysis of the pavement performance after complete salt release is conducted. The results indicate that the release efficiency of the Los Angeles abrasion tester method has increased by 91 times compared to the magnetic stirrer immersion flushing method and by 114 times compared to the natural soaking method. The SBS-modified self-melting ice asphalt mixture possesses a longer duration of salt release, but the uniformity of salt release is inferior. Salt release duration is directly proportional to the dosage of deicing agents. SMA-13 self-melting ice asphalt mixture exhibits poorer uniformity in salt release. After complete salt release, high-temperature stability of self-melting ice asphalt mixtures decreased by 31.6%, low-temperature performance decreased by 15.4%, water stability decreased by 26.7%, and fatigue life decreased by 35.9%.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Polymer Materials in Pavement Design II)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Understanding the Impact of Chain Mobility on Conformational Evolution and Kinetics of Mesophase Formation in Poly(ʟ-lactide) under Low-Pressure CO2
by
Youjuan Liao and Qiaofeng Lan
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101378 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2024
Abstract
Although the mesomorphic phase as an intermediate state has been introduced to understand polymer crystallization, the understanding of the mesomorphic phase is far from complete. Here, the effect of chain mobility on the mesophase structuring in melt-quenched poly(ʟ-lactide) (PLLA) treated in low-pressure CO
[...] Read more.
Although the mesomorphic phase as an intermediate state has been introduced to understand polymer crystallization, the understanding of the mesomorphic phase is far from complete. Here, the effect of chain mobility on the mesophase structuring in melt-quenched poly(ʟ-lactide) (PLLA) treated in low-pressure CO2 at 1.6–2.0 MPa and 0 °C was investigated using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The IR and AFM results demonstrated that the final degree of order and the kinetics of structural evolution during the CO2-induced mesophase formation were critically dependent on the CO2 pressure. This was attributed to the distinct dynamics of conformational evolution (gg to gt conformer transition) due to the different CO2 pressures. The thermal behavior from the DSC results showed that CO2 pressure dominated both the scale and dynamics of the chain motion of PLLA. At a lower CO2 pressure of 1.6 MPa, smaller-scale segmental motion was not replaced by the larger-scale cooperative motion that occurred at a relatively higher CO2 pressure of 2 MPa, which was favorable for faster mesophase formation. Consequently, by inhibiting direct crystallization under limited mobility conditions, it was demonstrated that varying the chain mobility controlled by CO2 pressure and thus CO2 solubility impacted the dynamics of the mesophase formation of PLLA. The present results have implications for understanding the role of chain mobility in determining the intermediate structural phases in semicrystalline polymers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural and Dynamic Properties of Polymer Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Polyurethane-Encapsulated Biomass Films Based on MXene@Loofah Sponge for Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Applications
by
Qihan Jia, Shuai Liu and Haibo Wang
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1377; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101377 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2024
Abstract
Multifunctional wearable electronic sensors exhibit significant potential for applications in health management, motion tracking, intelligent healthcare, etc. In this study, we developed a novel assembly method for a polymeric silver nanowire (Ag NW)/transition metal carbide/nitride (MXene) @Loofah device using a facile solution dip-coating
[...] Read more.
Multifunctional wearable electronic sensors exhibit significant potential for applications in health management, motion tracking, intelligent healthcare, etc. In this study, we developed a novel assembly method for a polymeric silver nanowire (Ag NW)/transition metal carbide/nitride (MXene) @Loofah device using a facile solution dip-coating technique. During the pretreatment phase, the loofah was conditioned with polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDAC), promoting the self-assembly of MXene layers and bolstering device stability. Then, the Ag NWs/MXene@Loofah was packaged with polyurethane to form a piezoresistive pressure sensor, which demonstrated superior pressure-sensing capabilities and was adept at registering movements of human joints and even subtle pulses. The design strategy presents a novel and rational approach to developing efficient pressure sensors.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Study on Polyurethane)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
An Electronic Structure Investigation of PEDOT with AlCl4− Anions—A Promising Redox Combination for Energy Storage Applications
by
Ben Craig, Peter Townsend, Carlos Ponce de Leon, Chris-Kriton Skylaris and Denis Kramer
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1376; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101376 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
In this work, we use density functional theory to investigate the electronic structure of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) oligomers with co-located AlCl4− anions, a promising combination for energy storage. The 1980s bipolaron model remains the dominant interpretation of the electronic structure of PEDOT
[...] Read more.
In this work, we use density functional theory to investigate the electronic structure of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) oligomers with co-located AlCl4− anions, a promising combination for energy storage. The 1980s bipolaron model remains the dominant interpretation of the electronic structure of PEDOT despite recent theoretical progress that has provided new definitions of bipolarons and polarons. By considering the influence of oligomer length, oxidation or anion concentration and spin state, we find no evidence for many of the assertions of the 1980s bipolaron model and so further contribute to a new understanding. No self-localisation of positive charges in PEDOT is found, as predicted by the bipolaron model at the hybrid functional level. Instead, our results show distortions that exhibit a single or a double peak in bond length alternations and charge density. Either can occur at different oxidation or anion concentrations. Rather than representing bipolarons or polaron pairs in the original model, these are electron distributions driven by a range of factors. Distortions can span an arbitrary number of nearby anions. We also contribute a novel conductivity hypothesis. Conductivity in conducting polymers has been observed to reduce at anion concentrations above 0.5. We show that at high anion concentrations, the energy of the localised, non-bonding anionic orbitals approaches that of the system HOMO due to Coulombic repulsion between anions. We hypothesize that with nucleic motion in the macropolymer, these orbitals will interfere with the hopping of charge carriers between sites of similar energy, lowering conductivity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymers for High-Performance Batteries)
Open AccessArticle
Impact of Molar Composition on the Functional Properties of Glutinous Rice Starch–Chitosan Blend: Natural-Based Active Coating for Extending Mango Shelf Life
by
Chawakwan Nitikornwarakul, Rodjanawan Wangpradid and Natthida Rakkapao
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1375; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101375 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
This study investigates natural-based blends of glutinous rice starch (GRS) and chitosan (CS), varying their molar composition (0:100, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, and 100:0) to explore their interaction dynamics. Our findings illustrate the versatility of these blends in solution and film forms, offering applications
[...] Read more.
This study investigates natural-based blends of glutinous rice starch (GRS) and chitosan (CS), varying their molar composition (0:100, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, and 100:0) to explore their interaction dynamics. Our findings illustrate the versatility of these blends in solution and film forms, offering applications across diverse fields. Our objective is to understand their impact on coatings designed to extend the post-harvest shelf life of mangoes. Results reveal that increasing chitosan content in GRS/CS blends enhances mechanical strength, hydrophobicity, and resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infection, a common cause of mango anthracnose. These properties overcome limitations of GRS films. Advanced techniques, including FTIR analysis and stereo imaging, confirmed robust interaction between GRS/CS blend films and mango cuticles, improving coverage with higher chitosan content. This comprehensive coverage reduces mango dehydration and respiration, thereby preserving quality and extending shelf life. Coating with a GRS/CS blend containing at least 50% chitosan effectively prevents disease progression and maintains quality over a 10-day storage period, while uncoated mangoes fail to meet quality standards within 2 days. Moreover, increasing the starch proportion in GRS/CS blends enhances film density, optical properties, and reduces reliance on acidic solvents, thereby minimizing undesirable changes in product aroma and taste.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharide-Based Materials: Developments and Properties)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Investigation of Macroscopic Mechanical Behavior of Magnetorheological Elastomers under Shear Deformation Using Microscale Representative Volume Element Approach
by
Ilda Abdollahi and Ramin Sedaghati
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101374 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are a class of smart materials with rubber-like qualities, demonstrating revertible magnetic field-dependent viscoelastic properties, which makes them an ideal candidate for development of the next generation of adaptive vibration absorbers. This research study aims at the development of a
[...] Read more.
Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are a class of smart materials with rubber-like qualities, demonstrating revertible magnetic field-dependent viscoelastic properties, which makes them an ideal candidate for development of the next generation of adaptive vibration absorbers. This research study aims at the development of a finite element model using microscale representative volume element (RVE) approach to predict the field-dependent shear behavior of MREs. MREs with different elastomeric matrices, including silicone rubber Ecoflex 30 and Ecoflex 50, and carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) have been considered as magnetic particles. The stress–strain characteristic of the pure silicon rubbers was evaluated experimentally to formulate the nonlinear Ogden strain energy function to describe hyper-elastic behavior of the rubbery matrix. The obtained mechanical and magnetic properties of the matrix and inclusions were integrated into COMSOL Multiphysics to develop the RVE for the MREs, in 2D and 3D configurations, with CIP volume fraction varying from 5% to 40%. Periodic boundary condition (PBC) was imposed on the RVE boundaries, while undergoing shear deformation subjected to magnetic flux densities of 0–0.4 T. Comparing the results from 2D and 3D modeling of isotropic MRE-RVE with the experimental results from the literature suggests that the 3D MRE-RVE can be effectively used to accurately predict the influence of varying factors including matrix type, volume fraction of magnetic particles, and applied magnetic field on the mechanical behavior of MREs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Rubber and Elastomer Composites II)
Open AccessReview
Molecular Simulation of Covalent Adaptable Networks and Vitrimers: A Review
by
Argyrios V. Karatrantos, Olivier Couture, Channya Hesse and Daniel F. Schmidt
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1373; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101373 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers are novel polymers with dynamic reversible bond exchange reactions for crosslinks, enabling them to modulate their properties between those of thermoplastics and thermosets. They have been gathering interest as materials for their recycling and self-healing properties. In this
[...] Read more.
Covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers are novel polymers with dynamic reversible bond exchange reactions for crosslinks, enabling them to modulate their properties between those of thermoplastics and thermosets. They have been gathering interest as materials for their recycling and self-healing properties. In this review, we discuss different molecular simulation efforts that have been used over the last decade to investigate and understand the nanoscale and molecular behaviors of covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers. In particular, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo, and a hybrid of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo approaches have been used to model the dynamic bond exchange reaction, which is the main mechanism of interest since it controls both the mechanical and rheological behaviors. The molecular simulation techniques presented yield sufficient results to investigate the structure and dynamics as well as the mechanical and rheological responses of such dynamic networks. The benefits of each method have been highlighted. The use of other tools such as theoretical models and machine learning has been included. We noticed, amongst the most prominent results, that stress relaxes as the bond exchange reaction happens, and that at temperatures higher than the glass transition temperature, the self-healing properties are better since more bond BERs are observed. The lifetime of dynamic covalent crosslinks follows, at moderate to high temperatures, an Arrhenius-like temperature dependence. We note the modeling of certain properties like the melt viscosity with glass transition temperature and the topology freezing transition temperature according to a behavior ruled by either the Williams–Landel–Ferry equation or the Arrhenius equation. Discrepancies between the behavior in dissociative and associative covalent adaptable networks are discussed. We conclude by stating which material parameters and atomistic factors, at the nanoscale, have not yet been taken into account and are lacking in the current literature.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rheological Properties of Polymers and Polymer Composites)
Open AccessArticle
Effect of Bentonite on the Electrical Properties of a Polylactide-Based Nanocomposite
by
Jacek Fal, Katarzyna Bulanda, Mariusz Oleksy and Gaweł Żyła
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101372 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
In this paper, a novel polylactide-based nanocomposite with the addition of bentonite as a filler, Fusabond, and glycerine as a compatibilizer and plasticizer, were prepared and investigated. Four samples with different contents of bentonite (1, 5, 10, and 15 wt.%), as well as
[...] Read more.
In this paper, a novel polylactide-based nanocomposite with the addition of bentonite as a filler, Fusabond, and glycerine as a compatibilizer and plasticizer, were prepared and investigated. Four samples with different contents of bentonite (1, 5, 10, and 15 wt.%), as well as three samples without fillers, were prepared with an easily scalable method: melt blending. The electrical properties of all prepared samples were investigated with broadband dielectric spectroscopy in the frequency range between 0.1 Hz and 1 MHz. Measurements were conducted at nine temperatures between 293.15 and 333.15 K (20 to 60 C) with steps of 5 K. It was found that the increase in the content of bentonite in polylactide has a significant effect on the electrical properties of the prepared nanocomposites.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Trends in Polymer Composites)
Open AccessArticle
Simple Electrospinning Method for Biocompatible Polycaprolactone β-Carotene Scaffolds: Advantages and Limitations
by
Orion Yoshikawa, Valentina Basoli, Francesco Boschetto, Alfredo Rondinella, Alex Lanzutti, Wenliang Zhu, Enrico Greco, Florian Markus Thieringer, Huaizhong Xu and Elia Marin
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101371 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, electrospun scaffolds were fabricated using polycaprolactone (PCL) loaded with varying concentrations of β-carotene (1.2%, 2.4%, and 3.6%) via the electrospinning technique. The electrospinning process involved the melting of PCL in acetic acid, followed by the incorporation of β-carotene powder under
[...] Read more.
In this study, electrospun scaffolds were fabricated using polycaprolactone (PCL) loaded with varying concentrations of β-carotene (1.2%, 2.4%, and 3.6%) via the electrospinning technique. The electrospinning process involved the melting of PCL in acetic acid, followed by the incorporation of β-carotene powder under constant stirring. Raman spectroscopy revealed a homogeneous distribution of β-carotene within the PCL matrix. However, the β-carotene appeared in particulate form, rather than being dissolved and blended with the PCL matrix, a result also confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. Additionally, X-ray diffraction analysis indicated a decrease in crystallinity with increasing β-carotene concentration. Mechanical testing of the scaffolds demonstrated an increase in ultimate strain, accompanied by a reduction in ultimate stress, indicating a potential plasticizing effect. Moreover, antimicrobial assays revealed a marginal antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli for scaffolds with higher β-carotene concentrations. Conversely, preliminary biological assessment using KUSA-A1 mesenchymal cells indicated enhanced cellular proliferation in response to the scaffolds, suggesting the potential biocompatibility and cell-stimulating properties of β-carotene-loaded PCL scaffolds. Overall, this study provides insights into the fabrication and characterization of electrospun PCL scaffolds containing β-carotene, laying the groundwork for further exploration in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Analysis and Characterization)
Open AccessArticle
The Effect of the Microstructure and Viscosity of Modified Bitumen on the Strength of Asphalt Concrete
by
Antonina Dyuryagina, Yuliya Byzova, Kirill Ostrovnoy, Alexandr Demyanenko, Vitaliy Tyukanko and Aida Lutsenko
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1370; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101370 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
The purpose of these studies was to establish the influence of the microstructural and rheological characteristics of modified bitumen compositions on the strength indicators of asphalt concrete. The effect of additives concentration on the rheological characteristics and microstructure of binary “bitumen–surfactant”, “bitumen-AG-4I”, and
[...] Read more.
The purpose of these studies was to establish the influence of the microstructural and rheological characteristics of modified bitumen compositions on the strength indicators of asphalt concrete. The effect of additives concentration on the rheological characteristics and microstructure of binary “bitumen–surfactant”, “bitumen-AG-4I”, and ternary “bitumen-AG-4I-AG-4I” systems has been studied. To assess the effect of bitumen dispersion on the physical and mechanical characteristics of modified asphalt concrete samples, the compressive strength value was determined. The following chemicals have been used as additives: the original product AS-1, industrial additive AMDOR-10, and used sealant AG-4I, a product based on polyisobutylene and petroleum oils. At an increased content of AG-4I (C ≥ 1.0 g/dm3) in ternary systems, the contribution of the emerging intermolecular polyisobutylene network to the development of structuring processes increases while the viscous effect of the surfactant AS-1 decreases. It has been established that the minimum size of bee-like bitumen structures (1.66 µm) is recorded with the joint presence of additives in the bitumen, AS-1 at a level of 1.0 g/dm3 and AG-4I at a level of 1.0 g/dm3. Under the same concentration regimes of the ternary bitumen composition, the maximum increase in compressive strength RD was achieved with the smallest size of bee-like structures of modified bitumen.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Gamma Radiation-Mediated Synthesis of Antimicrobial Polyurethane Foam/Silver Nanoparticles
by
Eduard-Marius Lungulescu, Radu Claudiu Fierascu, Miruna S. Stan, Irina Fierascu, Elena Andreea Radoi, Cristina Antonela Banciu, Raluca Augusta Gabor, Toma Fistos, Luminita Marutescu, Marcela Popa, Ionela C. Voinea, Sorina N. Voicu and Nicoleta-Oana Nicula
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1369; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101369 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
Nosocomial infections represent a major threat within healthcare systems worldwide, underscoring the critical need for materials with antimicrobial properties. This study presents the development of polyurethane foam embedded with silver nanoparticles (PUF/AgNPs) using a rapid, eco-friendly, in situ radiochemical synthesis method. The nanocomposites
[...] Read more.
Nosocomial infections represent a major threat within healthcare systems worldwide, underscoring the critical need for materials with antimicrobial properties. This study presents the development of polyurethane foam embedded with silver nanoparticles (PUF/AgNPs) using a rapid, eco-friendly, in situ radiochemical synthesis method. The nanocomposites were characterized by UV–vis and FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray technique (SEM/EDX), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile and compression strengths, antimicrobial activity, and foam toxicity tests. The resulting PUF/AgNPs demonstrated prolonged stability (over 12 months) and good dispersion of AgNPs. Also, the samples presented higher levels of hardness compared to samples without AgNPs (deformation of 1682 µm for V1 vs. 4307 µm for V0, under a 5 N force), tensile and compression strength of 1.80 MPa and 0.34 Mpa, respectively. Importantly, they exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against a broad range of bacteria (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis) and a fungal mixture (no fungal growth on the sample surface was observed after 28 days of exposure). Furthermore, these materials were non-toxic to human keratinocytes, which kept their specific morphology after 24 h of incubation, highlighting their potential for safe use in biomedical applications. We envision promising applications for PUF/AgNPs in hospital bed mattresses and antimicrobial mats, offering a practical strategy to reduce nosocomial infections and enhance patient safety within healthcare facilities.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Materials for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Robust CA-GO-TiO2/PTFE Photocatalytic Membranes for the Degradation of the Azithromycin Formulation from Wastewaters
by
Veronica Satulu, Andreea Madalina Pandele, Giovanina-Iuliana Ionica, Liliana Bobirică, Anca Florina Bonciu, Alexandra Scarlatescu, Constantin Bobirică, Cristina Orbeci, Stefan Ioan Voicu, Bogdana Mitu and Gheorghe Dinescu
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101368 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
We have developed an innovative thin-film nanocomposite membrane that contains cellulose acetate (CA) with small amounts of TiO2-decorated graphene oxide (GO) (ranging from 0.5 wt.% to 2 wt.%) sandwiched between two polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-like thin films. The PTFE-like films succeeded in maintaining
[...] Read more.
We have developed an innovative thin-film nanocomposite membrane that contains cellulose acetate (CA) with small amounts of TiO2-decorated graphene oxide (GO) (ranging from 0.5 wt.% to 2 wt.%) sandwiched between two polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-like thin films. The PTFE-like films succeeded in maintaining the bulk porosity of the support while increasing the thermal and chemical robustness of the membrane and boosting the catalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles. The membranes exhibited a specific chemical composition and bonding, with predominant carbon–oxygen bonds from CA and GO in the bulk, and carbon–fluorine bonds on their PTFE-like coated sides. We have also tested the membranes’ photocatalytic activities on azithromycin-containing wastewaters, demonstrating excellent efficiency with more than 80% degradation for 2 wt.% TiO2-decorated GO in the CA-GO-TiO2/PTFE-like membranes. The degradation of the azithromycin formulation occurs in two steps, with reaction rates being correlated to the amount of GO-TiO2 in the membranes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cellulose-Based Polymers and Composites)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Review and Assessment of Material, Method, and Predictive Modeling for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Partially Confined Concrete Columns
by
Muhammad Usman Ghani, Nauman Ahmad, Kahsay Gebresilassie Abraha, Rana Zafar Abbas Manj, Muhammad Haroon Sharif and Li Wei
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101367 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
The repairing and strengthening of concrete structures using external and internal partial confinements are inevitable in the construction industry due to the new standards and rapid developments. The conventional materials and methods of confinement are unable to meet modern safety and functional standards.
[...] Read more.
The repairing and strengthening of concrete structures using external and internal partial confinements are inevitable in the construction industry due to the new standards and rapid developments. The conventional materials and methods of confinement are unable to meet modern safety and functional standards. The fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) enhances the strength and ductility of deteriorating and new concrete columns by reducing lateral confinement pressure and resistance against seismic shocks. The precise methods of partial confinement are inevitable for effective FRP-concrete bonding, durability, and cost-effectiveness under different loading conditions and to cope with external environmental factors. Predictive modeling and simulation techniques are pivotal for the optimization of confinement materials and methods by investigating the FRP-concrete novel confinement configurations, stress–strain responses, and failure modes. The novel materials and methods for concrete columns’ partial confinement lack high compressive strength, ductility, chemical attack resistivity, and different fiber orientation impacts. This review provides an overview of recent confinement materials, novel methods, and advanced modeling and simulation techniques with a critical analysis of the research gaps for partial FRP confinement of concrete columns. The current challenges and future prospects are also presented.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Polymeric Materials in Building and Construction)
Open AccessArticle
Optimization of Mechanical Properties and Evaluation of Fatigue Behavior of Selective Laser Sintered Polyamide-12 Components
by
David Sommer, Henry Stockfleet and Ralf Hellmann
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1366; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101366 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
In this paper, a comprehensive study of the mechanical properties of selective laser sintered polyamide components is presented, for various different process parameters as well as environmental testing conditions. For the optimization of the static and dynamic mechanical load behavior, different process parameters,
[...] Read more.
In this paper, a comprehensive study of the mechanical properties of selective laser sintered polyamide components is presented, for various different process parameters as well as environmental testing conditions. For the optimization of the static and dynamic mechanical load behavior, different process parameters, e.g., laser power, scan speed, and build temperature, were varied, defining an optimal parameter combination. First, the influence of the different process parameters was tested, leading to a constant energy density for different combinations. Due to similarities in mechanical load behavior, the energy density was identified as a decisive factor, mostly independent of the input parameters. Thus, secondly, the energy density was varied by the different parameters, exhibiting large differences for all levels of fatigue behavior. An optimal parameter combination of 18 W for the laser power and a scan speed of 2666 mm/s was determined, as a higher energy density led to the best results in static and dynamic testing. According to this, the variation in build temperature was investigated, leading to improvements in tensile strength and fatigue strength at higher build temperatures. Furthermore, different ambient temperatures during testing were evaluated, as the temperature-dependent behavior of polymers is of high importance for industrial applications. An increased ambient temperature as well as active cooling during testing was examined, having a significant impact on the high cycle fatigue regime and on the endurance limit.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Physical Properties of 3D Printed Polymer Materials)
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Polymers Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Materials, Nanomaterials, Photonics, Polymers, Applied Sciences, Sensors
Optical and Optoelectronic Properties of Materials and Their Applications
Topic Editors: Zhiping Luo, Gibin George, Navadeep ShrivastavaDeadline: 20 May 2024
Topic in
Biomedicines, Cancers, JFB, Nanomaterials, Polymers
Advanced Functional Materials for Regenerative Medicine
Topic Editors: Antonino Morabito, Luca ValentiniDeadline: 6 June 2024
Topic in
Bioengineering, JMMP, Materials, Micromachines, Polymers
Advances in Filament Engineering for Biomaterials
Topic Editors: Ming-Wei Chang, Zeeshan Ahmad, Hui-Min David WangDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topic in
Foods, Materials, Polymers, Sensors, Applied Sciences
Scientific Advances in STEM: Synergies to Achieve Success, 3rd Volume
Topic Editors: Yadir Torres Hernández, Ana María Beltrán Custodio, Manuel Félix ÁngelDeadline: 31 July 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Polymers
Soft Polymeric Materials: Synthesis, Characterizations and Applications
Guest Editors: Kumkum Ahmed, MD Nahin Islam Shiblee, Chanchal Kumar Roy, Hidemitsu FurukawaDeadline: 15 May 2024
Special Issue in
Polymers
Artificial Intelligence Enhanced Design of Polymer Materials and Manufacturing
Guest Editors: Yingtao Liu, Changjie Cai, Blake HerrenDeadline: 31 May 2024
Special Issue in
Polymers
Permanently Porous Polymers
Guest Editors: Magdalena Rogulska, Małgorzata Maciejewska, Marta GrochowiczDeadline: 15 June 2024
Special Issue in
Polymers
Advances in Polymer-Based Materials for Energy Applications
Guest Editors: Chi-cheng Chiu, Ming-Tsung LeeDeadline: 25 June 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Polymers
Progress in Theory of Polymers at Interfaces
Collection Editors: Jens-Uwe Sommer, Martin Kröger
Topical Collection in
Polymers
State-of-the-Art Polymer Science and Technology in Poland (2021,2022)
Collection Editors: Marek M. Kowalczuk, Mirosława El Fray, Łukasz Klapiszewski, Dorota Neugebauer, Michał Cegłowski
Topical Collection in
Polymers
Proteins and Peptides
Collection Editors: Horia Iovu, Vladimir N. Uversky